1
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A Perspective on the Link between Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) and Lipid Droplets Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030414. [PMID: 36979106 PMCID: PMC10045954 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria interact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through contacts called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), which control several processes, such as the ER stress response, mitochondrial and ER dynamics, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. MAMs represent an important platform for transport of non-vesicular phospholipids and cholesterol. Therefore, this region is highly enriched in proteins involved in lipid metabolism, including the enzymes that catalyze esterification of cholesterol into cholesteryl esters (CE) and synthesis of triacylglycerols (TAG) from fatty acids (FAs), which are then stored in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs, through contact with other organelles, prevent the toxic consequences of accumulation of unesterified (free) lipids, including lipotoxicity and oxidative stress, and serve as lipid reservoirs that can be used under multiple metabolic and physiological conditions. The LDs break down by autophagy releases of stored lipids for energy production and synthesis of membrane components and other macromolecules. Pathological lipid deposition and autophagy disruption have both been reported to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases, supporting that lipid metabolism alterations are major players in neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of MAMs structure and function, focusing on their roles in lipid metabolism and the importance of autophagy in LDs metabolism, as well as the changes that occur in neurogenerative diseases.
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2
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Anwar C, Tsai ML, Chen BN, Hsu LY, Lai CS. Molecular mechanisms of Agardhiella subulata attenuates hepatic fibrosis by modulating hepatic stellate cell activation via the reduction of autophagy. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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3
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Li R, Li G, Hai Y, Li T, Bian Y, Ma T. The effect of aerobic exercise on the lipophagy of adipose tissue in obese male mice. Chem Phys Lipids 2022; 247:105225. [PMID: 35810833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the obesity state and the changes in the level of lipophagy in adipose tissue after exercise to lose weight, so as to provide direction and basis for theoretical research on obesity prevention and control. We established a high-fat diet model of obese mice, and applied exercise intervention and intraperitoneal injection of chloroquine to inhibit autophagy. Long-term high-fat diet can cause obesity in mice, and the process of lipophagy is inhibited, which may be one of the reasons for fat accumulation. Eight weeks of aerobic exercise can effectively reduce the weight of obese mice and promote lipolysis; this process is mainly completed by lipase decomposition, in addition to require the participation of the lipophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendong Li
- Physical Education Department, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shenyang 110142, PR China.
| | - Guangkuan Li
- Department of Postgraduate, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, PR China.
| | - Yan Hai
- Department of Postgraduate, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, PR China.
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Postgraduate, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Bian
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China.
| | - Tie Ma
- The College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, PR China.
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4
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Shan Z, Fa WH, Tian CR, Yuan CS, Jie N. Mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2902-2919. [PMID: 35332108 PMCID: PMC9004550 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is associated with inflammatory bowels diseases, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and even a spectrum of cancer such as colon cancer and liver cancer, resulting in a substantial healthcare burden on our society. Autophagy is a key regulator in metabolic homeostasis such as lipid metabolism, energy management and the balance of cellular mineral substances. Mitophagy is selective autophagy for clearing the damaged mitochondria and dysfunctional mitochondria. A myriad of evidence has demonstrated a major role of mitophagy in the regulation of type 2 diabetes and metabolic homeostasis. It is well established that defective mitophagy has been linked to the development of insulin resistance. Moreover, insulin resistance is further progressed to various diseases such as nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular diseases. Concordantly, restoration of mitophagy will be a reliable and therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Recently, various phytochemicals have been proved to prevent dysfunctions of β-cells by mitophagy inductions during diabetes developments. In agreement with the above phenomenon, mitophagy inducers should be warranted as potential and novel therapeutic agents for treating diabetes. This review focuses on the role of mitophagy in type 2 diabetes relevant diseases and the pharmacological basis and therapeutic potential of autophagy regulators in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Shan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hong Fa
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Run Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Shi Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Jie
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
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5
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Abstract
Lipophagy is a central cellular process for providing the cell with a readily utilized, high energy source of neutral lipids. Since its discovery over a decade ago, we are just starting to understand the molecular components that drive lipophagy, how it is activated in response to nutrient availability, and its potential as a therapeutic target in disease. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we first provide a brief overview of the different structural and enzymatic proteins that comprise the lipid droplet (LD) proteome and reside within the limiting phospholipid monolayer of this complex organelle. We then highlight key players in the catabolic breakdown of LDs during the functionally linked lipolysis and lipophagy processes. Finally, we discuss what is currently known about macro- and micro-lipophagy based on findings in yeast, mammalian and other model systems, and how impairment of these important functions can lead to disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah B Schott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Cody N Rozeveld
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shaun G Weller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark A McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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6
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Han Y, Xiong S, Zhao H, Yang S, Yang M, Zhu X, Jiang N, Xiong X, Gao P, Wei L, Xiao Y, Sun L. Lipophagy deficiency exacerbates ectopic lipid accumulation and tubular cells injury in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1031. [PMID: 34718329 PMCID: PMC8557213 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy-mediated lipotoxicity plays a critical role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the precise mechanism is not fully understood. Whether lipophagy, a selective type of autophagy participates in renal ectopic lipid deposition (ELD) and lipotoxicity in the kidney of DN is unknown. Here, decreased lipophagy, increased ELD and lipotoxcity were observed in tubular cells of patients with DN, which were accompanied with reduced expression of AdipoR1 and p-AMPK. Similar results were found in db/db mice, these changes were reversed by AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor activator that promotes autophagy. Additionally, a significantly decreased level of lipophagy was observed in HK-2 cells, a human proximal tubular cell line treated with high glucose, which was consistent with increased lipid deposition, apoptosis and fibrosis, while were partially alleviated by AdipoRon. However, these effects were abolished by pretreatment with ULK1 inhibitor SBI-0206965, autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and enhanced by AMPK activator AICAR. These data suggested by the first time that autophagy-mediated lipophagy deficiency plays a critical role in the ELD and lipid-related renal injury of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuejing Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaofen Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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7
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Fontaine A, Bellanger D, Guibon R, Bruyère F, Brisson L, Fromont G. Lipophagy and prostate cancer: association with disease aggressiveness and proximity to periprostatic adipose tissue. J Pathol 2021; 255:166-176. [PMID: 34219239 DOI: 10.1002/path.5754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The prostate gland is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), which is believed to play a role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Cancer cells can take up lipids from the microenvironment and store them in lipid droplets (LDs). Fatty acids released from LDs are used by PCa cells as preferential metabolic fuels to provide energy and promote cancer progression. Recently, fatty acids have been associated with autophagy, a cellular recycling pathway. Lipophagy is a selective form of autophagy involved in LD degradation, the role of which in PCa progression remains unknown. Here, we explored markers of autophagy and lipophagy in human PCa tissues in correlation with factors of aggressiveness, and we evaluated the influence of PPAT adipocytes on autophagy and lipophagy. We analyzed markers of autophagy (p62, LC3), lipid droplets (PLIN and Oil Red O), androgen receptor (AR), proliferation (Ki67), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (Zeb1) on 465 PCa samples. Co-cultures of PCa cell lines PC3 and 22RV1 with adipocytes isolated from patients' PPAT were used to analyze the influence of PPAT on autophagy and lipophagy in vitro. In human PCa tissues, we observed a correlation between markers of LD and those of autophagy, which are associated with clinical and biological factors of disease aggressiveness. In addition, PLIN staining was associated with AR expression. In locally advanced PCa, p62, LC3, and PLIN were increased in extraprostatic areas where cancer cells are in contact with PPAT. Co-culture of PCa cell lines with adipocytes decreased autophagy activity and increased LD flux in PC3 cells. These results suggest an active process of lipophagy in PCa, linked to disease aggressiveness, to the proximity of PPAT, and induced in vitro in co-culture with adipocytes. Lipophagy is therefore likely to be a crucial player in PCa progression. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Fontaine
- Department of Pathology, Bretonneau Hospital, CHU - University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Roseline Guibon
- Department of Pathology, Bretonneau Hospital, CHU - University of Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR U1069, Tours, France
| | - Franck Bruyère
- Department of Urology, Bretonneau Hospital, CHU - University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Gaelle Fromont
- Department of Pathology, Bretonneau Hospital, CHU - University of Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR U1069, Tours, France
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8
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Xu F, Tautenhahn HM, Dirsch O, Dahmen U. Modulation of Autophagy: A Novel "Rejuvenation" Strategy for the Aging Liver. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6611126. [PMID: 33628363 PMCID: PMC7889356 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural life process which leads to a gradual decline of essential physiological processes. For the liver, it leads to alterations in histomorphology (steatosis and fibrosis) and function (protein synthesis and energy generation) and affects central hepatocellular processes (autophagy, mitochondrial respiration, and hepatocyte proliferation). These alterations do not only impair the metabolic capacity of the liver but also represent important factors in the pathogenesis of malignant liver disease. Autophagy is a recycling process for eukaryotic cells to degrade dysfunctional intracellular components and to reuse the basic substances. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis and in resisting environmental stress. Emerging evidence shows that modulating autophagy seems to be effective in improving the age-related alterations of the liver. However, autophagy is a double-edged sword for the aged liver. Upregulating autophagy alleviates hepatic steatosis and ROS-induced cellular stress and promotes hepatocyte proliferation but may aggravate hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, a well-balanced autophagy modulation strategy might be suitable to alleviate age-related liver dysfunction. Conclusion. Modulation of autophagy is a promising strategy for "rejuvenation" of the aged liver. Detailed knowledge regarding the most devastating processes in the individual patient is needed to effectively counteract aging of the liver without causing obvious harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Xu
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
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9
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Huang M, Yang X, Wang Z, Long J, Wang A, Zhang Y, Yan D. Lipophagy: A New Perspective of Natural Products in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2985-2999. [PMID: 34234495 PMCID: PMC8256822 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s310166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been reported to involve in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which protects the insulin target tissues and pancreatic β-cells. However, autophagy is inhibited when the cells are lipid overload. That, in turn, increases the accumulation of fat. Lipotoxicity caused by excessive lipid accumulation contributes to pathogenesis of T2DM. Therefore, it is undeniable to break the vicious circles between lipid excess and autophagy deficiency. Lipophagy, a selective form of autophagy, is characterized by selective breakdown of lipid droplets (LDs). The nutritional status of cells contributes to the way of autophagy (selective or non-selective), while selective autophagy helps to accurately remove excess substances. It seems that lipophagy could be an effective means to decrease abnormal lipid accumulation that leads to insulin resistance and β-cell impairment by removing ectopic LDs. Based on this process, many natural compounds have been reported to decrease lipid accumulation in tissues through autophagy-lysosomal pathway, which gradually highlights the significance of lipophagy. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that lipophagy improves T2DM and natural products that are applied to induce lipophagy. It is also suggested that natural herbs with rich contents of natural products inducing lipophagy would be potential candidates for alleviating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianglan Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing, 401121, People’s Republic of China
- Yi Zhang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, No. 1, Chunlan 2nd Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401121, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 23-86072771 Email
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dan Yan Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95, Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 10-63139318 Email
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10
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Nitrogen Starvation and Stationary Phase Lipophagy Have Distinct Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239094. [PMID: 33260464 PMCID: PMC7730393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In yeast, the selective autophagy of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) or lipophagy can be induced by either nitrogen (N) starvation or carbon limitation (e.g., in the stationary (S) phase). We developed the yeast, Komagataella phaffii (formerly Pichia pastoris), as a new lipophagy model and compared the N-starvation and S-phase lipophagy in over 30 autophagy-related mutants using the Erg6-GFP processing assay. Surprisingly, two lipophagy pathways had hardly overlapping stringent molecular requirements. While the N-starvation lipophagy strictly depended on the core autophagic machinery (Atg1-Atg9, Atg18, and Vps15), vacuole fusion machinery (Vam7 and Ypt7), and vacuolar proteolysis (proteinases A and B), only Atg6 and proteinases A and B were essential for the S-phase lipophagy. The rest of the proteins were only partially required in the S-phase. Moreover, we isolated the prl1 (for the positive regulator of lipophagy 1) mutant affected in the S-phase lipophagy, but not N-starvation lipophagy. The prl1 defect was at a stage of delivery of the LDs from the cytoplasm to the vacuole, further supporting the mechanistically different nature of the two lipophagy pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that N-starvation and S-phase lipophagy have distinct molecular mechanisms.
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11
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Kaludercic N, Maiuri MC, Kaushik S, Fernández ÁF, de Bruijn J, Castoldi F, Chen Y, Ito J, Mukai R, Murakawa T, Nah J, Pietrocola F, Saito T, Sebti S, Semenzato M, Tsansizi L, Sciarretta S, Madrigal-Matute J. Comprehensive autophagy evaluation in cardiac disease models. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:483-504. [PMID: 31504266 PMCID: PMC7064050 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling mechanism essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The pathophysiological role of autophagy has been explored since its discovery 50 years ago, but interest in autophagy has grown exponentially over the last years. Many researchers around the globe have found that autophagy is a critical pathway involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. Several groups have created novel and powerful tools for gaining deeper insights into the role of autophagy in the aetiology and development of pathologies affecting the heart. Here, we discuss how established and emerging methods to study autophagy can be used to unravel the precise function of this central recycling mechanism in the cardiac system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kaludercic
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Álvaro F Fernández
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jenny de Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM), Maastricht University, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen, University, Pauwelsstrase 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Castoldi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Yun Chen
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jumpei Ito
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Risa Mukai
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NY, USA
| | - Tomokazu Murakawa
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Jihoon Nah
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NY, USA
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Cellular Plasticity and Disease Laboratory. Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona; Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toshiro Saito
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Salwa Sebti
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Martina Semenzato
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U Bassi 58B, 35121, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenza Tsansizi
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U Bassi 58B, 35121, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100, Latina, LT, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Julio Madrigal-Matute
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Rendina-Ruedy E, Rosen CJ. Lipids in the Bone Marrow: An Evolving Perspective. Cell Metab 2020; 31:219-231. [PMID: 31668874 PMCID: PMC7004849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because of heavy energy demands to maintain bone homeostasis, the skeletal system is closely tied to whole-body metabolism via neuronal and hormonal mediators. Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are the chief fuel sources for bone resident cells during its remodeling. Lipids, which can be mobilized from intracellular depots in the bone marrow, can be a potent source of fatty acids. Thus, while it has been suggested that adipocytes in the bone marrow act as "filler" and are detrimental to skeletal homeostasis, we propose that marrow lipids are, in fact, essential for proper bone functioning. As such, we examine the prevailing evidence regarding the storage, use, and export of lipids within the skeletal niche, including from both in vitro and in vivo model systems. We also highlight the numerous challenges that remain to fully appreciate the relationship of lipid turnover to skeletal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rendina-Ruedy
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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13
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Xiao J, Deng YM, Liu XR, Cao JP, Zhou M, Tang YL, Xiong WH, Jiang ZS, Tang ZH, Liu LS. PCSK9: A new participant in lipophagy in regulating atherosclerosis? Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:358-364. [PMID: 31075236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) regulates lipid metabolism by degrading low-density lipoprotein receptor on the surface of hepatocytes. PCSK9-mediated lipid degradation is associated with lipophagy. Lipophagy is a process by which autophagosomes selectively sequester lipid-droplet-stored lipids and are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Lipophagy was first discovered in hepatocytes, and its occurrence provides important fundamental insights into how lipid metabolism regulates cellular physiology and pathophysiology. Furthermore, PCSK9 may regulate lipid levels by affecting lipophagy. This review will discuss recent advances by which PCSK9 mediates lipid degradation via the lipophagy pathway and present lipophagy as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yi-Min Deng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xiang-Rui Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Cao
- Hunan Environmental Biology Vocational and Technical College, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Min Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Lu-Shan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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