1
|
Ferreira DT, Shen BQ, Mwirigi JM, Shiers S, Sankaranarayanan I, Kotamarti M, Inturi NN, Mazhar K, Ubogu EE, Thomas G, Lalli T, Wukich D, Price TJ. Deciphering the molecular landscape of human peripheral nerves: implications for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.15.599167. [PMID: 38915676 PMCID: PMC11195245 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.15.599167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus that is caused by metabolic toxicity to peripheral axons. We aimed to gain deep mechanistic insight into the disease process using bulk and spatial RNA sequencing on tibial and sural nerves recovered from lower leg amputations in a mostly diabetic population. First, our approach comparing mixed sensory and motor tibial and purely sensory sural nerves shows key pathway differences in affected nerves, with distinct immunological features observed in sural nerves. Second, spatial transcriptomics analysis of sural nerves reveals substantial shifts in endothelial and immune cell types associated with severe axonal loss. We also find clear evidence of neuronal gene transcript changes, like PRPH, in nerves with axonal loss suggesting perturbed RNA transport into distal sensory axons. This motivated further investigation into neuronal mRNA localization in peripheral nerve axons generating clear evidence of robust localization of mRNAs such as SCN9A and TRPV1 in human sensory axons. Our work gives new insight into the altered cellular and transcriptomic profiles in human nerves in DPN and highlights the importance of sensory axon mRNA transport as an unappreciated potential contributor to peripheral nerve degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Tavares Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies; University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Breanna Q Shen
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies; University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Juliet M Mwirigi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies; University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies; University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies; University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Miriam Kotamarti
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies; University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Nikhil N Inturi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies; University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Khadijah Mazhar
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies; University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Eroboghene E Ubogu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Geneva Thomas
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Trapper Lalli
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dane Wukich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies; University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lyu Y, Feng W, Song J, Wang C, Fu Y, Zhao B, Meng Y. Zedoarondiol inhibits human bronchial smooth muscle cell proliferation through the CAV-1/PDGF signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13145. [PMID: 38849430 PMCID: PMC11161633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Airway remodelling in lung diseases can be treated by inhibiting excessive smooth muscle cell proliferation. Zedoarondiol (Zed) is a natural compound isolated from the Chinese herb Curcuma longa. The caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is widely expressed in lung cells and plays a key role in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signalling and cell proliferation. This study aims to investigate the effect of Zed on human bronchial smooth muscle cell (HBSMC) proliferation and explore its potential molecular mechanisms. We assessed the effect of Zed on the proliferation of PDGF-stimulated HBSMCs and performed proteomic analysis to identify potential molecular targets and pathways. CAV1 siRNA was used to validate our findings in vitro. In PDGF-stimulated HBSMCs, Zed significantly inhibited excessive proliferation of HBSMCs. Proteomic analysis of zedoarondiol-treated HBSMCs revealed significant enrichment of differentially expressed proteins in cell proliferation-related pathways and biological processes. Zed inhibition of HBSMC proliferation was associated with upregulation of CAV1, regulation of the CAV-1/PDGF pathway and inhibition of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signalling pathway activation. Treatment of HBSMCs with CAV1 siRNA partly reversed the inhibitory effect of Zed on HBSMC proliferation. Thus, this study reveals that zedoarondiol potently inhibits HBSMC proliferation by upregulating CAV-1 expression, highlighting its potential value in airway remodelling and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinglan Lyu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wandi Feng
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jingze Song
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North 3Rd Ring Eastern Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu Fu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North 3Rd Ring Eastern Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanyan Meng
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North 3Rd Ring Eastern Road, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang C, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhu X. Role of EPAC1 in chronic pain. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 37:101645. [PMID: 38304575 PMCID: PMC10832381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain usually lasts over three months and commonly occurs in chronic diseases (cancer, arthritis, and diabetes), injuries (herniated discs, torn ligaments), and many major pain disorders (neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, chronic headaches). Unfortunately, there is currently a lack of effective treatments to help people with chronic pain to achieve complete relief. Therefore,it is particularly important to understand the mechanism of chronic pain and find new therapeutic targets. The exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) (EPAC) has been recognized for its functions in nerve regeneration, stimulating insulin release, controlling vascular pressure, and controlling other metabolic activities. In recent years, many studies have found that the subtype of EPAC, EPAC1 is involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation and plays a crucial role in the regulation of pain, which is expected to become a new therapeutic target for chronic pain. This article reviews the major contributions of EPAC1 in chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yihang Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eisa NH, Helmy SA, El-Kashef DH, El-Sherbiny M, Elsherbiny NM. Pramipexole protects against diabetic neuropathy: Effect on oxidative stress, TLR4/IRAK-1/TRAF-6/NF-κB and downstream inflammatory mediators. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111514. [PMID: 38199193 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a serious microvascular complication and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by neurodegeneration of terminal sensory nerve fibers with subsequent pain, loss of sensation, and paresthesia, thus compromising the quality of life of diabetic patients. It is considered the leading cause of non-traumatic amputations worldwide, reflecting the insufficiency of current therapies. Pramipexole (PPX) is a dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The current study aims to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of PPX in an experimental model of DN. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into five groups: normal control, Normal + PPX (1 mg/kg) group, STZ control, STZ + PPX (0.25 and 1 mg/kg/day for eight weeks). The neuroprotective effect of PPX in rats was evaluated in terms of sciatic nerve histological alterations, oxidative stress, and protein expression of TLR4/MyD88/IRAK-1/TRAF-6/NF-κB axis and downstream inflammatory mediators. RESULTS PPX administration ameliorated histopathological signs of neuronal inflammation and apoptosis. Additionally, PPX attenuated STZ-induced sciatic nerve oxidative stress and downregulated neural tissue expression of TLR4, MyD88, IRAK-1, TRAF-6, NF-κB and downstream mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and ICAM-1). CONCLUSION Collectively, the current study sheds light on PPX as a potential protective medication to alleviate neuropathy progression in diabetic patients. PPX neuroprotective effect can be attributed to modulating TLR4/ MyD88/IRAK-1/TRAF-6/ NF-κB axis signaling in nerve tissues with subsequent attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada H Eisa
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Sahar A Helmy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Dalia H El-Kashef
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
CONTEXT The prevalence of diabetic neuropathy is drastically increasing in the world. To halt the progression of diabetic neuropathy, there is an unmet need to have potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and new drug discovery. OBJECTIVE To study various biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. METHODS The literature was searched with the help of various scientific databases and resources like PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google scholar from the year 1976 to 2020. RESULTS Biomarkers of diabetic neuropathy are categorised as inflammatory biomarkers such as MCP-1, VEGF, TRPV1, NF-κB; oxidative biomarkers such as adiponectin, NFE2L2; enzyme biomarkers like NADPH, ceruloplasmin, HO-1, DPP-4, PARP α; miscellaneous biomarkers such as SIRT1, caveolin 1, MALAT1, and microRNA. All biomarkers have a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. CONCLUSION These biomarkers have a potential role in the progression of diabetic neuropathy and can be considered as potential targets for new drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveri M Adki
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pan L, Li T, Wang R, Deng W, Pu H, Deng M. Roles of Phosphorylation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor in Chronic Pain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:155-175. [PMID: 35032275 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is widely regarded as a vital modification of synaptic function. Various protein kinases are responsible for direct phosphorylation of NMDAR, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A, protein kinase C, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, Src family protein tyrosine kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, and casein kinase II. The detailed function of these kinases on distinct subunits of NMDAR has been reported previously and contributes to phosphorylation at sites predominately within the C-terminal of NMDAR. Phosphorylation underlies both structural and functional changes observed in chronic pain, and studies have demonstrated that inhibitors of kinases are significantly effective in alleviating pain behavior in different chronic pain models. In addition, the exploration of drugs that aim to disrupt the interaction between kinases and NMDAR is promising in clinical research. Based on research regarding the modulation of NMDAR in chronic pain models, this review provides an overview of the phosphorylation of NMDAR-related mechanisms underlying chronic pain to elucidate molecular and pharmacologic references for chronic pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Tiansheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Weiheng Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Huangsheng Pu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China.
| | - Meichun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang J, Lin F, Hu Y, Bloe CB, Wang D, Zhang W. From Initiation to Maintenance: HIV-1 Gp120-induced Neuropathic Pain Exhibits Different Molecular Mechanisms in the Mouse Spinal Cord Via Bioinformatics Analysis Based on RNA Sequencing. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:553-575. [PMID: 35059976 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), remains one of the most diverse crucial health and development challenges around the world. People infected with HIV constitute a large patient population, and a significant number of them experience neuropathic pain. To study the key mechanisms that mediate HIV-induced neuropathic pain (HNP), we established an HNP mouse model via intrathecal injection of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. The L3~L5 spinal cord was isolated on postoperative days 1/12 (POD1/12), 1 (POD1), and 14 (POD14) for RNA sequencing to investigate the gene expression profiles of the initiation, transition, and maintenance stages of HNP. A total of 1682, 430, and 413 differentially expressed genes were obtained in POD1/12, POD1, and POD14, respectively, and their similarity was low. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that POD1/12, POD1, and POD14 exhibited different biological processes and signaling pathways. Inflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation-related signaling pathways were enriched on POD1/12. Inflammation, chemokine activity, and downstream signaling regulated by proinflammatory cytokines, such as the MTOR signaling pathway, were enriched on POD1, while downregulation of ion channel activity, mitochondrial damage, endocytosis, MAPK and neurotrophic signaling pathways developed on POD14. Additionally, we screened key genes and candidate genes, which were verified at the transcriptional and translational levels. Our results suggest that the initiation and maintenance of HNP are regulated by different molecular mechanisms. Therefore, our research may yield a fresh and deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying HNP, providing accurate molecular targets for HNP therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanling Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chris Bloe Bloe
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cui CY, Liu X, Peng MH, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Identification of key candidate genes and biological pathways in neuropathic pain. Comput Biol Med 2022; 150:106135. [PMID: 36166989 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain is a common chronic pain, characterized by spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia. The incidence of neuropathic pain is on the rise due to infections, higher rates of diabetes and stroke, and increased use of chemotherapy drugs in cancer patients. At present, due to its pathophysiological process and molecular mechanism remaining unclear, there is a lack of effective treatment and prevention methods in clinical practice. Now, we use bioinformatics technology to integrate and filter hub genes that may be related to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, and explore their possible molecular mechanism by functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis. METHODS The expression profiles of GSE24982, GSE2884, GSE2636 and GSE30691 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)database, and these datasets include 93 neuropathic pain Rattus norvegicus and 59 shame controls. After the four datasets were all standardized by quantiles, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NPP Rattus norvegicus and the shame controls were finally identified by the robust rank aggregation (RRA) analysis method. In order to reveal the possible underlying biological function of DEGs, the Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs were performed. In addition, a Protein-protein Interaction (PPI) network was also established. At the end of our study, a high throughput sequencing dataset GSE117526 was used to corroborate our calculation results. RESULTS Through RRA analysis of the above four datasets GSE24982, GSE2884, GSE2636, and GSE30691, we finally obtained 231 DEGs, including 183 up-regulated genes and 47 down-regulated genes. Arranging 231 DEGs in descending order according to |log2 fold change (FC)|, we found that the top 20 key genes include 14 up-regulated genes and 6 down-regulated genes. The most down-regulated hub gene abnormal expressed in NPP was Egf17 (P-value = 0.008), Camk2n2 (P-value = 0.002), and Lep (P-value = 0.02), and the most up-regulated hub gene abnormal expressed in NPP was Nefm (P-value = 1.08E-06), Prx (P-value = 2.68E-07), and Stip1 (P-value = 4.40E-07). In GO functional annotation analysis results, regulation of ion transmembrane transport (GO:0034765; P-value = 1.45E-09) was the most remarkable enriched for biological process, synaptic membrane (GO:0097060; P-value = 2.95E-08) was the most significantly enriched for cellular component, channel activity (GO:0015267; P-value = 2.44E-06) was the most prominent enriched for molecular function. In KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results, the top three notable enrichment pathways were Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (rno04080; P-value = 3.46E-08), Calcium signaling pathway (rno04020; P-value = 5.37E-05), and Osteoclast differentiation (rno04380; P-value = 0.000459927). Cav1 and Lep appeared in the top 20 genes in both RRA analysis and PPI analysis, while Nefm appeared in RRA analysis and datasets GSE117526 validation analysis, so we finally identified these three genes as hub genes. CONCLUSIONS Our research identified the hub genes and signal pathways of neuropathic pain, enriched the pathophysiological mechanism of neuropathic pain to some extent, and provided a possible basis for the targeted therapy of neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Cui
- Department of Pain, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pain, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Hui Peng
- Department of Pain, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Pain, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Hejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pain, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Erdogan BR, Liu G, Arioglu-Inan E, Michel MC. Established and emerging treatments for diabetes-associated lower urinary tract dysfunction. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:887-906. [PMID: 35545721 PMCID: PMC9276575 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the lower urinary tract (LUT) including urinary bladder and urethra (and prostate in men) is one of the most frequent complications of diabetes and can manifest as overactive bladder, underactive bladder, urinary incontinence, and as aggravated symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia. We have performed a selective literature search to review existing evidence on efficacy of classic medications for the treatment of LUT dysfunction in diabetic patients and animals, i.e., α1-adrenoceptor and muscarinic receptor antagonists, β3-adrenoceptor agonists, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Generally, these agents appear to have comparable efficacy in patients and/or animals with and without diabetes. We also review effects of antidiabetic medications on LUT function. Such studies have largely been performed in animal models. In the streptozotocin-induced models of type 1 diabetes, insulin can prevent and reverse alterations of morphology, function, and gene expression patterns in bladder and prostate. Typical medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes have been studied less often, and the reported findings are not yet sufficient to derive robust conclusions. Thereafter, we review animal studies with emerging medications perhaps targeting diabetes-associated LUT dysfunction. Data with myoinositol, daidzein, and with compounds that target oxidative stress, inflammation, Rac1, nerve growth factor, angiotensin II receptor, serotonin receptor, adenosine receptor, and soluble guanylyl cyclase are not conclusive yet, but some hold promise as potential treatments. Finally, we review nonpharmacological interventions in diabetic bladder dysfunction. These approaches are relatively new and give promising results in preclinical studies. In conclusion, the insulin data in rodent models of type 1 diabetes suggest that diabetes-associated LUT function can be mostly or partially reversed. However, we propose that considerable additional experimental and clinical studies are needed to target diabetes itself or pathophysiological changes induced by chronic hyperglycemia for the treatment of diabetic uropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betül R Erdogan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guiming Liu
- Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ebru Arioglu-Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
CAV-1 Overexpression Exacerbates the Manifestation in EPAC-1-Induced Chronic Postsurgical Pain in Rats. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022:8566840. [PMID: 35958678 PMCID: PMC9357801 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8566840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Caveolae (CAV) are an invaginated microcapsule with the shape of Ω on the surface of the cell membrane. Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is involved in neuropathic pain, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-exchange protein directly activated by cAMP1 (EPAC-1) is a potential therapeutic target for chronic pain. However, whether EPAC-1 promotes chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) through CAV-1 has not been reported. Here, we aim to investigate the underlying mechanism of CAV in CPSP. Methods. All the rats were divided into 9 groups, including the Naive group, Sham group, skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) group, SMIR + CAV-1 siRNA group, SMIR + control siRNA group, SMIR (7 days)+Saline group, SMIR (7 days)+CE3F4 group, 8-PCPT group, and Saline group. The CPSP rat model was established after SMIR. A mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was recorded to evaluate the animal’s behavior. Western blotting and immunofluorescent were performed to detect the protein expression levels of EPAC-1 and P-CAV-1. Results. EPAC-1 and CAV-1 were both overexpressed after operation, particularly in astrocytes, microglia, and neurons of spinal marrow (all
). Interestingly, CAV-1 siRNA can partly reverse the SMIR-induced hypersensitivity, but there was no effect on EPAC-1. Besides, EPAC-1 blockage partly reversed the SMIR-induced hypersensitivity and CAV-1 overexpression, and EPAC-1 activation promoted CAV-1 overexpression and hypersensitivity in normal rats (all
). Conclusion. CAV-1 mediates the functional coupling of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons, and thus EPAC-1/CAV-1 plays an important role in CPSP exacerbation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan PH, Wang YY, Lin SY, Liao SL, Chen YF, Huang WC, Chen CJ, Chen WY. Plumbagin ameliorates bile duct ligation-induced cholestatic liver injury in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113133. [PMID: 35594710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plumbagin, a natural bicyclic naphthoquinone, has diverse pharmacological properties and biological benefits against a number of disorders, including liver disease. Though plumbagin's hepatoprotective potential attracts attention, currently no experimental evidence exists on its effectiveness against cholestatic liver injury. The present study investigated its hepatoprotection in the rat model of extrahepatic cholestasis using Bile Duct Ligation (BDL). We found that daily plumbagin supplementation protected the liver from cholestatic damage. Hepatoprotective actions of plumbagin were accompanied by reduction of Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad, High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1)/Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4), Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α), Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90), caveolin-1, NF-κB/AP-1, Dynamin Related Protein-1 (Drp1), malondialdehyde level, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), p62/SQSTM1, and caspase 3 as well as increase of Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), bile acid efflux transporters, glutathione, LC3-II, Beclin1, and nuclear NF-E2-Related Factor-2 (Nrf2) and Transcription Factor EB (TFEB). The activation of nuclear Nrf2 caused by plumbagin correlated well with the improvement in bile acid retention, liver histology, serum biochemical, ductular reaction, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, impaired autophagy, and fibrosis, involving interplay of multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Plumbagin is likely a candidate drug to protect the liver from cholestatic damages. Despite the promising findings from this study, translational implication of plumbagin on cholestatic liver injury warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Ho Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung City 435, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Fang Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 840, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chi Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and their potential therapeutic applications in diabetic neuropathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 102:108398. [PMID: 34863652 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common diabetic microvascular complications is diabetic neuropathy (DN). Immune cell infiltration in the peripheral nerve system (PNS), myelin loss, Schwann cell death, and axonal damage are all hallmarks of DN, which is currently believed to be a chronic inflammatory disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found in various types of nervous system cells, including Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Proinflammatory mediators released at the end of TLR signal transduction can trigger an inflammatory response involving the nervous system. Studies on the association between TLRs and DN began as early as 2004. Since then, several studies have been conducted to assess the involvement of TLRs in the pathogenesis of DN. The focus of this review is to give a complete summary of the researches that have been done in this context, as well as an overview of the role of TLRs and their therapeutic applications in DN.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao B, Zhang Q, Liang X, Xie J, Sun Q. Quercetin reduces inflammation in a rat model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174607. [PMID: 34743981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Quercetin reportedly exerts neuroprotective effects in DPN. Here, we aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin in a DPN rat model. Eight weeks after streptozotocin administration, diabetic rats were treated with quercetin (30 and 60 mg/kg/day orally) for 6 weeks. We assessed the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT), nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and morphological changes in sciatic nerves. Additionally, we measured the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 by ELISA and the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in sciatic nerves by western blotting and immunohistochemical assays. Our results revealed that blood glucose levels and body weight were unaltered following quercetin treatment. However, quercetin improved MWT (p < 0.05), NCV (p < 0.05), and pathological changes in the sciatic nerves of DPN rats. Quercetin significantly alleviated the increased expression of TNF-α (p < 0.05) and IL-1β (p < 0.001). Furthermore, high-dose quercetin administration significantly downregulated the expression of TLR4 (p < 0.001), MyD88 (p < 0.001), and NF-κB (p < 0.001) in sciatic nerves of DPN rats. Our findings revealed that quercetin could reduce the levels of inflammatory factors in DPN rats, possibly mediated via the downregulation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway. Collectively, these results suggest that although quercetin did not decreased blood glucose levels or reversed the reduced body weight, it showed anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, which was beneficial for the treatment of DPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjia Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochun Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang SS, Cao S, Qin YB, Lu CE, Shen SR. Role of caveolin-1 in chronic postsurgical pain in rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1289. [PMID: 34630644 PMCID: PMC8461512 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) has a high incidence, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Previous studies have indicated that caveolin-1 (Cav-1) plays a notable role in pain modulation. To study the role of Cav-1 in CPSP in the present study, a rat model of skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) was established. Under anesthesia, skin and superficial muscle of the medial thigh were incised and a small pair of retractors inserted. It was revealed that SMIR increased the expression of Cav-1 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the injured tissue around the incision. Furthermore, the infiltration of endothelial cells and macrophages in the injured tissue around the incision increased constantly, and the vascular permeability increased due to the destruction of the vascular endothelial barrier function around the injured tissue. Cav-1 was mainly expressed by CD68-positive macrophages and CD34-positive endothelial cells in the injured tissues around the incision, while it was also primarily localized in the medium and large neurofilament 200-positive neurons and a small number of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and isolectin B4-positive small and medium-sized neurons in the DRG. The results demonstrated that the sustained high expression levels of Cav-1 in the injured tissue around the incision could lead to the dysfunction of the vascular endothelial barrier and, thus, could induce the inflammatory response through the lipoprotein transport of endothelial cells, thereby resulting in peripheral sensitization. In addition, the sustained high expression levels of Cav-1 in the DRG could sensitize large-sized neurons and change the transmission mode of noxious stimuli. The findings of the present study indicated that a Cav-1-mediated process could participate in neuronal transmission pathways associated with pain modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Sai Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Su Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Bin Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Cui E Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ren Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li SL, Cao R, Hu XF, Xiong P, Zhao GY, Xie YN, Wang ZM, Li YK, Yang B, Yang J. Daidzein ameliorated concanavalin A-induced liver injury through the Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway in mice. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1228. [PMID: 34532365 PMCID: PMC8421986 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Daidzein is a soybean isoflavone that has been shown in previous studies to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, it remains unknown whether daidzein plays a protective role against concanavalin A (Con A)-induced autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Methods In this study, an animal model of AIH was constructed by intravenous injection of Con A (15 mg/kg). Daidzein (200 mg/kg/d) was intraperitoneally administered to mice for 3 days before the Con A injection. Alpha mouse liver 12 (AML-12) cells were incubated in the absence or presence of daidzein to determine whether daidzein can alleviate Con A-induced hepatotoxicity. Results The findings showed that pretreatment with daidzein significantly reduced Con A-induced oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis in Con A-induced liver injury. Pretreatment with daidzein significantly prevented the decrease of intrahepatic protein levels of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), phosphorylated GSK3β (p-GSK3β), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NOQ1 (NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1) in response to Con A administration. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde (MDA) production was reduced, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and SOD2 mRNA expression were elevated in daidzein-pretreated livers. In in vitro experiments, daidzein pretreatment prevented Con A-induced murine hepatocyte death. This effect was partly diminished by an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Conclusions These results indicate that daidzein pretreatment attenuates Con A-induced liver injury through the Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2 pathway. Our findings provide new insights into the use of plant-derived products for AIH treatment beyond immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Lin Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Hu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xie
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Min Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Kun Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen WJ, Niu JQ, Chen YT, Deng WJ, Xu YY, Liu J, Luo WF, Liu T. Unilateral facial injection of Botulinum neurotoxin A attenuates bilateral trigeminal neuropathic pain and anxiety-like behaviors through inhibition of TLR2-mediated neuroinflammation in mice. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:38. [PMID: 34000998 PMCID: PMC8130347 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In this study, we investigated the possible analgesic effects of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) on trigeminal neuralgia (TN). A modified TN mouse model was established by chronic constriction injury of the distal infraorbital nerve (dIoN-CCI) in mice, and the possible roles of microglia toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and neuroinflammation was investigated. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 3 groups, including sham group, vehicle-treated TN group and BoNT/A-treated TN group. Bilateral mechanical pain hypersensitivity, anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors were evaluated by using von Frey test, open field, elevated plus-maze testing, and forced swimming test in mice, respectively. The mRNA or protein expression levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs), glia activation markers and proinflammatory factors in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) were tested by RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence and Western blotting. We also tested the pain behaviors of TN in Tlr2−/− mice. Results We found that unilateral subcutaneous injection of BoNT/A into the whisker pad on the ipsilateral side of dIoN-CCI mice significantly attenuated bilateral mechanical pain hypersensitivity and anxiety-like behaviors induced by dIoN-CCI surgery in mice. The dIoN-CCI surgery significantly up-regulated the expression of TLR2, MyD88, CD11b (a microglia marker), IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in the ipsilateral TNC in mice, and BoNT/A injection significantly inhibited the expression of these factors. Immunostaining results confirmed that BoNT/A injection significantly inhibited the microglia activation in the ipsilateral TNC in dIoN-CCI mice. TLR2 deficiency also alleviated bilateral mechanical pain hypersensitivity and the up-regulation of MyD88 expression in the TNC of dIoN-CCI mice. Conclusion These results indicate that unilateral injection of BoNT/A attenuated bilateral mechanical pain hypersensitivity and anxiety-like behaviors in dIoN-CCI mice, and the analgesic effects of BoNT/A may be associated with the inhibition of TLR2-mediated neuroinflammation in the TNC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jing-Qi Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Changzhou Hygiene Vocational Technology College, Changzhou, 213002, China
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Ying-Ying Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Wei-Feng Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China. .,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medicine and Equipment, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|