Glucagon-like peptide 2 attenuates intestinal mucosal barrier injury through the MLCK/pMLC signaling pathway in a piglet model

Protective Effects of Tea Tree Oil on Inflammatory Injury of Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide In Vitro

Tea tree oil (TTO) improves the intestinal mucosal immunity of weaning piglets, but its underlying mechanism is not clear. We hypothesized that TTO may alleviate inflammatory injury by regulating the function of intestinal epithelial cells. Ileum epithelial cells (IPI-2I) were chosen and an inflammatory injury cell model was generated. The cell viability, cytokine secretion, and gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB were measured to further evaluate the effects of TTO on the inflammatory injury in immune-stressed cells. The results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS; content: ≥30 μg/mL; time: 3 h, 6 h, or 9 h) decreased cell viability (p < 0.01), and 50 μg/mL LPS stimulated for 6 h resulted in an increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and a dramatically decreased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05) in IPI-2I cells. Concentrations of 0-0.05% of TTO improved cell viability, while the 0.03% TTO treatment resulted in the highest cell viability and alleviated LPS-induced cell death (p < 0.01). In addition, 0.03% TTO alleviated the LPS-induced increase in the gene expression of IL-1β, TNFα, and IFNγ, as well as the decrease in the expression of IL-10 in IPI-2I cells (p < 0.05). LPS also upregulated the gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB (p < 0.05); while TTO supplementation alleviated this effect (p < 0.05), 0.03% and 0.05% TTO supplementation had greater effects (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 50 μg/mL LPS stimulated for 6 h can be used to establish an immune-stressed cell model in IPI-2I cell lines, and 0.03% TTO treatment for 6 h alleviated inflammatory injury in the intestinal epithelial cells of pigs.

Regulation of mouse digestive function, intestinal mucosal barrier function, and inflammatory reaction by lycium barbarum polysaccharide pathway through myosin light chain kinase

This research investigated the impacts of lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on the digestive function, intestinal mucosal barrier function, inflammatory response, and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) signaling pathway in immunosuppressed mice. 70 mg/kg cyclophosphamide was injected into abdomen for the preparation of immune suppression model. Healthy BALB/c mice served as control for the analysis of the differences in gastrointestinal motility and absorptive capacity, intestinal mucosal barrier function, the phagocytic ability of abdominal macrophages, serum immune factor and inflammatory factor levels, and the activation status of the MLCK signaling pathway after continuous gavage with 100 mg/kg LBP. Results revealed a decrease in d-xylose content, phagocytic rate, index of abdominal macrophages, and spleen index in the serum and urine of model mice compared to those of controls. In addition, levels of IgA, IgG, IgM, IL-6 (interleukin-6), IL-12, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) decreased, while MLCK and myosin light chain (MLC) levels rose (P < 0.01). Versus those in Model group, urine d-xylose content, phagocytic rate, index of abdominal macrophages, spleen index, and the levels of IgA, IgG, IgM, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ of mice undergoing the gavage with LBP increased, while MLCK and p-MLC levels declined (P < 0.05). In conclusion, LBP improved digestive absorption and immune function of immunosuppressed mice and regulated intestinal mucosal barrier immune system by inhibiting MLCK signaling pathway activation.

Role of the GLP2-Wnt1 axis in silicon-rich alkaline mineral water maintaining intestinal epithelium regeneration in piglets under early-life stress

Stress-induced intestinal epithelial injury (IEI) and a delay in repair in infancy are predisposing factors for refractory gut diseases in adulthood, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Hence, it is necessary to develop appropriate mitigation methods for mammals when experiencing early-life stress (ELS). Weaning, as we all know, is a vital procedure that all mammalian newborns, including humans, must go through. Maternal separation (MS) stress in infancy (regarded as weaning stress in animal science) is a commonly used ELS paradigm. Drinking silicon-rich alkaline mineral water (AMW) has a therapeutic effect on enteric disease, but the specific mechanisms involved have not been reported. Herein, we discover the molecular mechanism by which silicon-rich AMW repairs ELS-induced IEI by maintaining intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation through the glucagon-like peptide (GLP)2-Wnt1 axis. Mechanistic study showed that silicon-rich AMW activates GLP2-dependent Wnt1/β-catenin pathway, and drives ISC proliferation and differentiation by stimulating Lgr5+ ISC cell cycle passage through the G1-S-phase checkpoint, thereby maintaining intestinal epithelial regeneration and IEI repair. Using GLP2 antagonists (GLP23-33) and small interfering RNA (SiWnt1) in vitro, we found that the GLP2-Wnt1 axis is the target of silicon-rich AMW to promote intestinal epithelium regeneration. Therefore, silicon-rich AMW maintains intestinal epithelium regeneration through the GLP2-Wnt1 axis in piglets under ELS. Our research contributes to understanding the mechanism of silicon-rich AMW promoting gut epithelial regeneration and provides a new strategy for the alleviation of ELS-induced IEI.

Butyrate Protects against γ-d-Glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic Acid-Induced Inflammatory Response and Tight Junction Disruption through Histone Deacetylase 3 Inhibition in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

The present study was conducted to evaluate the regulatory actions and underlying mechanisms of butyrate on the inflammatory response and tight junction (TJ) disruption in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Results showed that butyrate declined histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) expression, blocked NF-κB activation, and thus suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP)-triggered BMECs. Butyrate also depressed the protein abundance of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), elevated the expression of TJ proteins, and restored the cellular distribution of TJ proteins and the barrier function of epithelial cells. HDAC3 overexpression abolished the protective effects of butyrate. In conclusion, butyrate alleviated the iE-DAP-induced inflammatory response and TJ injury by blocking NF-κB activation and decreasing inflammatory cytokine production and MLCK expression in a HDAC3-dependent manner. Our finding provides a mechanistic basis for further exploring the regulatory effects of butyrate on the mammary inflammatory response.

Transforming Growth Factor Beta Promotes Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in Smad4-Deficient Intestinal Epithelium in a YAP-Dependent Manner

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine, plays critical roles in immune responses. However, the precise role of TGF-β in colitis and colitis-associated cancer remains poorly defined. Here, it is demonstrated that TGF-β promotes the colonic inflammation and related tumorigenesis in the absence of Smad family member 4 (Smad4). Smad4 loss in intestinal epithelium aggravates colitis and colitis-associated neoplasia induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS), leading to over-activated immune responses and increased TGF-β1 levels. In Smad4-deficient organoids, TGF-β1 stimulates spheroid formation and impairs intestinal stem cell proliferation and lineage specification. YAP, whose expression is directly upregulated by TGF-β1 after Smad4 deletion, mediates the effect of TGF-β1 by interacting with Smad2/3. Attenuation of YAP/TAZ prevents TGF-β1-induced spheroid formation in Smad4-/- organoids and alleviates colitis and colitis-associated cancer in Smad4-deficient mice. Collectively, these results highlight an integral role of the TGF-β/Smad4 axis in restraining intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis and suggest TGF-β or YAP signaling as therapeutic targets for these gastrointestinal diseases intervention.

The indications and results of the use of teduglutide in patients with short bowel

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare condition defined as a reduced residual functional small intestinal length to less than 200 cm often resulting from extensive intestinal resection, and can lead to chronic intestinal failure (CIF). Patients with SBS-CIF are unable to absorb sufficient nutrients or fluids to maintain metabolic homeostasis through oral or enteral intake and require long-term parenteral nutrition and/or fluids and electrolytes. However, complications may arise from both SBS-IF and life-sustaining intravenous support, such as intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), chronic renal failure, metabolic bone disease and catheter-related complications. An interdisciplinary approach is required to optimize intestinal adaptation and decrease complications. In the last two decades, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analogs have sparked pharmacological interest as a potential disease-modifying therapy for SBS-IF. Teduglutide (TED) is the first developed and marketed GLP-2 analog for SBS-IF. It is approved in the United States, Europe, and Japan for use in adults and children with SBS-IF who are intravenous supplementation dependent. This article discusses the indications, candidacy criteria and results of the use of TED in patients with SBS.

Mucositis and Infection in Hematology Patients

Survival in patients with hematological malignancies has improved over the years, both due to major developments in anticancer treatment, as well as in supportive care. Nevertheless, important and debilitating complications of intensive treatment regimens still frequently occur, including mucositis, fever and bloodstream infections. Exploring potential interacting mechanisms and directed therapies to counteract mucosal barrier injury is of the utmost importance if we are to continue to improve care for this increasingly growing patient population. In this perspective, I highlight recent advances in our understanding of the relation of mucositis and infection.

Metasilicate-based alkaline mineral water confers diarrhea resistance in maternally separated piglets via the microbiota-gut interaction

Stress or stress-induced intestinal disturbances, especially diarrhea, are the main triggers for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Diarrhea and intestinal inflammatory disease afflict patients around the world, and it has become a huge burden on the global health care system. Drinking sodium metasilicate-based alkaline mineral water (SM-based AMW) exerts a potential therapeutic effect in gastrointestinal disorders, including gut inflammation, and diarrhea, but the supportive evidence on animal studies and mechanism involved remain unreported. The maternally separated (MS) piglet (Newly weaned piglet) is an excellent model to investigate the treatment of diarrhea in infant. This study aims to determine whether drinking SM-based AMW confers diarrhea resistance in maternally separated (MS) piglets under weaning stress and what the underlying mechanisms are involved. 240 newly weaned piglets were randomly divided into the Control group and the sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (SMP) group. A decreased diarrhea incidence was observed in SMP treatment piglets. The intestine injury and activated stress hormones (COR and ACTH) induced by weaning was alleviated by SM-based AMW. This may be related to the improvement of intestinal microflora structure and function by SMP, especially the increase of s_copri abundance. Meanwhile, SMP maintained the integrity of the duodenal mucus barrier in MS piglets. Importantly, by targeting NF-κB inhibition via the microbiota-gut interaction, SM-based AMW alleviated intestinal inflammation, maintained fluid homeostasis by modulating aquaporins and fluid transporter expression, and enhanced barrier integrity by suppressing MLCK/p-MLC signaling. Therefore, drinking metasilicate-based alkaline mineral water confers diarrhea resistance in MS piglets via the microbiota-gut interaction.

GLP-1 and GLP-2 Orchestrate Intestine Integrity, Gut Microbiota, and Immune System Crosstalk

The intestine represents the body's largest interface between internal organs and external environments except for its nutrient and fluid absorption functions. It has the ability to sense numerous endogenous and exogenous signals from both apical and basolateral surfaces and respond through endocrine and neuronal signaling to maintain metabolic homeostasis and energy expenditure. The intestine also harbours the largest population of microbes that interact with the host to maintain human health and diseases. Furthermore, the gut is known as the largest endocrine gland, secreting over 100 peptides and other molecules that act as signaling molecules to regulate human nutrition and physiology. Among these gut-derived hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and -2 have received the most attention due to their critical role in intestinal function and food absorption as well as their application as key drug targets. In this review, we highlight the current state of the literature that has brought into light the importance of GLP-1 and GLP-2 in orchestrating intestine-microbiota-immune system crosstalk to maintain intestinal barrier integrity, inflammation, and metabolic homeostasis.

Discoidin domain receptor 1(DDR1) promote intestinal barrier disruption in Ulcerative Colitis through tight junction proteins degradation and epithelium apoptosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. DDR1 is expressed in the intestinal epithelium, but its role in Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is poorly understand. This study aimed to identify the function of DDR1 in maintaining the homeostasis of UC.

METHODS

The DDR1 expression level in non-inflamed and inflamed colon samples from IBD patients were assessed. DDR1 knock-out (DDR1^-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were administered dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis and assessed based on colitis symptoms. In addition, intestinal epithelial barrier injury was induced by TNF-α and IFN-γ incubation to cell monolayers transfected with PCDH-DDR1 or pLKO.1-sh-DDR1-1 plasmids. The effect of DDR1 in regulating barrier integrity, tight junctions (TJ) protein status, and cell apoptosis was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the activation of the NF-κB p65-MLCK-p-MLC2 pathway was also investigated.

RESULTS

Decreased DDR1 expression levels were observed at the inflamed sites compared with the non-inflamed. DDR1^-/- mice had alleviated intestinal mucosal barrier injuries, upregulated TJ proteins, decreased epithelium apoptosis from DSS-induced colitis, and reduced proinflammatory cytokines production in the colon. These findings were further confirmed in vitro. DDR1 over-expression aggravated the TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced TJ disruption, while DDR1 shRNA prevented TJ damage even in the presence of JSH-23. DDR1 dependently destroyed the intestinal barrier via the NF-κB p65-MLCK-p-MLC2 pathway.

CONCLUSION

Our findings revealed that DDR1 regulated the intestinal barrier in colitis by modulating TJ proteins expression and epithelium apoptosis, making it a potential target of UC.

Conformational Dynamics of Glucagon-like Peptide-2 with Different Electric Field

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to study the influence of electric field on Glucagon-like Peptide-2 (GLP-2). Different electric field strengths (0 V/nm ≤ E ≤ 1 V/nm) were mainly carried out on GLP-2. The structural changes in GLP-2 were analyzed by the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF), Radius of Gyration (Rg), Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA), Secondary Structure and the number of hydrogen bonds. The stable α—helix structure of GLP-2 was unwound and transformed into an unstable Turn and Coil structure since the stability of the GLP-2 protein structure was reduced under the electric field. Our results show that the degree of unwinding of the GLP-2 structure was not linearly related to the electric field intensity. E = 0.5 V/nm was a special point where the degree of unwinding of the GLP-2 structure reached the maximum at this electric field strength. Under a weak electric field, E < 0.5 V/nm, the secondary structure of GLP-2 becomes loose, and the entropy of the chain increases. When E reaches a certain value (E > 0.5 V/nm), the electric force of the charged residues reaches equilibrium, along the z-direction. Considering the confinement of moving along another direction, the residue is less free. Thus, entropy decreases and enthalpy increases, which enhance the interaction of adjacent residues. It is of benefit to recover hydrogen bonds in the middle region of the protein. These investigations, about the effect of an electric field on the structure of GLP-2, can provide some theoretical basis for the biological function of GLP-2 in vivo.

Administration of Aspergillus oryzae suppresses DSS-induced colitis

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Effects of A. oryzae treatment on mouse intestinal environment were investigated.

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Treatment with A. oryzae and its cell wall increased Bifidobacterium abundance.

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Administration of heat-killed A. oryzae spores alleviated DSS-induced colitis.

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A. oryzae is highly suitable for application in new prebiotic food production.

Aspergillus oryzae, a filamentous fungus, has long been used for the production of traditional Japanese foods. Here, we analyzed how A. oryzae administration affects the intestinal environment in mice. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the gut microbiota indicated that after the administration of heat-killed A. oryzae spores, the relative abundance of an anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium pseudolongum strain became 2.0-fold greater than that of the control. Next, we examined the effect of A. oryzae spore administration on the development of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in mice; we found that colitis was alleviated by not only heat-killed A. oryzae spores, but also the cell wall extracted from the spores. Our findings suggest that A. oryzae holds considerable potential for commercial application in the production of both traditional Japanese fermented foods and new foods with prebiotic functions.

WR-GLP2, a glucagon-like peptide 2 from hybrid crucian carp that protects intestinal mucosal barrier and inhibits bacterial infection

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) is a proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells. The main biological actions of GLP2 in mammals are related to regulating energy absorption and maintaining the morphology, integrity of intestinal mucosa. However, the in vivo function of fish GLP2 in intestinal barrier and immune defense is essentially unknown. With an aim to elucidate the antimicrobial mechanism of GLP2 in fish, we in this study examined the function of GLP2 from hybrid crucian carp. Hybrid crucian carp GLP2 (WR-GLP2) possesses the conserved glucagon like hormones 2 domain. WR-GLP2 is mainly expressed in the intestine and is significantly upregulated after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. AB-PAS staining analysis showed WR-GLP2 significantly increased the number of goblet cells in intestine. WR-GLP2 induced significant inductions in the expression of the antimicrobial molecules (MUC2, Lyzl-1, Hepcidin-1 and LEAP-2) and tight junctions (ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-4). In addition, WR-GLP2 significantly alleviated the intestinal apoptosis, thereby enhancing host's resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Together these results indicate that WR-GLP2 is involved in intestinal mucosal barrier and immune defense against pathogen infection.

The Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction as Driving Factor of Inflammaging

The intestinal barrier, composed of the luminal microbiota, the mucus layer, and the physical barrier consisting of epithelial cells and immune cells, the latter residing underneath and within the epithelial cells, plays a special role in health and disease. While there is growing knowledge on the changes to the different layers associated with disease development, the barrier function also plays an important role during aging. Besides changes in the composition and function of cellular junctions, the entire gastrointestinal physiology contributes to essential age-related changes. This is also reflected by substantial differences in the microbial composition throughout the life span. Even though it remains difficult to define physiological age-related changes and to distinguish them from early signs of pathologies, studies in centenarians provide insights into the intestinal barrier features associated with longevity. The knowledge reviewed in this narrative review article might contribute to the definition of strategies to prevent the development of diseases in the elderly. Thus, targeted interventions to improve overall barrier function will be important disease prevention strategies for healthy aging in the future.

Tricholoma matsutake-derived peptide WFNNAGP protects against DSS-induced colitis by ameliorating oxidative stress and intestinal barrier dysfunction

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non-specific, chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine. The precise etiology and mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of IBD have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms through which the Tricholoma matsutake-derived peptide, WFNNAGP, exerts protective effects on the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced IBD mouse model. WFNNAGP significantly attenuated colitis symptoms in mice, including weight loss, diarrhea, shortened colon, bloody stools, and histopathological changes. WFNNAGP significantly ameliorated the DSS-induced oxidative damage, showing scavenging activity against hydroxyl and DPPH radicals (23.67 ± 4.11% and 34.53 ± 2.45%), increased SOD activity (191.48 ± 4.35 U per mg prot), and decreased MDA activity (1.61 ± 0.24 nmol per mg prot). In addition, WFNNAGP improved the inflammatory response by inhibiting MPO and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and protected the barrier function by promoting the expression of occludin and ZO-1 in the colon. Western blotting showed that WFNNAGP reduced the inflammatory response by downregulating NF-κB expression and inhibiting the formation and activation of NLRP3 and caspase-1. Thus, WFNNAGP may reduce colonic inflammation in mice by enhancing oxidative defense systems and barrier function and may be a promising candidate for IBD intervention.

The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids of Gut Microbiota Origin in Hypertension

Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and its development involves multiple mechanisms. Gut microbiota has been reported to be closely linked to hypertension. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-the metabolites of gut microbiota-participate in hypertension development through various pathways, including specific receptors, immune system, autonomic nervous system, metabolic regulation and gene transcription. This article reviews the possible mechanisms of SCFAs in regulating blood pressure and the prospects of SCFAs as a target to prevent and treat hypertension.

Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolated from horses and its therapeutic effect on DSS-induced colitis in mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a refractory disease that endangers both humans and animals. In recent times, Lactobacillus have been used to treat animal diseases. It may be a good choice to try to isolate Lactobacillus with probiotic potential to treat IBD. Equine, as a kind of hindgut fermentation animal has rich intestinal microflora, but data regarding this is scarce. The isolation of Lactobacillus with probiotic potential from equine may become a new method for the treatment of IBD. Four isolates of Lactobacillus were isolated from fresh feces of healthy male adult horses and analyzed their biological characteristics. According to the phylogenetic analysis, A2.5 and A7.1 were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus, A3 as Lactobacillus plantarum, and B8.2 as Weissella cibaria. All four isolates showed tolerance to the environment of acid, bile salt concentration and simulated artificial gastrointestinal fluid. The hydrophobic rate and self-aggregation rate of A3 were close to 100%, and the adhesion rate was 28.85 ± 0.74%. Four isolates were negative in hemolysis test and sensitive to common antibiotics and different isolates had different sensitivity to antibiotics. The four isolates had antibacterial and antioxidant activities which can reflect their probiotic potential. Furthermore, they could regulate the LPS (Lipopolysaccharides) stimulated Caco-2 cells. We chose A3 as the treatment strain to intervene Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced mice. The results showed that compared with DSS group, DSS + A3 group exhibited reduced Disease activity index (DAI), increased colon length, reduced pathological score and regulated cytokine secretion at the level of gene expression. In this study, four isolates of Lactobacillus with probiotic potential were isolated, and Lactobacillus plantarum A3 with reduced ulcerative colitis in mice was screened. It might provide a potential treatment for IBD.

Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Protective Effects of Tricholoma matsutake-Derived Peptides in Mitigating DSS-Induced Colitis

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammatory cytokine secretion play crucial roles in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Herein, we investigated the protective effects of Tricholoma matsutake-derived peptides SDIKHFPF and SDLKHFPF against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Both peptides alleviated colitis signs, including diarrhea, weight loss, bloody stools, colon shortening, and histopathological changes, while reducing mucus destruction, goblet cell exhaustion, and intestinal permeability. SDIKHFPF and SDLKHFPF protected the barrier function by promoting the expression of tight junction (TJ) zonula occludens-1 and occludin within the colon, as well as attenuating colonic inflammation through myeloperoxidase and pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression. Western blotting indicated that the peptides suppressed myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels, inhibiting MLC phosphorylation. SDLKHFPF was more potent than SDIKHFPF. These findings suggest that peptide SDLKHFPF mitigates colitis by regulating TJ protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production via NF-κB/MLCK/p-MLC signaling, improving the barrier function.

Epigallocatechin Gallate Can Protect Mice From Acute Stress Induced by LPS While Stabilizing Gut Microbes and Serum Metabolites Levels

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has potent biological activity as well as strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to explore the protective effect of EGCG on LPS-induced acute injury. We randomly divided 18 mice into three groups: CON, LPS, and EGCG-LPS. We gave the EGCG-LPS group gavage treatment with EGCG on day 8–15 and an intraperitoneal injection of LPS on day 16 to induce acute injury. The results showed that, compared with the LPS group, the bodyweight of the mice in the EGCG-LPS group increased significantly and effectively inhibited the morphological damage of the jejunum and liver. We measured liver tissue and found that the EGCG gavage treatment significantly inhibited the pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-2, IFN-γ) and oxidation indicators (MPO, NO, ALT, and AST) levels increase. The microbiological results showed that the EGCG gavage treatment reshaped the disturbance done to the intestinal microbial community in the mice by LPS, reversed the changes in the abundance ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, and significantly reduced the abundance of Enterobacteriales. Finally, the serum metabolomics results showed that, when compared with the LPS group, the gavage treatment of EGCG significantly increased the concentration of sphingomyelin (d17:1/17:0), sphingomyelin (d16:1/20:0), and significantly reduced the content of trans-Hexadec-2-enoyl carnitine, and so on. Therefore, we believe that EGCG can protect mice from acute stress induced by LPS while stabilizing gut microbes in general, improving the metabolism of sphingolipids, and inhibiting the content of harmful metabolites.