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Dawuti A, Ma L, An X, Guan J, Zhou C, He L, Xu Y, Han B, Abulizi A. Exploring the effect and mechanism of Aloin A against cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy via network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and experimental validation. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:15557-15577. [PMID: 38180061 PMCID: PMC10781478 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
80% of advanced cancer patients suffer from cachexia, but there are no FDA-approved drugs. Therefore, it is imperative to discover potential drugs. OBJECTIVE This study aims at exploring the effect and targets of Aloin A against cancer cachexia (CC)-induced muscle atrophy. METHODS Network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) and animal model of CC-induced muscle atrophy with a series of behavior tests, muscle quality, HE staining and RT-PCR were performed to investigate the anticachectic effects and targets of Aloin A and its molecular mechanism. RESULTS Based on network pharmacology, 51 potential targets of Aloin A on CC-induced muscle atrophy were found, and then 10 hub genes were predicted by the PPI network. Next, KEGG and GO enrichment analysis showed that the anticachectic effect of Aloin A is associated with PI3K-AKT, MAPK, TNF, TLR, etc., pathways, and biological processes like inflammation, apoptosis and cell proliferation. Molecular docking and MD results showed good binding ability between the Aloin A and key targets. Moreover, experiments in vivo demonstrated that Aloin A effectively rescued muscle function and wasting by improving muscle quality, mean CSA, and distribution of muscle fibers by regulating HSP90AA1/AKT signaling in tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION This study offers new insights for researchers to understand the effect and mechanism of Aloin A against CC using network pharmacology, molecular docking, MD and experimental validation, and Aloin A retards CC-induced muscle wasting through multiple targets and pathways, including HSP90AA1/AKT signaling, which provides evidence for Aloin A as a potential therapy for cancer cachexia in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awaguli Dawuti
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lisha Ma
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Xueyan An
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Jiawei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Changdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Linyun He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bo Han
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Abudumijiti Abulizi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Bale S, Verma P, Yalavarthi B, Scarneo SA, Hughes P, Amin MA, Tsou PS, Khanna D, Haystead TA, Bhattacharyya S, Varga J. Pharmacological inhibition of TAK1 prevents and induces regression of experimental organ fibrosis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e165358. [PMID: 37306632 PMCID: PMC10443806 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiorgan fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) accounts for substantial mortality and lacks effective therapies. Lying at the crossroad of TGF-β and TLR signaling, TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) might have a pathogenic role in SSc. We therefore sought to evaluate the TAK1 signaling axis in patients with SSc and to investigate pharmacological TAK1 blockade using a potentially novel drug-like selective TAK1 inhibitor, HS-276. Inhibiting TAK1 abrogated TGF-β1 stimulation of collagen synthesis and myofibroblasts differentiation in healthy skin fibroblasts, and it ameliorated constitutive activation of SSc skin fibroblasts. Moreover, treatment with HS-276 prevented dermal and pulmonary fibrosis and reduced the expression of profibrotic mediators in bleomycin-treated mice. Importantly, initiating HS-276 treatment even after fibrosis was already established prevented its progression in affected organs. Together, these findings implicate TAK1 in the pathogenesis of SSc and identify targeted TAK1 inhibition using a small molecule as a potential strategy for the treatment of SSc and other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Bale
- Michigan Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Michigan Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bharath Yalavarthi
- Michigan Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Philip Hughes
- EydisBio Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Asif Amin
- Michigan Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pei-Suen Tsou
- Michigan Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Michigan Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy A.J. Haystead
- EydisBio Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swati Bhattacharyya
- Michigan Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John Varga
- Michigan Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Qian H, Lu Z, Hao C, Zhao Y, Bo X, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Ma G, Chen L. TRIM44 aggravates cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction via TAK1 stabilization. Cell Signal 2023:110744. [PMID: 37271349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most dangerous cardiovascular events. Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological feature of remodeling after injury that is related to adverse clinical results with no effective treatment. Previous studies have confirmed that TRIM44, an E3 ligase, can promote the proliferation and migration of various tumor cells. However, the role of TRIM44 in cardiac fibrosis remains unknown. Models of TGF-β1 stimulation and MI-induced fibrosis were established to investigate the role and potential underlying mechanism of TRIM44 in cardiac fibrosis. The results showed that cardiac fibrosis was significantly inhibited after TRIM44 knockdown in a mouse model of MI, while it was enhanced when TRIM44 was overexpressed. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that fibrosis markers were significantly reduced in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) with TRIM44 knockdown, whereas TRIM44 overexpression promoted the expression of fibrosis markers. Mechanistically, TRIM44 maintains TAK1 stability by inhibiting the degradation of k48-linked polyubiquitination-mediated ubiquitination, thereby increasing phosphorylated TAK1 expression in the fibrotic environment and activating MAPKs to promote fibrosis. Pharmacological inhibition of TAK1 phosphorylation reversed the fibrogenic effects of TRIM44 overexpression. Combined, these results suggest that TRIM44 is a potential therapeutic target for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhengri Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chunshu Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangwei Bo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ya Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuyu Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Nanjing 211200, China.
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4
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Chang M, Cai Y, Gao Z, Chen X, Liu B, Zhang C, Yu W, Cao Q, Shen Y, Yao X, Chen X, Sun H. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: pathogenesis and promising therapies. J Neurol 2023:10.1007/s00415-023-11796-x. [PMID: 37258941 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive, muscle-wasting disease, characterized by progressive deterioration of skeletal muscle that causes rapid loss of mobility. The failure in respiratory and cardiac muscles is the underlying cause of premature death in most patients with DMD. Mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin result in dystrophin deficiency, which is the underlying pathogenesis of DMD. Dystrophin-deficient myocytes are dysfunctional and vulnerable to injury, triggering a series of subsequent pathological changes. In this review, we detail the molecular mechanism of DMD, dystrophin deficiency-induced muscle cell damage (oxidative stress injury, dysregulated calcium homeostasis, and sarcolemma instability) and other cell damage and dysfunction (neuromuscular junction impairment and abnormal differentiation of muscle satellite). We also describe aberrant function of other cells and impaired muscle regeneration due to deterioration of the muscle microenvironment, and dystrophin deficiency-induced multiple organ dysfunction, while summarizing the recent advances in the treatment of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Chang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Neurology, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Boya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiran Yu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Yao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Research and Development Center for E-Learning, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, People's Republic of China.
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Roy A, Koike TE, Joshi AS, Tomaz da Silva M, Mathukumalli K, Wu M, Kumar A. Targeted regulation of TAK1 counteracts dystrophinopathy in a DMD mouse model. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164768. [PMID: 37071470 PMCID: PMC10322678 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies make up a group of genetic neuromuscular disorders that involve severe muscle wasting. TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is an important signaling protein that regulates cell survival, growth, and inflammation. TAK1 has been recently found to promote myofiber growth in the skeletal muscle of adult mice. However, the role of TAK1 in muscle diseases remains poorly understood. In the present study, we have investigated how TAK1 affects the progression of dystrophic phenotype in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). TAK1 is highly activated in the dystrophic muscle of mdx mice during the peak necrotic phase. While targeted inducible inactivation of TAK1 inhibits myofiber injury in young mdx mice, it results in reduced muscle mass and contractile function. TAK1 inactivation also causes loss of muscle mass in adult mdx mice. By contrast, forced activation of TAK1 through overexpression of TAK1 and TAB1 induces myofiber growth without having any deleterious effect on muscle histopathology. Collectively, our results suggest that TAK1 is a positive regulator of skeletal muscle mass and that targeted regulation of TAK1 can suppress myonecrosis and ameliorate disease progression in DMD.
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6
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Roy A, Narkar VA, Kumar A. Emerging role of TAK1 in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300003. [PMID: 36789559 PMCID: PMC10023406 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength throughout life is crucial for heathy living and longevity. Several signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass in adults. TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a key protein, which coordinates the activation of multiple signaling pathways. Recently, it was discovered that TAK1 is essential for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and myofiber hypertrophy following mechanical overload. Forced activation of TAK1 in skeletal muscle causes hypertrophy and attenuates denervation-induced muscle atrophy. TAK1-mediated signaling in skeletal muscle promotes protein synthesis, redox homeostasis, mitochondrial health, and integrity of neuromuscular junctions. In this article, we have reviewed the role and potential mechanisms through which TAK1 regulates skeletal muscle mass and growth. We have also proposed future areas of research that could be instrumental in exploring TAK1 as therapeutic target for improving muscle mass in various catabolic conditions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Roy
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Vihang A. Narkar
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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7
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Li Y, Lin S, Xu X, Jin W, Su Y, Yuan F, Zhang Y, Li Z, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Zhang L. Skeletal muscle HSF1 prevents insulin resistance by improving glucose utilization. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22667. [PMID: 36421020 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201160rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of muscle glucose utilization has significant potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is involved in cellular metabolism and regulation of muscle metabolism. However, it is unclear how HSF1 regulates muscle glucose metabolism. In the present study, the development of obesity in mice was associated with HSF1 downregulation. Serum samples and muscle biopsies were obtained from obese and healthy humans. Fasting glucose and insulin levels and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance value showed that obesity was associated with insulin resistance. The skeletal muscle level of HSF1 was decreased in obese and ob/ob mice. HSF1 was selectively over-expressed in the skeletal muscles of high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Muscle HSF1 over-expression successfully triggered glycolytic-to-oxidative myofiber switch and increased fatty acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscles of HFD-fed mice. Moreover, HSF1 improved energy expenditure and blocked muscle accumulation of triglycerides in HFD-fed mice. Consequently, muscle HSF1 mitigated the impaired muscle insulin signaling and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, T2DM and obesity in HFD-fed mice may be treated with selective HSF1-directed programming of exercise-like effects in skeletal muscle. These findings may aid the development of a new therapeutic approach for obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shibo Lin
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Weilai Jin
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yinglin Su
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fuqiang Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengying Li
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yahui Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lihong Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Alonso-Pérez J, Carrasco-Rozas A, Borrell-Pages M, Fernández-Simón E, Piñol-Jurado P, Badimon L, Wollin L, Lleixà C, Gallardo E, Olivé M, Díaz-Manera J, Suárez-Calvet X. Nintedanib Reduces Muscle Fibrosis and Improves Muscle Function of the Alpha-Sarcoglycan-Deficient Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2629. [PMID: 36289891 PMCID: PMC9599168 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoglycanopathies are a group of recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Sarcoglycan deficiency produces instability of the sarcolemma during muscle contraction, leading to continuous muscle fiber injury eventually producing fiber loss and replacement by fibro-adipose tissue. Therapeutic strategies aiming to reduce fibro-adipose expansion could be effective in muscular dystrophies. We report the positive effect of nintedanib in a murine model of alpha-sarcoglycanopathy. We treated 14 Sgca-/- mice, six weeks old, with nintedanib 50 mg/kg every 12 h for 10 weeks and compared muscle function and histology with 14 Sgca-/- mice treated with vehicle and six wild-type littermate mice. Muscle function was assessed using a treadmill and grip strength. A cardiac evaluation was performed by echocardiography and histological study. Structural analysis of the muscles, including a detailed study of the fibrotic and inflammatory processes, was performed using conventional staining and immunofluorescence. In addition, proteomics and transcriptomics studies were carried out. Nintedanib was well tolerated by the animals treated, although we observed weight loss. Sgca-/- mice treated with nintedanib covered a longer distance on the treadmill, compared with non-treated Sgca-/- mice, and showed higher strength in the grip test. Moreover, nintedanib improved the muscle architecture of treated mice, reducing the degenerative area and the fibrotic reaction that was associated with a reversion of the cytokine expression profile. Nintedanib improved muscle function and muscle architecture by reducing muscle fibrosis and degeneration and reverting the chronic inflammatory environment suggesting that it could be a useful therapy for patients with alpha-sarcoglycanopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alonso-Pérez
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Carrasco-Rozas
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Borrell-Pages
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Fernández-Simón
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Patricia Piñol-Jurado
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lutz Wollin
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 88400 Biberach, Germany
| | - Cinta Lleixà
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gallardo
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Olivé
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Díaz-Manera
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Suárez-Calvet
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Fan S, Huang X, Tong H, Hong H, Lai Z, Hu W, Liu X, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Yu Q. p-TAK1 acts as a switch between myoblast proliferation phase and differentiation phase in mdx mice via regulating HO-1 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175277. [PMID: 36113553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) continuous excessive phosphorylation was observed in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and mdx mice. Inhibiting TAK1 phosphorylation ameliorated fibrosis and muscular atrophy, while TAK1 knockout also impaired muscle regeneration. The definite effect and mechanism of p-TAK1 in muscle regeneration disorder is still obscure. In this study, BaCl2-induced acute muscle injury model was used to investigate the role of p-TAK1 in myoblast proliferation and differentiation phase. The results showed that TAK1 phosphorylation was significantly up-regulated in proliferation phase along with Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway activation, which was down-regulated in differentiation phase yet. In C2C12 cells, inhibiting TAK1 phosphorylation markedly suppressed the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and both myoblast proliferation and differentiation were inhibited. As for activation, p-TAK1 promoted myoblast proliferation via up-regulating HO-1 level. However, excessive TAK1 phosphorylation (induced by 20 ng·mL-1 TGF-β1) notably up-regulated HO-1 expression, inhibiting myogenic differentiation antigen (MyOD) and myogenic differentiation. A mild p-TAK1 level (induced by 5 or 10 ng·mL-1 TGF-β1) was beneficial for myoblast differentiation. In mdx mice, robust myoblast proliferation and differentiation arrest were observed with high p-TAK1 level in skeletal muscle. HO-1 expression was significantly up-regulated. TAK1 phosphorylation inhibitor NG25 (N-[4-[(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-methyl-3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-4-yloxy)benzamide) significantly inhibited HO-1 expression, relieved excessive myoblast proliferation and differentiation arrest, promoted new myofiber formation, and eventually improved muscle function. In conclusion, p-TAK1 acted as "a switch" between proliferation and differentiation phase. Mitigating p-TAK1 level transformed myoblast excessive proliferation phase into differentiation phase in mdx mouse via regulating HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Fan
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haowei Tong
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huitao Hong
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhulan Lai
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wanting Hu
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qinwei Yu
- New Drug Screening Center/Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation/State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Han SZ, Gao K, Chang SY, Choe HM, Paek HJ, Quan BH, Liu XY, Yang LH, Lv ST, Yin XJ, Quan LH, Kang JD. miR-455-3p Is Negatively Regulated by Myostatin in Skeletal Muscle and Promotes Myoblast Differentiation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10121-10133. [PMID: 35960196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a growth and differentiation factor that regulates proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, which in turn controls skeletal muscle growth. It may regulate myoblast differentiation by influencing miRNA expression, and the present study aimed to clarify its precise mechanism of action. Here, we found that MSTN-/- pigs showed an overgrowth of skeletal muscle and upregulated miR-455-3p level. Intervention of MSTN expression using siMSTN in C2C12 myoblasts also showed that siMSTN significantly increased the expression of miR-455-3p. It was found that miR-455-3p directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region of Smad2 by dual-luciferase assay. qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses indicated that miR-455-3p overexpression or Smad2 silencing in C2C12 myoblasts significantly promoted myoblast differentiation. Furthermore, siMSTN significantly increased the expression of GATA3. The levels of miR-455-3p were considerably reduced in C2C12 myoblasts following GATA3 knockdown. Consistently, GATA3 knockdown also reduced the enhanced miR-455-3p expression caused by siMSTN. Finally, we illustrated that GATA3 has a role in myoblast differentiation regulation. Taken together, we identified the expression profiles of miRNAs in MSTN-/- pigs and found that miR-455-3p positively regulates myoblast differentiation. In addition, we revealed that MSTN acts through the GATA3/miR-455-3p/Smad2 cascade to regulate muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Zhong Han
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Shuang-Yan Chang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Hak-Myong Choe
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Hyo-Jin Paek
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Biao-Hu Quan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Xin-Yue Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Liu-Hui Yang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Si-Tong Lv
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Xi-Jun Yin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Lin-Hu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Jin-Dan Kang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
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Roy A, Kumar A. Supraphysiological activation of TAK1 promotes skeletal muscle growth and mitigates neurogenic atrophy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2201. [PMID: 35459245 PMCID: PMC9033787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is regulated through coordinated activation of multiple signaling pathways. TAK1 signalosome has been found to be activated in various conditions of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. However, the role and mechanisms by which TAK1 regulates skeletal muscle mass remain less understood. Here, we demonstrate that supraphysiological activation of TAK1 in skeletal muscle of adult mice stimulates translational machinery, protein synthesis, and myofiber growth. TAK1 causes phosphorylation of elongation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) independent of mTOR. Inactivation of TAK1 disrupts neuromuscular junction morphology and causes deregulation of Smad signaling. Using genetic approaches, we demonstrate that TAK1 prevents excessive loss of muscle mass during denervation. TAK1 favors the nuclear translocation of Smad4 and cytoplasmic retention of Smad6. TAK1 is also required for the phosphorylation of eIF4E in denervated skeletal muscle. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TAK1 supports skeletal muscle growth and prevents neurogenic muscle atrophy in adult mice. TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is essential for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass through incompletely understood mechanisms. Here the authors show that supraphysiological activation of TAK1 leads to muscle hypertrophy through the elongation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) involved in protein synthesis, and prevents denervation-induced atrophy in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Roy
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA.
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12
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Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Skeletal Muscle Wasting. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031167. [PMID: 35163088 PMCID: PMC8835446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is part of a family of molecules that is present in many body tissues and performs many different functions. Evidence has been obtained from mice and human cancer patients with bony metastases and non-metastatic disease, as well as pediatric burn patients, that inflammation leads to bone resorption and release of TGF-β from the bone matrix with paracrine effects on muscle protein balance, possibly mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen species. Whether immobilization, which confounds the etiology of bone resorption in burn injury, also leads to the release of TGF-β from bone contributing to muscle wasting in other conditions is unclear. The use of anti-resorptive therapy in both metastatic cancer patients and pediatric burn patients has been successful in the prevention of muscle wasting, thereby creating an additional therapeutic niche for this class of drugs. The liberation of TGF-β may be one way in which bone helps to control muscle mass, but further investigation will be necessary to assess whether the rate of bone resorption is the determining factor for the release of TGF-β. Moreover, whether different resorptive conditions, such as immobilization and hyperparathyroidism, also involve TGF-β release in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting needs to be investigated.
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13
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The inflammatory signalling mediator TAK1 mediates lymphocyte recruitment to lipopolysaccharide-activated murine mesenchymal stem cells through interleukin-6. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3655-3670. [PMID: 34052945 PMCID: PMC8382631 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
As a response to pro-inflammatory signals mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete agents and factors leading to lymphocyte recruitment, counteracting inflammation, and stimulating immunosuppression. On a molecular level, the signalling mediator TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is activated by many pro-inflammatory signals, plays a critical role in inflammation and regulates innate and adaptive immune responses as well. While the role of TAK1 as a signalling factor promoting inflammation is well documented, we also considered a role for TAK1 in anti-inflammatory actions exerted by activated MSCs. We, therefore, investigated the capacity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated murine MSCs with lentivirally modulated TAK1 expression levels to recruit lymphocytes. TAK1 downregulated by lentiviral vectors expressing TAK1 shRNA in murine MSCs interfered with the capacity of murine MSCs to chemoattract lymphocytes, indeed. Analysing a pool of 84 secreted factors we found that among 26 secreted cytokines/factors TAK1 regulated expression of one cytokine in LPS-activated murine MSCs in particular: interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 in LPS-treated MSCs was responsible for lymphocyte recruitment as substantiated by neutralizing antibodies. Our studies, therefore, suggest that in LPS-treated murine MSCs the inflammatory signalling mediator TAK1 may exert anti-inflammatory properties via IL-6.
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Xu D, Li S, Wang L, Jiang J, Zhao L, Huang X, Sun Z, Li C, Sun L, Li X, Jiang Z, Zhang L. TAK1 inhibition improves myoblast differentiation and alleviates fibrosis in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:192-208. [PMID: 33236534 PMCID: PMC7890152 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) plays a key role in regulating fibroblast and myoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, the TAK1 changes associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are poorly understood, and it remains unclear how TAK1 regulation could be exploited to aid the treatment of this disease. METHODS Muscle biopsies were obtained from control donors or DMD patients for diagnosis (n = 6 per group, male, 2-3 years, respectively). Protein expression of phosphorylated TAK1 was measured by western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. In vivo overexpression of TAK1 was performed in skeletal muscle to assess whether TAK1 is sufficient to induce or aggravate atrophy and fibrosis. To explore whether TAK1 inhibition protects against muscle damage, mdx (loss of dystrophin) mice were treated with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-short hairpin TAK1 (shTAK1) or NG25 (a TAK1 inhibitor). Serum analysis, skeletal muscle performance and histology, muscle contractile function, and gene and protein expression were performed. RESULTS We found that TAK1 was activated in the dystrophic muscles of DMD patients (n = 6, +72.2%, P < 0.001), resulting in fibrosis ( +65.9% for fibronectin expression, P < 0.001) and loss of muscle fibres (-32.5%, P < 0.01). Moreover, TAK1 was activated by interleukin-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β1 (P < 0.01). Overexpression of TAK1 by AAV vectors further aggravated fibrosis (n = 8, +39.6% for hydroxyproline content, P < 0.01) and exacerbated muscle wasting (-31.6%, P < 0.01) in mdx mice; however, these effects were reversed in mdx mice by treatment with AAV-short hairpin TAK1 (shTAK1) or NG25 (a TAK1 inhibitor). The molecular mechanism underlying these effects may be related to the prevention of TAK1-mediated transdifferentiation of myoblasts into fibroblasts, thereby reducing fibrosis and increasing myoblast differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that TAK1 activation exacerbated fibrosis and muscle degeneration and that TAK1 inhibition can improve whole-body muscle quality and the function of dystrophic skeletal muscle. Thus, TAK1 inhibition may constitute a novel therapy for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengqiu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeren Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xihua Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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