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Nishitani T, Mitoh Y, Yajima T, Tachiya D, Hoshika T, Fukunaga T, Nishitani Y, Yoshida R, Mizoguchi I, Ichikawa H, Sato T. Distribution of alpha-synuclein in rat salivary glands. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38284507 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Expression of alpha-synuclein (Syn), a presynaptic neuronal protein, was immunohistochemically examined in intact rat submandibular, sublingual, and lingual glands. The submandibular gland contained abundant periductal Syn-immunoreactive (-ir) nerve fibers. Abundant Syn-ir varicosities were present in acini of the sublingual and serous lingual glands. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, Syn-ir nerve fibers around smooth muscle actin (SMA)-ir cells alone were infrequent; however, those around aquaporin-5 (AQP5)-ir cells alone and both SMA- and AQP5-ir cells were abundant in the sublingual and serous lingual glands. SMA-ir cells were occasionally immunoreactive for toll-like receptor 4, a Syn receptor. Syn-ir nerve fibers contained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the submandibular gland and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in all examined salivary glands. In the superior cervical (SCG), submandibular, and intralingual ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons co-expressed Syn with TH and ChAT, respectively. SCG neurons innervating the submandibular gland contained mostly Syn. In the thoracic spinal cord, 14.7% of ChAT-ir preganglionic sympathetic neurons co-expressed Syn. In the superior salivatory nucleus, preganglionic parasympathetic neurons projecting to the lingual nerve co-expressed Syn and ChAT. The present findings indicate that released Syn acts on myoepithelial cells. Syn in pre- and post-ganglionic neurons may regulate neurotransmitter release and salivary volume and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Nishitani
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mitoh
- Department of Oral Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yajima
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tachiya
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hoshika
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishitani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshida
- Department of Oral Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Divisions of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Uceda S, Echeverry-Alzate V, Reiriz-Rojas M, Martínez-Miguel E, Pérez-Curiel A, Gómez-Senent S, Beltrán-Velasco AI. Gut Microbial Metabolome and Dysbiosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Psychobiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Therapeutic Approach-A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13294. [PMID: 37686104 PMCID: PMC10487945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive narrative review conducted in this study delves into the mechanisms of communication and action at the molecular level in the human organism. The review addresses the complex mechanism involved in the microbiota-gut-brain axis as well as the implications of alterations in the microbial composition of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases with neuronal loss or death is analyzed, as well as the mechanisms of action of the main metabolites involved in the bidirectional communication through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In addition, interventions targeting gut microbiota restructuring through fecal microbiota transplantation and the use of psychobiotics-pre- and pro-biotics-are evaluated as an opportunity to reduce the symptomatology associated with neurodegeneration in these pathologies. This review provides valuable information and facilitates a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms to be addressed in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Uceda
- BRABE Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Echeverry-Alzate
- BRABE Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Reiriz-Rojas
- BRABE Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Martínez-Miguel
- Health Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Curiel
- Health Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gómez-Senent
- Health Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain
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Liu M, Wang Y, Shi W, Yang C, Wang Q, Chen J, Li J, Chen B, Sun G. PCDH7 as the key gene related to the co-occurrence of sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1163162. [PMID: 37476411 PMCID: PMC10354703 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1163162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and osteoporosis, two degenerative diseases in older patients, have become severe health problems in aging societies. Muscles and bones, the most important components of the motor system, are derived from mesodermal and ectodermal mesenchymal stem cells. The adjacent anatomical relationship between them provides the basic conditions for mechanical and chemical signals, which may contribute to the co-occurrence of sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Identifying the potential common crosstalk genes between them may provide new insights for preventing and treating their development. In this study, DEG analysis, WGCNA, and machine learning algorithms were used to identify the key crosstalk genes of sarcopenia and osteoporosis; this was then validated using independent datasets and clinical samples. Finally, four crosstalk genes (ARHGEF10, PCDH7, CST6, and ROBO3) were identified, and mRNA expression and protein levels of PCDH7 in clinical samples from patients with sarcopenia, with osteoporosis, and with both sarcopenia and osteoporosis were found to be significantly higher than those from patients without sarcopenia or osteoporosis. PCDH7 seems to be a key gene related to the development of both sarcopenia and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchong Liu
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Shi
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chensong Yang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidong Wang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingdi Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixin Sun
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Kim S, Pajarillo E, Nyarko-Danquah I, Aschner M, Lee E. Role of Astrocytes in Parkinson's Disease Associated with Genetic Mutations and Neurotoxicants. Cells 2023; 12:622. [PMID: 36831289 PMCID: PMC9953822 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the aggregation of Lewy bodies in the basal ganglia, resulting in movement impairment referred to as parkinsonism. However, the etiology of PD is not well known, with genetic factors accounting only for 10-15% of all PD cases. The pathogenetic mechanism of PD is not completely understood, although several mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, have been suggested. Understanding the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis is critical for developing highly efficacious therapeutics. In the PD brain, dopaminergic neurons degenerate mainly in the basal ganglia, but recently emerging evidence has shown that astrocytes also significantly contribute to dopaminergic neuronal death. In this review, we discuss the role of astrocytes in PD pathogenesis due to mutations in α-synuclein (PARK1), DJ-1 (PARK7), parkin (PARK2), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8), and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1, PARK6). We also discuss PD experimental models using neurotoxins, such as paraquat, rotenone, 6-hydroxydopamine, and MPTP/MPP+. A more precise and comprehensive understanding of astrocytes' modulatory roles in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD will help develop novel strategies for effective PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Edward Pajarillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ivan Nyarko-Danquah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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