1
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Bae SH, Park HR, Lim H, Kim HY, Cheon T, Jung J, Hyun YM. The functional and biological effects of systemic dexamethasone on mice with facial nerve crushing injury. Head Neck 2024. [PMID: 38924195 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroid therapy is commonly recommended for acute facial nerve weakness; however, its effectiveness in treating traumatic nerve injuries remains controversial. This study investigated the functional recovery and cellular effects of systemic dexamethasone administration after facial nerve injury. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were assigned to two groups by intraperitoneal injection: the phosphate-buffered saline group and the dexamethasone group. Facial nerve crush injury was induced, followed by the functional grading of recovery. Cellular effects were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and intravital imaging. RESULTS Macrophage infiltration into the facial nerves was significantly inhibited by systemic dexamethasone administration. However, dexamethasone group slightly delayed the functional recovery of the facial nerve compared to the PBS group. In addition, the morphological changes in the nerve were not significantly different between the two groups at 14 days post-injury. Macrophage migration analysis in the intravital imaging also showed no difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS In summary, systemic dexamethasone successfully inhibited leukocyte infiltration; however, functional recovery was delayed compared to the PBS control group. Clinically, these findings indicate that more evidence and research are required to use steroid pulse therapy for the treatment of traumatic facial nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hoon Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haeng Ran Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunseo Lim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Yeol Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taeuk Cheon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsei Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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2
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Wei C, Guo Y, Ci Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Advances of Schwann cells in peripheral nerve regeneration: From mechanism to cell therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116645. [PMID: 38729050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) frequently occur due to various factors, including mechanical trauma such as accidents or tool-related incidents, as well as complications arising from diseases like tumor resection. These injuries frequently result in persistent numbness, impaired motor and sensory functions, neuropathic pain, or even paralysis, which can impose a significant financial burden on patients due to outcomes that often fall short of expectations. The most frequently employed clinical treatment for PNIs involves either direct sutures of the severed ends or bridging the proximal and distal stumps using autologous nerve grafts. However, autologous nerve transplantation may result in sensory and motor functional loss at the donor site, as well as neuroma formation and scarring. Transplantation of Schwann cells/Schwann cell-like cells has emerged as a promising cellular therapy to reconstruct the microenvironment and facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration. In this review, we summarize the role of Schwann cells and recent advances in Schwann cell therapy in peripheral nerve regeneration. We summarize current techniques used in cell therapy, including cell injection, 3D-printed scaffolds for cell delivery, cell encapsulation techniques, as well as the cell types employed in experiments, experimental models, and research findings. At the end of the paper, we summarize the challenges and advantages of various cells (including ESCs, iPSCs, and BMSCs) in clinical cell therapy. Our goal is to provide the theoretical and experimental basis for future treatments targeting peripheral nerves, highlighting the potential of cell therapy and tissue engineering as invaluable resources for promoting nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Wei
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanxin Guo
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Ci
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mucong Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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3
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Lam TC, Leung YY. Innovations in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:444. [PMID: 38790310 PMCID: PMC11118957 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of peripheral nerve regeneration is a dynamic and rapidly evolving area of research that continues to captivate the attention of neuroscientists worldwide. The quest for effective treatments and therapies to enhance the healing of peripheral nerves has gained significant momentum in recent years, as evidenced by the substantial increase in publications dedicated to this field. This surge in interest reflects the growing recognition of the importance of peripheral nerve recovery and the urgent need to develop innovative strategies to address nerve injuries. In this context, this article aims to contribute to the existing knowledge by providing a comprehensive review that encompasses both biomaterial and clinical perspectives. By exploring the utilization of nerve guidance conduits and pharmacotherapy, this article seeks to shed light on the remarkable advancements made in the field of peripheral nerve regeneration. Nerve guidance conduits, which act as artificial channels to guide regenerating nerves, have shown promising results in facilitating nerve regrowth and functional recovery. Additionally, pharmacotherapy approaches have emerged as potential avenues for promoting nerve regeneration, with various therapeutic agents being investigated for their neuroprotective and regenerative properties. The pursuit of advancing the field of peripheral nerve regeneration necessitates persistent investment in research and development. Continued exploration of innovative treatments, coupled with a deeper understanding of the intricate processes involved in nerve regeneration, holds the promise of unlocking the complete potential of these groundbreaking interventions. By fostering collaboration among scientists, clinicians, and industry partners, we can accelerate progress in this field, bringing us closer to the realization of transformative therapies that restore function and quality of life for individuals affected by peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
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4
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Mu J, Hao L, Wang Z, Fu X, Li Y, Hao F, Duan H, Yang Z, Li X. Visualizing Wallerian degeneration in the corticospinal tract after sensorimotor cortex ischemia in mice. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:636-641. [PMID: 37721295 PMCID: PMC10581571 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke can cause Wallerian degeneration in regions outside of the brain, particularly in the corticospinal tract. To investigate the fate of major glial cells and axons within affected areas of the corticospinal tract following stroke, we induced photochemical infarction of the sensorimotor cortex leading to Wallerian degeneration along the full extent of the corticospinal tract. We first used a routine, sensitive marker of axonal injury, amyloid precursor protein, to examine Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract. An antibody to amyloid precursor protein mapped exclusively to proximal axonal segments within the ischemic cortex, with no positive signal in distal parts of the corticospinal tract, at all time points. To improve visualization of Wallerian degeneration, we next utilized an orthograde virus that expresses green fluorescent protein to label the corticospinal tract and then quantitatively evaluated green fluorescent protein-expressing axons. Using this approach, we found that axonal degeneration began on day 3 post-stroke and was almost complete by 7 days after stroke. In addition, microglia mobilized and activated early, from day 7 after stroke, but did not maintain a phagocytic state over time. Meanwhile, astrocytes showed relatively delayed mobilization and a moderate response to Wallerian degeneration. Moreover, no anterograde degeneration of spinal anterior horn cells was observed in response to Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract. In conclusion, our data provide evidence for dynamic, pathogenic spatiotemporal changes in major cellular components of the corticospinal tract during Wallerian degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Mu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Liufang Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijue Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Fu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yusen Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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5
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Huang Y, Wu L, Zhao Y, Guo J, Li R, Ma S, Ying Z. Schwann cell promotes macrophage recruitment through IL-17B/IL-17RB pathway in injured peripheral nerves. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113753. [PMID: 38341853 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage recruitment to the injured nerve initiates a cascade of events, including myelin debris clearance and nerve trophic factor secretion, which contribute to proper nerve tissue repair. However, the mechanism of macrophage recruitment is still unclear. Here, by comparing wild-type with Mlkl-/- and Sarm1-/- mice, two mouse strains with impaired myelin debris clearance after peripheral nerve injury, we identify interleukin-17B (IL-17B) as a key regulator of macrophage recruitment. Schwann-cell-secreted IL-17B acts in an autocrine manner and binds to IL-17 receptor B to promote macrophage recruitment, and global or Schwann-cell-specific IL-17B deletion reduces macrophage infiltration, myelin clearance, and axon regeneration. We also show that the IL-17B signaling pathway is defective in the injured central nerves. These results reveal an important role for Schwann cell autocrine signaling during Wallerian degeneration and point to potential mechanistic targets for accelerating myelin clearance and improving demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yueshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruoyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Suchen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengxin Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, No. 26 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China.
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6
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Green-Fulgham SM, Lacagnina MJ, Willcox KF, Li J, Harland ME, Ciena AP, Rocha IRC, Ball JB, Dreher RA, Zuberi YA, Dragavon JM, Chacur M, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Voluntary wheel running prevents formation of membrane attack complexes and myelin degradation after peripheral nerve injury. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:419-431. [PMID: 37924957 PMCID: PMC10842182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular aerobic activity is associated with a reduced risk of chronic pain in humans and rodents. Our previous studies in rodents have shown that prior voluntary wheel running can normalize redox signaling at the site of peripheral nerve injury, attenuating subsequent neuropathic pain. However, the full extent of neuroprotection offered by voluntary wheel running after peripheral nerve injury is unknown. Here, we show that six weeks of voluntary wheel running prior to chronic constriction injury (CCI) reduced the terminal complement membrane attack complex (MAC) at the sciatic nerve injury site. This was associated with increased expression of the MAC inhibitor CD59. The levels of upstream complement components (C3) and their inhibitors (CD55, CR1 and CFH) were altered by CCI, but not increased by voluntary wheel running. Since MAC can degrade myelin, which in turn contributes to neuropathic pain, we evaluated myelin integrity at the sciatic nerve injury site. We found that the loss of myelinated fibers and decreased myelin protein which occurs in sedentary rats following CCI was not observed in rats with prior running. Substitution of prior voluntary wheel running with exogenous CD59 also attenuated mechanical allodynia and reduced MAC deposition at the nerve injury site, pointing to CD59 as a critical effector of the neuroprotective and antinociceptive actions of prior voluntary wheel running. This study links attenuation of neuropathic pain by prior voluntary wheel running with inhibition of MAC and preservation of myelin integrity at the sciatic nerve injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Green-Fulgham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Michael J Lacagnina
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kendal F Willcox
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiahe Li
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael E Harland
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Adriano Polican Ciena
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor R Correia Rocha
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy Functional of Pain, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jayson B Ball
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Renee A Dreher
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Younus A Zuberi
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph M Dragavon
- Advanced Light Microscopy Core, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy Functional of Pain, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter M Grace
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Onger ME, Altun G, Yildiran A. Pigment epithelium-derived factor enhances peripheral nerve regeneration through modulating oxidative stress and stem cells: An experimental study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2621-2635. [PMID: 36787348 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is common and negatively affects an individual's quality of life. Drugs used for peripheral nerve regeneration should aim to eliminate symptoms such as neuropathic pain and have therapeutic effects. In recent studies, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been considered an essential therapeutic agent because of its potential neuroprotective properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of locally applied PEDF for peripheral nerve regeneration. Twenty-four Wistar albino male rats were used. The study groups included Injury (n = 12) and Injury+PEDF (n = 12). An injury model was created by applying 50 N pressure to the right sciatic nerves in groups, and 10 μg/kg local PEDF was injected into the Injury+PEDF group. After 28 days of recovery, functional tests and stereological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses were performed. A significant difference was found between the Injury and Injury+PEDF groups in amplitude, whereas no difference was found in latency. The number of myelinated axons and the myelinated axon area increased significantly in the Injury+PEDF group, while no statistically significant difference was found in myelin sheath thickness. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased by PEDF, whereas they were suppressed in mesenchymal stem cells. PEDF exerts functional, quantitative, and antioxidative effects on sciatic nerve injury during neuroregeneration. In addition, when oxidative stress parameters were examined, it was seen that PEDF reduced oxidative stress following sciatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Onger
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Alisan Yildiran
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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8
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Shin YK, Jo YR, Lee SH, Park HT, Shin JE. Regulation of the V-ATPase subunit ATP6V0D2 and its role in demyelination after peripheral nerve injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 646:1-7. [PMID: 36689911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, demyelinating Schwann cells discharge myelin debris and macrophages execute myelin degradation, leading to demyelination of degenerating axons, which is essential for efficient nerve regeneration. In this study, we show that vacuolar-type proton ATPase subunit d2 (Atp6v0d2) is among the most highly upregulated genes in degenerating mouse sciatic nerves after nerve injury using microarray analysis. ATP6V0D2 is mostly expressed in macrophages of injured nerves. Atp6v0d2 knockout mice display delayed peripheral nerve demyelination and significantly attenuated myelin lipid digestion after nerve injury. However, macrophage recruitment and Schwann cell dedifferentiation are unaffected by loss of Atp6v0d2 expression. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ATP6V0D2 in macrophages is specifically required for demyelination during Wallerian degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Shin
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Rae Jo
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Tae Park
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea; Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Shin
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center (PNRC), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea; Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Milek D, Echternacht SR, LaGuardia J, LaBarge D, Turpin L, Grobbelaar A, Leckenby JI. Evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration in Murphy Roths Large mouse strain following transection injury. Regen Med 2023; 18:37-53. [PMID: 36255077 PMCID: PMC9892963 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Murphy Roths Large (MRL/MpJ) mice have demonstrated the ability to heal with minimal or no scar formation in several tissue types. In order to identify a novel animal model, this study sought to evaluate whether this attribute applies to peripheral nerve regeneration. Materials & methods: This was a two-phase study. 6-week-old male mice were divided into two interventional groups: nerve repair and nerve graft. The MRL/MpJ was compared with the C57BL/6J strain for evaluation of both functional and histological outcomes. Results: MRL/MpJ strain demonstrated superior axon myelination and less scar formation, however functional outcomes did not show significant difference between strains. Conclusion: Superior histological outcomes did not translate into superior peripheral nerve regeneration in MRL/MpJ strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Milek
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Scott R Echternacht
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jonnby LaGuardia
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dalton LaBarge
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Loel Turpin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Adriaan Grobbelaar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, 40 Bernard Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Inselspital University Hospital, 18 Freiburgstrasse, Bern, CH3008, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan I Leckenby
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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10
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Schwann cell functions in peripheral nerve development and repair. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105952. [PMID: 36493976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial cell of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the Schwann cell (SC), counts among the most multifaceted cells of the body. During development, SCs secure neuronal survival and participate in axonal path finding. Simultaneously, they orchestrate the architectural set up of the developing nerves, including the blood vessels and the endo-, peri- and epineurial layers. Perinatally, in rodents, SCs radially sort and subsequently myelinate individual axons larger than 1 μm in diameter, while small calibre axons become organised in non-myelinating Remak bundles. SCs have a vital role in maintaining axonal health throughout life and several specialized SC types perform essential functions at specific locations, such as terminal SC at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or SC within cutaneous sensory end organs. In addition, neural crest derived satellite glia maintain a tight communication with the soma of sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic neurons and neural crest derivatives are furthermore an indispensable part of the enteric nervous system. The remarkable plasticity of SCs becomes evident in the context of a nerve injury, where SC transdifferentiate into intriguing repair cells, which orchestrate a regenerative response that promotes nerve repair. Indeed, the multiple adaptations of SCs are captivating, but remain often ill-resolved on the molecular level. Here, we summarize and discuss the knowns and unknowns of the vast array of functions that this single cell type can cover in peripheral nervous system development, maintenance, and repair.
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11
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Reed CB, Feltri ML, Wilson ER. Peripheral glia diversity. J Anat 2022; 241:1219-1234. [PMID: 34131911 PMCID: PMC8671569 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an evolving appreciation for the role of glial cells in the nervous system. As we move away from the typical neurocentric view of neuroscience, the complexity and variability of central nervous system glia is emerging, far beyond the three main subtypes: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Yet the diversity of the glia found in the peripheral nervous system remains rarely discussed. In this review, we discuss the developmental origin, morphology, and function of the different populations of glia found in the peripheral nervous system, including: myelinating Schwann cells, Remak Schwann cells, repair Schwann cells, satellite glia, boundary cap-derived glia, perineurial glia, terminal Schwann cells, glia found in the skin, olfactory ensheathing cells, and enteric glia. The morphological and functional heterogeneity of glia found in the periphery reflects the diverse roles the nervous system performs throughout the body. Further, it highlights a complexity that should be appreciated and considered when it comes to a complete understanding of the peripheral nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey B Reed
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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12
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Chernov AV, Shubayev VI. Sexual dimorphism of early transcriptional reprogramming in degenerating peripheral nerves. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1029278. [DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1029278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is a powerful yet understudied factor that influences the timing and efficiency of gene regulation in axonal injury and repair processes in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we identified common and distinct biological processes in female and male degenerating (distal) nerve stumps based on a snapshot of transcriptional reprogramming 24 h after axotomy reflecting the onset of early phase Wallerian degeneration (WD). Females exhibited transcriptional downregulation of a larger number of genes than males. RhoGDI, ERBB, and ERK5 signaling pathways increased activity in both sexes. Males upregulated genes and canonical pathways that exhibited robust baseline expression in females in both axotomized and sham nerves, including signaling pathways controlled by neuregulin and nerve growth factors. Cholesterol biosynthesis, reelin signaling, and synaptogenesis signaling pathways were downregulated in females. Signaling by Rho Family GTPases, cAMP-mediated signaling, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis were downregulated in both sexes. Estrogens potentially influenced sex-dependent injury response due to distinct regulation of estrogen receptor expression. A crosstalk of cytokines and growth hormones could promote sexually dimorphic transcriptional responses. We highlighted prospective regulatory activities due to protein phosphorylation, extracellular proteolysis, sex chromosome-specific expression, major urinary proteins (MUPs), and genes involved in thyroid hormone metabolism. Combined with our earlier findings in the corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and regenerating (proximal) nerve stumps, sex-specific and universal early phase molecular triggers of WD enrich our knowledge of transcriptional regulation in peripheral nerve injury and repair.
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13
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González-Cubero E, González-Fernández ML, Rodríguez-Díaz M, Palomo-Irigoyen M, Woodhoo A, Villar-Suárez V. Application of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an in vivo model of peripheral nerve damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:992221. [PMID: 36159399 PMCID: PMC9493127 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.992221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain is one of the most difficult to treat chronic pain syndromes. It has significant effects on patients’ quality of life and substantially adds to the burden of direct and indirect medical costs. There is a critical need to improve therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration. The aim of this study is to address this issue by performing a detailed analysis of the therapeutic benefits of two treatment options: adipose tissue derived-mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and ASC-conditioned medium (CM). Methods To this end, we used an in vivo rat sciatic nerve damage model to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the myelinating capacity of ASCs and CM. Furthermore, effect of TNF and CM on Schwann cells (SCs) was evaluated. For our in vivo model, biomaterial surgical implants containing TNF were used to induce peripheral neuropathy in rats. Damaged nerves were also treated with either ASCs or CM and molecular methods were used to collect evidence of nerve regeneration. Post-operatively, rats were subjected to walking track analysis and their sciatic functional index was evaluated. Morphological data was gathered through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of sciatic nerves harvested from the experimental rats. We also evaluated the effect of TNF on Schwann cells (SCs) in vitro. Genes and their correspondent proteins associated with nerve regeneration were analyzed by qPCR, western blot, and confocal microscopy. Results Our data suggests that both ASCs and CM are potentially beneficial treatments for promoting myelination and axonal regeneration. After TNF-induced nerve damage we observed an upregulation of c-Jun along with a downregulation of Krox-20 myelin-associated transcription factor. However, when CM was added to TNF-treated nerves the opposite effect occurred and also resulted in increased expression of myelin-related genes and their corresponding proteins. Conclusion Findings from our in vivo model showed that both ASCs and CM aided the regeneration of axonal myelin sheaths and the remodeling of peripheral nerve morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa González-Cubero
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of León-Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - María Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of León-Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Marta Palomo-Irigoyen
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
- Genes and Disease Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Center of Translational Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ashwin Woodhoo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vega Villar-Suárez
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of León-Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León-Universidad de León, León, Spain
- *Correspondence: Vega Villar-Suárez,
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14
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Research progress of targeting NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral nerve injury and pain. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Errante EL, Diaz A, Smartz T, Khan A, Silvera R, Brooks AE, Lee YS, Burks SS, Levi AD. Optimal Technique for Introducing Schwann Cells Into Peripheral Nerve Repair Sites. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:929494. [PMID: 35846565 PMCID: PMC9283978 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.929494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is found in a relatively large portion of trauma patients. If the injury is severe, such as with the presence of a long segmental gap, PNI can present a challenge for treatment. The current clinical standard of nerve harvest for the repair of long segmental gap PNI can lead to many potential complications. While other methods have been utilized, recent evidence indicates the relevance of cell therapies, particularly through the use of Schwann cells, for the treatment of PNI. Schwann cells (SCs) are integral in the regeneration and restoration of function following PNI. SCs are able to dedifferentiate and proliferate, remove myelin and axonal debris, and are supportive in axonal regeneration. Our laboratory has demonstrated that SCs are effective in the treatment of severe PNI when axon guidance channels are utilized. However, in order for this treatment to be effective, optimal techniques for cellular placement must be used. Thus, here we provide relevant background information, preclinical, and clinical evidence for our method in the treatment of severe PNI through the use of SCs and axon guidance channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Errante
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anthony Diaz
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Taylor Smartz
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Aisha Khan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Risset Silvera
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Adriana E. Brooks
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Yee-Shuan Lee
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - S. Shelby Burks
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Allan D. Levi
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Allan D. Levi
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16
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Gomez-Sanchez JA, Patel N, Martirena F, Fazal SV, Mutschler C, Cabedo H. Emerging Role of HDACs in Regeneration and Ageing in the Peripheral Nervous System: Repair Schwann Cells as Pivotal Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062996. [PMID: 35328416 PMCID: PMC8951080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a remarkable regenerative capacity in comparison to the central nervous system (CNS), a phenomenon that is impaired during ageing. The ability of PNS axons to regenerate after injury is due to Schwann cells (SC) being reprogrammed into a repair phenotype called Repair Schwann cells. These repair SCs are crucial for supporting axonal growth after injury, myelin degradation in a process known as myelinophagy, neurotropic factor secretion, and axonal growth guidance through the formation of Büngner bands. After regeneration, repair SCs can remyelinate newly regenerated axons and support nonmyelinated axons. Increasing evidence points to an epigenetic component in the regulation of repair SC gene expression changes, which is necessary for SC reprogramming and regeneration. One of these epigenetic regulations is histone acetylation by histone acetyl transferases (HATs) or histone deacetylation by histone deacetylases (HDACs). In this review, we have focused particularly on three HDAC classes (I, II, and IV) that are Zn2+-dependent deacetylases. These HDACs are important in repair SC biology and remyelination after PNS injury. Another key aspect explored in this review is HDAC genetic compensation in SCs and novel HDAC inhibitors that are being studied to improve nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (N.P.); (H.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-919-594
| | - Nikiben Patel
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (N.P.); (H.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Fernanda Martirena
- Department of Hematology, General University Hospital of Elda, 03600 Elda, Spain;
| | - Shaline V. Fazal
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK; (S.V.F.); (C.M.)
- Wellcome—MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Clara Mutschler
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK; (S.V.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Hugo Cabedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (N.P.); (H.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
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17
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Petrova ES, Kolos EA. Current Views on Perineurial Cells: Unique Origin, Structure, Functions. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302201001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Özdağ Acarli AN, Klein T, Egenolf N, Sommer C, Üçeyler N. Subepidermal Schwann cell counts correlate with skin innervation - an exploratory study. Muscle Nerve 2022; 65:471-479. [PMID: 35020203 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Schwann cell clusters have been described at the murine dermis-epidermis border. We quantified dermal Schwann cells in the skin of patients with small fiber neuropathy (SFN) compared to healthy controls to correlate with the clinical phenotype. METHODS Skin punch biopsies from the lower legs of 28 patients with SFN (eleven men, 17 women, median age 54 years [19-73]) and 9 healthy controls (five men, four women, median age 34 years [25-69]) were immunoreacted for S100 calcium-binding protein B as a Schwann cell marker, protein-gene product 9.5 as a pan-neuronal marker, and CD207 as a Langerhans cell marker. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) and subepidermal Schwann cell counts were determined. RESULTS Skin samples of patients with SFN showed lower IENFD (p<0.05), fewer Schwann cells/mm (p<0.01), and fewer Schwann cell clusters/mm (p<0.05) than controls. When comparing SFN patients with reduced (n=13, median age 53 years, 19-73 years) and normal distal (n=15, median age 54 years, 43-68 years) IENFD, the number of solitary Schwann cells/mm (p<0.01) and subepidermal nerve fibers associated with Schwann cell branches (p<0.05) were lower in patients with reduced IENFD. All three parameters positively correlated with distal IENFD (p<0.05 to p<0.01), while no correlation was found between Schwann cell counts and clinical pain characteristics. DISCUSSION Our data raise questions about the mechanisms underlying the interdependence of dermal Schwann cells and skin innervation in SFN. The temporal course and functional impact of Schwann cell presence and kinetics need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Klein
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Egenolf
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Sommer
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nurcan Üçeyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Yadav A, Huang TC, Chen SH, Ramasamy TS, Hsueh YY, Lin SP, Lu FI, Liu YH, Wu CC. Sodium phenylbutyrate inhibits Schwann cell inflammation via HDAC and NFκB to promote axonal regeneration and remyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:238. [PMID: 34656124 PMCID: PMC8520633 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic regulation by histone deacetylases (HDACs) in Schwann cells (SCs) after injury facilitates them to undergo de- and redifferentiation processes necessary to support various stages of nerve repair. Although de-differentiation activates the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines by SCs to initiate an immune response during nerve repair, changes in either the timing or duration of prolonged inflammation mediated by SCs can affect later processes associated with repair and regeneration. Limited studies have investigated the regulatory processes through which HDACs in SCs control inflammatory cytokines to provide a favorable environment for peripheral nerve regeneration. Methods We employed the HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) sodium phenylbutyrate (PBA) to address this question in an in vitro RT4 SC inflammation model and an in vivo sciatic nerve transection injury model to examine the effects of HDAC inhibition on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we assessed the outcomes of suppression of extended inflammation on the regenerative potential of nerves by assessing axonal regeneration, remyelination, and reinnervation. Results Significant reductions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα]) expression and secretion were observed in vitro following PBA treatment. PBA treatment also affected the transient changes in nuclear factor κB (NFκB)-p65 phosphorylation and translocation in response to LPS induction in RT4 SCs. Similarly, PBA mediated long-term suppressive effects on HDAC3 expression and activity. PBA administration resulted in marked inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion at the site of transection injury when compared with that in the hydrogel control group at 6-week post-injury. A conducive microenvironment for axonal regrowth and remyelination was generated by increasing expression levels of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in regenerating nerve tissues. PBA administration increased the relative gastrocnemius muscle weight percentage and maintained the intactness of muscle bundles when compared with those in the hydrogel control group. Conclusions Suppressing the lengthened state of inflammation using PBA treatment favors axonal regrowth and remyelination following nerve transection injury. PBA treatment also regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by inhibiting the transcriptional activation of NFκB-p65 and HDAC3 in SCs in vitro. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02273-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Yadav
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chieh Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Han Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Thamil Selvee Ramasamy
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuan-Yu Hsueh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-I Lu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsin Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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20
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Yamazaki R, Osanai Y, Kouki T, Shinohara Y, Huang JK, Ohno N. Macroscopic detection of demyelinated lesions in mouse PNS with neutral red dye. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16906. [PMID: 34413421 PMCID: PMC8377033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced demyelination is a versatile animal model that is frequently used to identify and examine molecular pathways of demyelination and remyelination in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, identification of focally demyelinated lesion had been difficult and usually required tissue fixation, sectioning and histological analysis. Recently, a method for labeling and identification of demyelinated lesions in the CNS by intraperitoneal injection of neutral red (NR) dye was developed. However, it remained unknown whether NR can be used to label demyelinated lesions in PNS. In this study, we generated LPC-induced demyelination in sciatic nerve of mice, and demonstrated that the demyelinated lesions at the site of LPC injection were readily detectable at 7 days postlesion (dpl) by macroscopic observation of NR labeling. Moreover, NR staining gradually decreased from 7 to 21 dpl over the course of remyelination. Electron microscopy analysis of NR-labeled sciatic nerves at 7 dpl confirmed demyelination and myelin debris in lesions. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy showed NR co-labeling with activated macrophages and Schwann cells in the PNS lesions. Together, NR labeling is a straightforward method that allows the macroscopic detection of demyelinated lesions in sciatic nerves after LPC injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Yamazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Osanai
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Tom Kouki
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shinohara
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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21
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Sumarwoto T, Suroto H, Mahyudin F, Utomo DN, Romaniyanto, Tinduh D, Notobroto HB, Sigit Prakoeswa CR, Rantam FA, Rhatomy S. Role of adipose mesenchymal stem cells and secretome in peripheral nerve regeneration. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 67:102482. [PMID: 34168873 PMCID: PMC8209190 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells is a breakthrough in medical biotechnology which brings regenerative therapy into a new era. Over the past several decades, stem cells had been widely used as regenerative therapy and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) had emerged as a promising therapeutic option. Currently stem cells are effective therapeutic agents againts several diseases due to their tissue protective and repair mechanisms. This therapeutic effect is largely due to the biomolecular properties including secretomes. Injury to peripheral nerves has significant health and economic consequences, and no surgical procedure can completely restore sensory and motor function. Stem cell therapy in peripheral nerve injury is an important future intervention to achieve the best clinical outcome improvement. Adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells which are similar to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). The following review aims to provide an overview of the use of AdMSCs and their secretomes in regenerating peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Sumarwoto
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prof Soeharso Orthopaedic Hospital, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heri Suroto
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ferdiansyah Mahyudin
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dwikora Novembri Utomo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Romaniyanto
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prof Soeharso Orthopaedic Hospital, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti Tinduh
- Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sholahuddin Rhatomy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro General Hospital, Klaten, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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22
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Hui TK, Lai XS, Dong X, Jing H, Liu Z, Fei E, Chen WB, Wang S, Ren D, Zou S, Wu HT, Pan BX. Ablation of Lrp4 in Schwann Cells Promotes Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Mice. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060452. [PMID: 34063992 PMCID: PMC8223976 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (Lrp4) is a critical protein involved in the Agrin-Lrp4-MuSK signaling pathway that drives the clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Many studies have shown that Lrp4 also functions in kidney development, bone formation, nervous system development, etc. However, whether Lrp4 participates in nerve regeneration in mammals remains unknown. Herein, we show that Lrp4 is expressed in SCs and that conditional knockout (cKO) of Lrp4 in SCs promotes peripheral nerve regeneration. In Lrp4 cKO mice, the demyelination of SCs was accelerated, and the proliferation of SCs was increased in the injured nerve. Furthermore, we identified that two myelination-related genes, Krox-20 and Mpz, were downregulated more dramatically in the cKO group than in the control group. Our results elucidate a novel role of Lrp4 in peripheral nerve regeneration and thereby provide a potential therapeutic target for peripheral nerve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Kun Hui
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Xin-Sheng Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Xia Dong
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hongyang Jing
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Ziyang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Erkang Fei
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Wen-Bing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Shunqi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Dongyan Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Suqi Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (H.-T.W.); (B.-X.P.)
| | - Hai-Tao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (H.-T.W.); (B.-X.P.)
| | - Bing-Xing Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.-K.H.); (X.-S.L.); (H.J.); (Z.L.); (E.F.); (W.-B.C.); (S.W.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (H.-T.W.); (B.-X.P.)
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23
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Nazareth L, St John J, Murtaza M, Ekberg J. Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660259. [PMID: 33898462 PMCID: PMC8060502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has very limited capacity to regenerate after traumatic injury or disease. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has far greater capacity for regeneration. This difference can be partly attributed to variances in glial-mediated functions, such as axon guidance, structural support, secretion of growth factors and phagocytic activity. Due to their growth-promoting characteristic, transplantation of PNS glia has been trialed for neural repair. After peripheral nerve injuries, Schwann cells (SCs, the main PNS glia) phagocytose myelin debris and attract macrophages to the injury site to aid in debris clearance. One peripheral nerve, the olfactory nerve, is unique in that it continuously regenerates throughout life. The olfactory nerve glia, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are the primary phagocytes within this nerve, continuously clearing axonal debris arising from the normal regeneration of the nerve and after injury. In contrast to SCs, OECs do not appear to attract macrophages. SCs and OECs also respond to and phagocytose bacteria, a function likely critical for tackling microbial invasion of the CNS via peripheral nerves. However, phagocytosis is not always effective; inflammation, aging and/or genetic factors may contribute to compromised phagocytic activity. Here, we highlight the diverse roles of SCs and OECs with the focus on their phagocytic activity under physiological and pathological conditions. We also explore why understanding the contribution of peripheral glia phagocytosis may provide us with translational strategies for achieving axonal regeneration of the injured nervous system and potentially for the treatment of certain neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nazareth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - James St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariyam Murtaza
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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24
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Balakrishnan A, Belfiore L, Chu TH, Fleming T, Midha R, Biernaskie J, Schuurmans C. Insights Into the Role and Potential of Schwann Cells for Peripheral Nerve Repair From Studies of Development and Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:608442. [PMID: 33568974 PMCID: PMC7868393 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.608442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries arising from trauma or disease can lead to sensory and motor deficits and neuropathic pain. Despite the purported ability of the peripheral nerve to self-repair, lifelong disability is common. New molecular and cellular insights have begun to reveal why the peripheral nerve has limited repair capacity. The peripheral nerve is primarily comprised of axons and Schwann cells, the supporting glial cells that produce myelin to facilitate the rapid conduction of electrical impulses. Schwann cells are required for successful nerve regeneration; they partially “de-differentiate” in response to injury, re-initiating the expression of developmental genes that support nerve repair. However, Schwann cell dysfunction, which occurs in chronic nerve injury, disease, and aging, limits their capacity to support endogenous repair, worsening patient outcomes. Cell replacement-based therapeutic approaches using exogenous Schwann cells could be curative, but not all Schwann cells have a “repair” phenotype, defined as the ability to promote axonal growth, maintain a proliferative phenotype, and remyelinate axons. Two cell replacement strategies are being championed for peripheral nerve repair: prospective isolation of “repair” Schwann cells for autologous cell transplants, which is hampered by supply challenges, and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or lineage conversion of accessible somatic cells to induced Schwann cells, with the potential of “unlimited” supply. All approaches require a solid understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding Schwann cell development and the repair phenotype, which we review herein. Together these studies provide essential context for current efforts to design glial cell-based therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Balakrishnan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Belfiore
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Taylor Fleming
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Jia B, Huang W, Wang Y, Zhang P, Wang Z, Zheng M, Wang T. Nogo-C Inhibits Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by Regulating Schwann Cell Apoptosis and Dedifferentiation. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:616258. [PMID: 33584179 PMCID: PMC7873940 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.616258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While Nogo protein demonstrably inhibits nerve regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), its effect on Schwann cells in peripheral nerve repair and regeneration following sciatic nerve injury remains unknown. In this research, We assessed the post-injury expression of Nogo-C in an experimental mouse model of sciatic nerve-crush injury. Nogo-C knockout (Nogo-C–/–) mouse was generated to observe the effect of Nogo-C on sciatic nerve regeneration, Schwann cell apoptosis, and myelin disintegration after nerve injury, and the effects of Nogo-C on apoptosis and dedifferentiation of Schwann cells were observed in vitro. We found that the expression of Nogo-C protein at the distal end of the injured sciatic nerve increased in wild type (WT) mice. Compared with the injured WT mice, the proportion of neuronal apoptosis was significantly diminished and the myelin clearance rate was significantly elevated in injured Nogo-C–/– mice; the number of nerve fibers regenerated and the degree of myelination were significantly elevated in Nogo-C–/– mice on Day 14 after injury. In addition, the recovery of motor function was significantly accelerated in the injured Nogo-C–/– mice. The overexpression of Nogo-C in primary Schwann cells using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer promoted Schwann cells apoptosis. Nogo-C significantly reduced the ratio of c-Jun/krox-20 expression, indicating its inhibition of Schwann cell dedifferentiation. Above all, we hold the view that the expression of Nogo-C increases following peripheral nerve injury to promote Schwann cell apoptosis and inhibit Schwann cell dedifferentiation, thereby inhibiting peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jia
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianbing Wang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Beijing, China.,National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
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26
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Feng X, Takayama Y, Ohno N, Kanda H, Dai Y, Sokabe T, Tominaga M. Increased TRPV4 expression in non-myelinating Schwann cells is associated with demyelination after sciatic nerve injury. Commun Biol 2020; 3:716. [PMID: 33247229 PMCID: PMC7695724 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel that is widely expressed and activated in various neurons and glial cells in the nervous system. Schwann cells (SCs) are primary glia cells that wrap around axons to form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system. However, whether TRPV4 is expressed and functions in SCs is unclear. Here, we demonstrate functional expression of TRPV4 in mouse SCs and investigated its physiological significance. Deletion of TRPV4 did not affect normal myelin development for SCs in sciatic nerves in mice. However, after sciatic nerve cut injury, TRPV4 expression levels were remarkably increased in SCs following nerve demyelination. Ablation of TRPV4 expression impaired the demyelinating process after nerve injury, resulting in delayed remyelination and functional recovery of sciatic nerves. These results suggest that local activation of TRPV4 could be an attractive pharmacological target for therapeutic intervention after peripheral nerve injury. Feng et al. report that TRPV4 plays an important role in Schwann cells (SCs) during nerve demyelination and remyelination in mice. Using sciatic nerve cut injury mouse models, they find that TRPV4 expression is remarkably increased in demyelinating SCs during sciatic nerve injury; and ablation of TRPV4 expression impairs the demyelinating process after nerve injury, resulting in their delayed remyelination and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Feng
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan.,Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takayama
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hirosato Kanda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sokabe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan.,Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan. .,Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. .,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan.
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27
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Sencar L, Güven M, Şaker D, Sapmaz T, Tuli A, Polat S. Ultrastructural effects of nerve growth factor and betamethasone on nerve regeneration after experimental nerve injury. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:436-449. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1850965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leman Sencar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Güven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Çukurova University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Adana, Turkey
| | - Dilek Şaker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Sapmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Tuli
- Department of Biochemistry, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sait Polat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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28
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Effect of Vitamin B Complex Treatment on Macrophages to Schwann Cells Association during Neuroinflammation after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225426. [PMID: 33228193 PMCID: PMC7699497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) triggers a complex multi-cellular response involving the injured neurons, Schwann cells (SCs), and immune cells, often resulting in poor functional recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the treatment with vitamin B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12) complex on the interaction between macrophages and SCs during the recovery period after PNI. Transection of the motor branch of the femoral nerve followed by reconstruction by termino-terminal anastomosis was used as an experimental model. Isolated nerves from the sham (S), operated (O), and operated groups treated with the B vitamins (OT group) were used for immunofluorescence analysis. The obtained data indicated that PNI modulates interactions between macrophages and SCs in a time-dependent manner. The treatment with B vitamins complex promoted the M1-to M2-macrophage polarization and accelerated the transition from the non-myelin to myelin-forming SCs, an indicative of SCs maturation. The effect of B vitamins complex on both cell types was accompanied with an increase in macrophage/SC interactions, all of which correlated with the regeneration of the injured nerve. Clearly, the capacity of B vitamins to modulate macrophages-SCs interaction may be promising for the treatment of PNI.
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29
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Canty AJ, Jackson JS, Huang L, Trabalza A, Bass C, Little G, Tortora M, Khan S, De Paola V. In vivo imaging of injured cortical axons reveals a rapid onset form of Wallerian degeneration. BMC Biol 2020; 18:170. [PMID: 33208154 PMCID: PMC7677840 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the widespread occurrence of axon and synaptic loss in the injured and diseased nervous system, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these key degenerative processes remain incompletely understood. Wallerian degeneration (WD) is a tightly regulated form of axon loss after injury, which has been intensively studied in large myelinated fibre tracts of the spinal cord, optic nerve and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Fewer studies, however, have focused on WD in the complex neuronal circuits of the mammalian brain, and these were mainly based on conventional endpoint histological methods. Post-mortem analysis, however, cannot capture the exact sequence of events nor can it evaluate the influence of elaborated arborisation and synaptic architecture on the degeneration process, due to the non-synchronous and variable nature of WD across individual axons. Results To gain a comprehensive picture of the spatiotemporal dynamics and synaptic mechanisms of WD in the nervous system, we identify the factors that regulate WD within the mouse cerebral cortex. We combined single-axon-resolution multiphoton imaging with laser microsurgery through a cranial window and a fluorescent membrane reporter. Longitudinal imaging of > 150 individually injured excitatory cortical axons revealed a threshold length below which injured axons consistently underwent a rapid-onset form of WD (roWD). roWD started on average 20 times earlier and was executed 3 times slower than WD described in other regions of the nervous system. Cortical axon WD and roWD were dependent on synaptic density, but independent of axon complexity. Finally, pharmacological and genetic manipulations showed that a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent pathway could delay cortical roWD independent of transcription in the damaged neurons, demonstrating further conservation of the molecular mechanisms controlling WD in different areas of the mammalian nervous system. Conclusions Our data illustrate how in vivo time-lapse imaging can provide new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics and synaptic mechanisms of axon loss and assess therapeutic interventions in the injured mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jane Canty
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
| | - Johanna Sara Jackson
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lieven Huang
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antonio Trabalza
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Cher Bass
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham Little
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Tortora
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Shabana Khan
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Vincenzo De Paola
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK. .,Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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30
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Key differences between olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells regarding phagocytosis of necrotic cells: implications for transplantation therapies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18936. [PMID: 33144615 PMCID: PMC7642263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of peripheral nervous system glia is being explored for treating neural injuries, in particular central nervous system injuries. These glia, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs), are thought to aid regeneration by clearing necrotic cells, (necrotic bodies, NBs), as well as myelin debris. The mechanism by which the glia phagocytose and traffic NBs are not understood. Here, we show that OECs and SCs recognize phosphatidylserine on NBs, followed by engulfment and trafficking to endosomes and lysosomes. We also showed that both glia can phagocytose and process myelin debris. We compared the time-course of glial phagocytosis (of both NBs and myelin) to that of macrophages. Internalization and trafficking were considerably slower in glia than in macrophages, and OECs were more efficient phagocytes than SCs. The two glial types also differed regarding their cytokine responses after NB challenge. SCs produced low amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α while OECs did not produce detectable TNF-α. Thus, OECs have a higher capacity than SCs for phagocytosis and trafficking, whilst producing lower amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that OEC transplantation into the injured nervous system may lead to better outcomes than SC transplantation.
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31
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Li R, Li DH, Zhang HY, Wang J, Li XK, Xiao J. Growth factors-based therapeutic strategies and their underlying signaling mechanisms for peripheral nerve regeneration. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1289-1300. [PMID: 32123299 PMCID: PMC7608263 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI), one of the most common concerns following trauma, can result in a significant loss of sensory or motor function. Restoration of the injured nerves requires a complex cellular and molecular response to rebuild the functional axons so that they can accurately connect with their original targets. However, there is no optimized therapy for complete recovery after PNI. Supplementation with exogenous growth factors (GFs) is an emerging and versatile therapeutic strategy for promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery. GFs activate the downstream targets of various signaling cascades through binding with their corresponding receptors to exert their multiple effects on neurorestoration and tissue regeneration. However, the simple administration of GFs is insufficient for reconstructing PNI due to their short half‑life and rapid deactivation in body fluids. To overcome these shortcomings, several nerve conduits derived from biological tissue or synthetic materials have been developed. Their good biocompatibility and biofunctionality made them a suitable vehicle for the delivery of multiple GFs to support peripheral nerve regeneration. After repairing nerve defects, the controlled release of GFs from the conduit structures is able to continuously improve axonal regeneration and functional outcome. Thus, therapies with growth factor (GF) delivery systems have received increasing attention in recent years. Here, we mainly review the therapeutic capacity of GFs and their incorporation into nerve guides for repairing PNI. In addition, the possible receptors and signaling mechanisms of the GF family exerting their biological effects are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Duo-Hui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
- Department of Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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32
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Tiong YL, Ng KY, Koh RY, Ponnudurai G, Chye SM. Melatonin promotes Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation through the Ras/Raf/ERK and MAPK pathways, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:16. [PMID: 32934681 PMCID: PMC7471953 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon peripheral nerve injury (PNI), continuous proliferation of Schwann cells is critical for axon regeneration and tubular reconstruction for nerve regeneration. Melatonin is a hormone that is able to induce proliferation in various cell types. In the present study, the effects of melatonin on promoting Schwann cell proliferation and the molecular mechanism involved were investigated. The present results showed that melatonin enhanced the melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) expression in Schwann cells. Melatonin induced Schwann cell dedifferentiation into progenitor-like Schwann cells, as observed by immunofluorescence staining, which showed Sox2 marker expression. In addition, melatonin enhanced Schwann cell proliferation, mediated by the upregulation of glial cell-derived neurotropic factor (GNDF) and protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, the Ras/Raf/ERK and MAPK signaling pathways were also involved in Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation. In conclusion, melatonin induced Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation via the Ras/Raf/ERK, MAPK and GDNF/PKC pathways. The present results suggested that melatonin could be used to enhance the recovery of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Lian Tiong
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Stassart RM, Woodhoo A. Axo-glial interaction in the injured PNS. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:490-506. [PMID: 32628805 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axons share a close relationship with Schwann cells, their glial partners in peripheral nerves. An intricate axo-glia network of signals and bioactive molecules regulates the major aspects of nerve development and normal functioning of the peripheral nervous system. Disruptions to these complex axo-glial interactions can have serious neurological consequences, as typically seen in injured nerves. Recent studies in inherited neuropathies have demonstrated that damage to one of the partners in this symbiotic unit ultimately leads to impairment of the other partner, emphasizing the bidirectional influence of axon to glia and glia to axon signaling in these diseases. After physical trauma to nerves, dramatic alterations in the architecture and signaling environment of peripheral nerves take place. Here, axons and Schwann cells respond adaptively to these perturbations and change the nature of their reciprocal interactions, thereby driving the remodeling and regeneration of peripheral nerves. In this review, we focus on the nature and importance of axon-glia interactions in injured nerves, both for the reshaping and repair of nerves after trauma, and in driving pathology in inherited peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Stassart
- Department of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ashwin Woodhoo
- Nerve Disorders Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Lemaitre D, Hurtado ML, De Gregorio C, Oñate M, Martínez G, Catenaccio A, Wishart TM, Court FA. Collateral Sprouting of Peripheral Sensory Neurons Exhibits a Unique Transcriptomic Profile. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4232-4249. [PMID: 32696431 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries result in motor and sensory dysfunction which can be recovered by compensatory or regenerative processes. In situations where axonal regeneration of injured neurons is hampered, compensation by collateral sprouting from uninjured neurons contributes to target reinnervation and functional recovery. Interestingly, this process of collateral sprouting from uninjured neurons has been associated with the activation of growth-associated programs triggered by Wallerian degeneration. Nevertheless, the molecular alterations at the transcriptomic level associated with these compensatory growth mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. We generated a surgical model of partial sciatic nerve injury in mice to mechanistically study degeneration-induced collateral sprouting from spared fibers in the peripheral nervous system. Using next-generation sequencing and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we described the sprouting-associated transcriptome of uninjured sensory neurons and compare it with the activated by regenerating neurons. In vitro approaches were used to functionally assess sprouting gene candidates in the mechanisms of axonal growth. Using a novel animal model, we provide the first description of the sprouting transcriptome observed in uninjured sensory neurons after nerve injury. This collateral sprouting-associated transcriptome differs from that seen in regenerating neurons, suggesting a molecular program distinct from axonal growth. We further demonstrate that genetic upregulation of novel sprouting-associated genes activates a specific growth program in vitro, leading to increased neuronal branching. These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with collateral sprouting in vivo. The data provided here will therefore be instrumental in developing therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting functional recovery after injury to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lemaitre
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cristian De Gregorio
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maritza Oñate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Martínez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Geroscience (GERO) Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Catenaccio
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe A Court
- FONDAP Center for Geroscience (GERO) Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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Deletion of Calcineurin in Schwann Cells Does Not Affect Developmental Myelination, But Reduces Autophagy and Delays Myelin Clearance after Peripheral Nerve Injury. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6165-6176. [PMID: 32641402 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0951-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the PNS, myelination occurs postnatally when Schwann cells (SCs) contact axons. Axonal factors, such as Neuregulin-1 Type III, trigger promyelinating signals that upregulate myelin genes. Neuregulin-1 Type III has been proposed to activate calcineurin signaling in immature SCs to initiate differentiation and myelination. However, little is known about the role of calcineurin in promyelinating SCs after birth. By creating a SC conditional KO of calcineurin B (CnBscko), we assessed the effects of CnB ablation on peripheral myelination after birth in both male and female mice. Surprisingly, CnBscko mice have minimal myelination defects, no alteration of myelin thickness, and normal KROX20 expression. In contrast, we did find a unique role for calcineurin in SCs after nerve injury. Following nerve crush, CnBscko mice have slower degeneration of myelin compared with WT mice. Furthermore, absence of CnB in primary SCs delays clearance of myelin debris. SCs clear myelin via autophagy and recent literature has demonstrated that calcineurin can regulate autophagy via dephosphorylation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. We demonstrate that loss of CnB reduces autophagic flux in primary SCs, indicating a possible mechanism for impaired myelin clearance. In addition, ablation of CnB impairs TFEB translocation to the nucleus 3 d after crush, suggesting that calcineurin may regulate autophagy in SCs via TFEB activation. Together, our data indicate that calcineurin is not essential for myelination but has a novel role in myelin clearance after injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our data offer a novel mechanism for activation of autophagy after peripheral nerve injury. Efficient clearance of myelin after injury by Schwann cells is important for axonal regrowth and remyelination, which is one reason why the PNS is significantly better at recovery compared with the CNS. Improved understanding of myelin clearance allows for the identification of pathways that are potentially accessible to increase myelin clearance and improve remyelination and recovery. Finally, this paper clarifies the role of calcineurin in Schwann cells and myelination.
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36
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Invited review: Utilizing peripheral nerve regenerative elements to repair damage in the CNS. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 335:108623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hercher D, Redl H, Schuh CMAP. Motor and sensory Schwann cell phenotype commitment is diminished by extracorporeal shockwave treatment in vitro. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2020; 25:32-43. [PMID: 31983073 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gold standard for peripheral nerve regeneration uses a sensory autograft to bridge a motor/sensory defect site. For motor nerves to regenerate, Schwann cells (SC) myelinate the newly grown axon. Sensory SCs have a reduced ability to produce myelin, partially explaining low success rates of autografts. This issue is masked in pre-clinical research by the excessive use of the rat sciatic nerve defect model, utilizing a mixed nerve with motor and sensory SCs. Aim of this study was to utilize extracorporeal shockwave treatment as a novel tool to influence SC phenotype. SCs were isolated from motor, sensory and mixed rat nerves and in vitro differences between them were assessed concerning initial cell number, proliferation rate, neurite outgrowth as well as ability to express myelin. We verified the inferior capacity of sensory SCs to promote neurite outgrowth and express myelin-associated proteins. Motor Schwann cells demonstrated low proliferation rates, but strongly reacted to pro-myelination stimuli. It is noteworthy for pre-clinical research that sciatic SCs are a strongly mixed culture, not representing one or the other. Extracorporeal shockwave treatment (ESWT), induced in motor SCs an increased proliferation profile, while sensory SCs gained the ability to promote neurite outgrowth and express myelin-associated markers. We demonstrate a strong phenotype commitment of sciatic, motor, and sensory SCs in vitro, proposing the experimental use of SCs from pure cultures to better mimic clinical situations. Furthermore we provide arguments for using ESWT on autografts to improve the regenerative capacity of sensory SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina M A P Schuh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Li R, Li D, Wu C, Ye L, Wu Y, Yuan Y, Yang S, Xie L, Mao Y, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Li X, Xiao J. Nerve growth factor activates autophagy in Schwann cells to enhance myelin debris clearance and to expedite nerve regeneration. Theranostics 2020; 10:1649-1677. [PMID: 32042328 PMCID: PMC6993217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Autophagy in Schwann cells (SCs) is crucial for myelin debris degradation and clearance following peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays an important role in reconstructing peripheral nerve fibers and promoting axonal regeneration. However, it remains unclear if NGF effect in enhancing nerve regeneration is mediated through autophagic clearance of myelin debris in SCs. Methods: In vivo, free NGF solution plus with/without pharmacological inhibitors were administered to a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. In vitro, the primary Schwann cells (SCs) and its cell line were cultured in normal medium containing NGF, their capable of swallowing or clearing degenerated myelin was evaluated through supplement of homogenized myelin fractions. Results: Administration of exogenous NGF could activate autophagy in dedifferentiated SCs, accelerate myelin debris clearance and phagocytosis, as well as promote axon and myelin regeneration at early stage of PNI. These NGF effects were effectively blocked by autophagy inhibitors. In addition, inhibition of the p75 kD neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) signal or inactivation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) also inhibited the NGF effect as well. Conclusions: NGF effect on promoting early nerve regeneration is closely associated with its accelerating autophagic clearance of myelin debris in SCs, which probably regulated by the p75NTR/AMPK/mTOR axis. Our studies thus provide strong support that NGF may serve as a powerful pharmacological therapy for peripheral nerve injuries.
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40
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Trias E, Kovacs M, King PH, Si Y, Kwon Y, Varela V, Ibarburu S, Moura IC, Hermine O, Beckman JS, Barbeito L. Schwann cells orchestrate peripheral nerve inflammation through the expression of CSF1, IL-34, and SCF in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glia 2019; 68:1165-1181. [PMID: 31859421 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Distal axonopathy is a recognized pathological feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the peripheral nerves of ALS patients, motor axon loss elicits a Wallerian-like degeneration characterized by denervated Schwann cells (SCs) together with immune cell infiltration. However, the pathogenic significance of denervated SCs accumulating following impaired axonal growth in ALS remains unclear. Here, we analyze SC phenotypes in sciatic nerves of ALS patients and paralytic SOD1G93A rats, and identify remarkably similar and specific reactive SC phenotypes based on the pattern of S100β, GFAP, isolectin and/or p75NTR immunoreactivity. Different subsets of reactive SCs expressed colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) and Interleukin-34 (IL-34) and closely interacted with numerous endoneurial CSF-1R-expressing monocyte/macrophages, suggesting a paracrine mechanism of myeloid cell expansion and activation. SCs bearing phagocytic phenotypes as well as endoneurial macrophages expressed stem cell factor (SCF), a trophic factor that attracts and activates mast cells through the c-Kit receptor. Notably, a subpopulation of Ki67+ SCs expressed c-Kit in the sciatic nerves of SOD1G93A rats, suggesting a signaling pathway that fuels SC proliferation in ALS. c-Kit+ mast cells were also abundant in the sciatic nerve from ALS donors but not in controls. Pharmacological inhibition of CSF-1R and c-Kit with masitinib in SOD1G93A rats potently reduced SC reactivity and immune cell infiltration in the sciatic nerve and ventral roots, suggesting a mechanism by which the drug ameliorates peripheral nerve pathology. These findings provide strong evidence for a previously unknown inflammatory mechanism triggered by SCs in ALS peripheral nerves that has broad application in developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yuri Kwon
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - Ivan C Moura
- Imagine Institute, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8254, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Imagine Institute, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8254, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Paris, France.,AB Science, Paris, France.,Department of Hematology, Necker Hospital, Paris, France.,Centre national de référence des mastocytoses (CEREMAST), Paris, France
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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41
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Vitamin B Complex Treatment Attenuates Local Inflammation after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244615. [PMID: 31861069 PMCID: PMC6943485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) leads to a series of cellular and molecular events necessary for axon regeneration and reinnervation of target tissues, among which inflammation is crucial for the orchestration of all these processes. Macrophage activation underlies the pathogenesis of PNI and is characterized by morphological/phenotype transformation from proinflammatory (M1) to an anti-inflammatory (M2) type with different functions in the inflammatory and reparative process. The aim of this study was to evaluate influence of the vitamin B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12) complex on the process of neuroinflammation that is in part regulated by l-type CaV1.2 calcium channels. A controlled transection of the motor branch of the femoral peripheral nerve was used as an experimental model. Animals were sacrificed after 1, 3, 7, and 14 injections of vitamin B complex. Isolated nerves were used for immunofluorescence analysis. Treatment with vitamin B complex decreased expression of proinflammatory and increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus contributing to the resolution of neuroinflammation. In parallel, B vitamins decreased the number of M1 macrophages that expressed the CaV1.2 channel, and increased the number of M2 macrophages that expressed this channel, suggesting their role in M1/M2 transition after PNI. In conclusion, B vitamins had the potential for treatment of neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration and thereby might be an effective therapy for PNI in humans.
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42
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Cheng H, Deaton LM, Qiu M, Ha S, Pacoma R, Lao J, Tolley V, Moran R, Keeton A, Lamb JR, Fathman J, Walker JR, Schumacher AM. Tau overexpression exacerbates neuropathology after repeated mild head impacts in male mice. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104683. [PMID: 31765727 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) can lead to development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration with presence of white matter damage, gliosis and hyper-phosphorylated tau. While animal models of rmTBI have been documented, few characterize the molecular pathogenesis and expression profiles of relevant injured brain regions. Additionally, while the usage of transgenic tau mice in rmTBI is prevalent, the effects of tau on pathological outcomes has not been well studied. Here we characterized a 42-impact closed-head rmTBI paradigm on 3-4 month old male C57BL/6 (WT) and Tau-overexpressing mice (Tau58.4). This injury paradigm resulted in chronic gliosis, T-cell infiltration, and demyelination of the optic nerve and associated white matter tracts at 1-month post-injury. At 3-months post-injury, Tau58.4 mice showed progressive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple brain regions compared to WT mice. Corresponding to histopathology, RNAseq of the optic nerve tract at 1-month post-injury showed significant upregulation of inflammatory pathways and downregulation of myelin synthetic pathways in both genotypes. However, Tau58.4 mice showed additional changes in neurite development, protein processing, and cell stress. Comparisons with published transcriptomes of human Alzheimer's Disease and CTE revealed common signatures including neuroinflammation and downregulation of protein phosphatases. We next investigated the demyelination and T-cell infiltration phenotypes to determine whether these offer potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Tau58.4 mice were treated with the histamine H3 receptor antagonist GSK239512 for 1-month post-injury to promote remyelination of white matter lesions. This restored myelin gene expression to sham levels but failed to repair the histopathologic lesions. Likewise, injured T-cell-deficient Rag2/Il2rg (R2G2) mice also showed evidence for inflammation and loss of myelin. However, unlike immune-competent mice, R2G2 mice had altered myeloid cell gene expression and fewer demyelinated lesions. Together this data shows that rmTBI leads to chronic white matter inflammatory demyelination and axonal loss exacerbated by human tau overexpression but suggests that immune-suppression and remyelination alone are insufficient to reverse damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hank Cheng
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Lisa M Deaton
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Minhua Qiu
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Sukwon Ha
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Reynand Pacoma
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Jianmin Lao
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Valerie Tolley
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Rita Moran
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Amber Keeton
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - John R Lamb
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John Fathman
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - John R Walker
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Andrew M Schumacher
- Department of General Medical Biology, Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Abstract
Toxic peripheral neuropathies are an important form of acquired polyneuropathy produced by a variety of xenobiotics and different exposure scenarios. Delineating the mechanisms of neurotoxicants and determining the degenerative biological pathways triggered by peripheral neurotoxicants will facilitate the development of sensitive and specific biochemical-based methods for identifying neurotoxicants, designing therapeutic interventions, and developing structure-activity relationships for predicting potential neurotoxicants. This review presents an overview of the general concepts of toxic peripheral neuropathies with the goal of providing insight into why certain agents target the peripheral nervous system and produce their associated lesions. Experimental data and the main hypotheses for the mechanisms of selected agents that produce neuronopathies, axonopathies, or myelinopathies including covalent or noncovalent modifications, compromised energy or protein biosynthesis, and oxidative injury and disruption of ionic gradients across membranes are presented. The relevance of signaling between the main components of peripheral nerve, that is, glia, neuronal perikaryon, and axon, as a target for neurotoxicants and the contribution of active programmed degenerative pathways to the lesions observed in toxic peripheral neuropathies is also discussed.
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Rink S, Bendella H, Akkin SM, Manthou M, Grosheva M, Angelov DN. Experimental Studies on Facial Nerve Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1287-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral MedicineUniversity of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC) Cologne Germany
| | - Salih Murat Akkin
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineSANKO University Gaziantep Turkey
| | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyAristotle University Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto‐Rhino‐LaryngologyUniversity of Cologne Cologne Germany
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Pellegatta M, Taveggia C. The Complex Work of Proteases and Secretases in Wallerian Degeneration: Beyond Neuregulin-1. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:93. [PMID: 30949030 PMCID: PMC6436609 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After damage, axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate and regrow following a process termed Wallerian degeneration, but the regenerative process is often incomplete and usually the system does not reach full recovery. Key steps to the creation of a permissive environment for axonal regrowth are the trans-differentiation of Schwann cells and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review article, we will discuss how proteases and secretases promote effective regeneration and remyelination. We will detail how they control neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) activity at the post-translational level, as the concerted action of alpha, beta and gamma secretases cooperates to balance activating and inhibitory signals necessary for physiological myelination and remyelination. In addition, we will discuss the role of other proteases in nerve repair, among which A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and gamma-secretases substrates. Moreover, we will present how matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteases of the blood coagulation cascade participate in forming newly synthetized myelin and in regulating axonal regeneration. Overall, we will highlight how a deeper comprehension of secretases and proteases mechanism of action in Wallerian degeneration might be useful to develop new therapies with the potential of readily and efficiently improve the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pellegatta
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE at IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE at IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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46
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Mironova YA, Lin JP, Kalinski AL, Huffman LD, Lenk GM, Havton LA, Meisler MH, Giger RJ. Protective role of the lipid phosphatase Fig4 in the adult nervous system. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2443-2453. [PMID: 29688489 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate, PI(3,5)P2, functions in vesicular trafficking through the endo-lysosomal compartment. Cellular levels of PI(3,5)P2 are regulated by an enzyme complex comprised of the kinase PIKFYVE, the phosphatase FIG4, and the scaffold protein VAC14. Mutations of human FIG4 cause inherited disorders including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4J, polymicrogyria with epilepsy, and Yunis-Varón syndrome. Constitutive Fig4-/- mice exhibit intention tremor, spongiform degeneration of neural tissue, hypomyelination, and juvenile lethality. To determine whether PI(3,5)P2 is required in the adult, we generated Fig4flox/-; CAG-creER mice and carried out tamoxifen-induced gene ablation. Global ablation in adulthood leads to wasting, tremor, and motor impairment. Death follows within 2 months of tamoxifen treatment, demonstrating a life-long requirement for Fig4. Histological examinations of the sciatic nerve revealed profound Wallerian degeneration of myelinated fibers, but not C-fiber axons in Remak bundles. In optic nerve sections, myelinated fibers appear morphologically intact and carry compound action potentials at normal velocity and amplitude. However, when iKO mice are challenged with a chemical white matter lesion, repair of damaged CNS myelin is significantly delayed, demonstrating a novel role for Fig4 in remyelination. Thus, in the adult PNS Fig4 is required to protect myelinated axons from Wallerian degeneration. In the adult CNS, Fig4 is dispensable for fiber stability and nerve conduction, but is required for the timely repair of damaged white matter. The greater vulnerability of the PNS to Fig4 deficiency in the mouse is consistent with clinical observations in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya A Mironova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jing-Ping Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lucas D Huffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guy M Lenk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miriam H Meisler
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Jessen KR, Arthur-Farraj P. Repair Schwann cell update: Adaptive reprogramming, EMT, and stemness in regenerating nerves. Glia 2019; 67:421-437. [PMID: 30632639 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells respond to nerve injury by cellular reprogramming that generates cells specialized for promoting regeneration and repair. These repair cells clear redundant myelin, attract macrophages, support survival of damaged neurons, encourage axonal growth, and guide axons back to their targets. There are interesting parallels between this response and that found in other tissues. At the cellular level, many other tissues also react to injury by cellular reprogramming, generating cells specialized to promote tissue homeostasis and repair. And at the molecular level, a common feature possessed by Schwann cells and many other cells is the injury-induced activation of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and stemness, differentiation states that are linked to cellular plasticity and that help injury-induced tissue remodeling. The number of signaling systems regulating Schwann cell plasticity is rapidly increasing. Importantly, this includes mechanisms that are crucial for the generation of functional repair Schwann cells and nerve regeneration, although they have no or a minor role elsewhere in the Schwann cell lineage. This encourages the view that selective tools can be developed to control these particular cells, amplify their repair supportive functions and prevent their deterioration. In this review, we discuss the emerging similarities between the injury response seen in nerves and in other tissues and survey the transcription factors, epigenetic mechanisms, and signaling cascades that control repair Schwann cells, with emphasis on systems that selectively regulate the Schwann cell injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Arthur-Farraj
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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48
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The Success and Failure of the Schwann Cell Response to Nerve Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:33. [PMID: 30804758 PMCID: PMC6378273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable plasticity of Schwann cells allows them to adopt the Remak (non-myelin) and myelin phenotypes, which are specialized to meet the needs of small and large diameter axons, and differ markedly from each other. It also enables Schwann cells initially to mount a strikingly adaptive response to nerve injury and to promote regeneration by converting to a repair-promoting phenotype. These repair cells activate a sequence of supportive functions that engineer myelin clearance, prevent neuronal death, and help axon growth and guidance. Eventually, this response runs out of steam, however, because in the long run the phenotype of repair cells is unstable and their survival is compromised. The re-programming of Remak and myelin cells to repair cells, together with the injury-induced switch of peripheral neurons to a growth mode, gives peripheral nerves their strong regenerative potential. But it remains a challenge to harness this potential and devise effective treatments that maintain the initial repair capacity of peripheral nerves for the extended periods typically required for nerve repair in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Morikawa S, Iribar H, Gutiérrez-Rivera A, Ezaki T, Izeta A. Pericytes in Cutaneous Wound Healing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:1-63. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Ma KH, Duong P, Moran JJ, Junaidi N, Svaren J. Polycomb repression regulates Schwann cell proliferation and axon regeneration after nerve injury. Glia 2018; 66:2487-2502. [PMID: 30306639 PMCID: PMC6289291 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The transition of differentiated Schwann cells to support of nerve repair after injury is accompanied by remodeling of the Schwann cell epigenome. The EED-containing polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes histone H3K27 methylation and represses key nerve repair genes such as Shh, Gdnf, and Bdnf, and their activation is accompanied by loss of H3K27 methylation. Analysis of nerve injury in mice with a Schwann cell-specific loss of EED showed the reversal of polycomb repression is required and a rate limiting step in the increased transcription of Neuregulin 1 (type I), which is required for efficient remyelination. However, mouse nerves with EED-deficient Schwann cells display slow axonal regeneration with significantly low expression of axon guidance genes, including Sema4f and Cntf. Finally, EED loss causes impaired Schwann cell proliferation after injury with significant induction of the Cdkn2a cell cycle inhibitor gene. Interestingly, PRC2 subunits and CDKN2A are commonly co-mutated in the transition from benign neurofibromas to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST's). RNA-seq analysis of EED-deficient mice identified PRC2-regulated molecular pathways that may contribute to the transition to malignancy in neurofibromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki H. Ma
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Phu Duong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John J. Moran
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nabil Junaidi
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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