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Salami AT, Adebimpe MA, Olagoke OC, Iyiola TO, Olaleye SB. Potassium bromate cytotoxicity in the Wister rat model of chronic gastric ulcers: Possible reversal by protocatechuic acid. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13501. [PMID: 33025593 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between ingested xenobiotics and the gastrointestinal epithelium influences the possibility of gut epithelial cytotoxicity and systemic toxicity. Potassium bromate (KBrO3 ) has been shown to perturb the central nervous system and it may be carcinogenic, albeit it is used as a food additive. This highlights the need to understand KBrO3 's effect on the stomach epithelium. Here, we report the cytotoxic potential of KBrO3 in an ulcerated stomach, as well as possible cytoprotection by the polyphenol - protocatechuic acid. Potassium bromate (12.5 mg/kg) and protocatechuic acid (120 mg/kg) were administered orally while omeprazole (20 mg/kg) was used as standard. Potassium bromate exacerbated gastric ulcers, increased malonaldehyde levels, catalase, and sodium pump activities, but reduced nitric oxide levels. Potassium bromate further increased mast cell count in the muscularis mucosa, while inducing chronic inflammation and moderate angiogenesis in the gastric mucosa. Our results delineate KBrO3 -induced gastric epithelial cytotoxicity that is ameliorated by protocatechuic acid. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Potassium bromate is a known food additive in the baking, brewing, and cheese-making process. Conversely, protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) is the polyphenolic content of plants like Hibiscus sabdariffa L that are commonly consumed as herbal drink, food, spices, and used in folk medicine. This study reports the cytoprotective effect of protocatechuic acid against gastric mucosa ulceration that has been aggravated by potassium bromate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola T Salami
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mayokun A Adebimpe
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olawande C Olagoke
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brasil
| | - Toluwalope O Iyiola
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Samuel B Olaleye
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Al-Sadik H, Sugathan S, Saseedharan P, Sulaiman S, Beegam S, Nemmar A, Attoub S, Karam SM. Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles on Mouse Gastric Stem Cells. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10080149. [PMID: 32806566 PMCID: PMC7460091 DOI: 10.3390/life10080149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have attracted many scientists because of their unique properties and therapeutic applications. However, very little is known on the environmental toxins that could affect their biological features. This study focuses on the consequences of the exposure of a cell line representative of the mouse gastric stem/progenitor (mGS) cells to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). These immortal cells were cultured using routine protocols. The DEPs were added to the culture media at 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL for 1 to 72 h. The cells were assayed for their viability, migration, oxidative stress, and the expression of genes specific for cell proliferation, pluripotency, and death. DEPs induced a reduction in the metabolic activity of mGS cells, only at a high concentration of 100 µg/mL. However, no significant effects were detected on cell migration, oxidative stress markers (glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), and cell death related proteins/genes. Interestingly, these findings were associated with down-regulation of Notch 2 and 3 and Bmi-1 proteins and activation of STAT3 involved in the regulation of the fate of stem cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that mGS cells have some resistance to oxidative stress and apoptosis when exposed to DEPs at the expense of their stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Al-Sadik
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE; (H.A.-S); (S.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Subi Sugathan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE; (H.A.-S); (S.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Prashanth Saseedharan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE; (H.A.-S); (S.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Shahrazad Sulaiman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE; (S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sumaya Beegam
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE; (S.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE; (S.B.); (A.N.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Samir Attoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE; (S.S.); (S.A.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Sherif M. Karam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, UAE; (H.A.-S); (S.S.); (P.S.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-3-713-7493
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Willebrords J, Maes M, Crespo Yanguas S, Vinken M. Inhibitors of connexin and pannexin channels as potential therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 180:144-160. [PMID: 28720428 PMCID: PMC5802387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While gap junctions support the exchange of a number of molecules between neighboring cells, connexin hemichannels provide communication between the cytosol and the extracellular environment of an individual cell. The latter equally holds true for channels composed of pannexin proteins, which display an architecture reminiscent of connexin hemichannels. In physiological conditions, gap junctions are usually open, while connexin hemichannels and, to a lesser extent, pannexin channels are typically closed, yet they can be activated by a number of pathological triggers. Several agents are available to inhibit channels built up by connexin and pannexin proteins, including alcoholic substances, glycyrrhetinic acid, anesthetics and fatty acids. These compounds not always strictly distinguish between gap junctions, connexin hemichannels and pannexin channels, and may have effects on other targets as well. An exception lies with mimetic peptides, which reproduce specific amino acid sequences in connexin or pannexin primary protein structure. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview is provided on inhibitors of cellular channels consisting of connexins and pannexins with specific focus on their mode-of-action and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium.
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Willebrords J, Crespo Yanguas S, Maes M, Decrock E, Wang N, Leybaert L, Kwak BR, Green CR, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Connexins and their channels in inflammation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:413-439. [PMID: 27387655 PMCID: PMC5584657 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1204980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may be caused by a variety of factors and is a hallmark of a plethora of acute and chronic diseases. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cell injury trigger, to clear out dead cells from damaged tissue and to initiate tissue regeneration. Despite the wealth of knowledge regarding the involvement of cellular communication in inflammation, studies on the role of connexin-based channels in this process have only begun to emerge in the last few years. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview of the effects of inflammation on connexin signaling is provided. Vice versa, the involvement of connexins and their channels in inflammation will be discussed by relying on studies that use a variety of experimental tools, such as genetically modified animals, small interfering RNA and connexin-based channel blockers. A better understanding of the importance of connexin signaling in inflammation may open up towards clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Elke Decrock
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Division of Cardiology,
University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Brenda R.
Kwak: Tel: +41 22 379 57 37
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre,
University of Auckland, New Zealand; Colin R. Green: Tel: +64 9 923 61 35
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87,
05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Bruno Cogliati: Tel: +55 11 30 91 12 00
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
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Maes M, Crespo Yanguas S, Willebrords J, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Connexin and pannexin signaling in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Transl Res 2015; 166:332-43. [PMID: 26051630 PMCID: PMC4570182 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions, which mediate intercellular communication, are key players in digestive homeostasis. They are also frequently involved in gastrointestinal and liver pathology. This equally holds true for connexin (Cx) hemichannels, the structural precursors of gap junctions, and pannexin (Panx) channels, Cx-like proteins assembled in a hemichannel configuration. Both Cx hemichannels and Panx channels facilitate extracellular communication and drive a number of deteriorative processes, such as cell death and inflammation. Cxs, Panxs, and their channels underlie a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal and liver diseases, including gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory intestinal conditions, acute liver failure, cholestasis, hepatitis and steatosis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, infectious gastrointestinal pathologies, and gastrointestinal and liver cancer. This could open promising perspectives for the characterization of new targets and biomarkers for therapeutic and diagnostic clinical purposes in the area of gastroenterology and hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Maes M, Cogliati B, Crespo Yanguas S, Willebrords J, Vinken M. Roles of connexins and pannexins in digestive homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2809-21. [PMID: 26084872 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Connexin proteins are abundantly present in the digestive system. They primarily form gap junctions, which control the intercellular exchange of critical homeostasis regulators. By doing so, gap junctions drive a plethora of gastrointestinal and hepatic functional features, including gastric and gut motility, gastric acid secretion, intestinal innate immune defense, xenobiotic biotransformation, glycogenolysis, bile secretion, ammonia detoxification and plasma protein synthesis. In the last decade, it has become clear that connexin hemichannels, which are the structural precursors of gap junctions, also provide a pathway for cellular communication, namely between the cytosol and the extracellular environment. Although merely pathological functions have been described, some physiological roles have been attributed to connexin hemichannels, in particular in the modulation of colonic motility. This equally holds true for cellular channels composed of pannexins, connexin-like proteins recently identified in the intestine and the liver, which have become acknowledged key players in inflammatory processes and that have been proposed to control colonic motility, secretion and blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Delayed healing of gastric ulcer is associated with downregulation of connexin 32 in the gastric mucosa. ADVANCES IN DIGESTIVE MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aidm.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fink C, Hembes T, Brehm R, Weigel R, Heeb C, Pfarrer C, Bergmann M, Kressin M. Specific localisation of gap junction protein connexin 32 in the gastric mucosa of horses. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 125:307-13. [PMID: 16205941 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the glandular stomach, gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) plays an important role in the gastric mucosal defense system, and loss of GJIC is associated with ulcer formation. In spite of the high incidence of gastric ulcers in horses, particularly at pars nonglandularis, the presence of gap junctions in the equine stomach has not yet been studied. The objective was to obtain basic data on the distribution of gap junction protein connexin 32 (Cx32) in the different regions of normal equine gastric mucosa. Samples of mucosa were taken from seven horses at cardiac, fundic, and pyloric region and pars nonglandularis. To detect Cx32, immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis were performed. Corresponding mRNA was shown by RT-PCR and localised in tissue sections by in situ hybridisation. Cx32 was found in the glandular regions, whereas it was not detectable in squamous mucosa. Within the glandular epithelium, Cx32 was abundant in surface and foveolar cells and decreased towards the proliferative zone of the glands. These results suggest that gap junctions develop during the maturation of surface cells. Whether the lack of Cx32 at pars nonglandularis contributes to its susceptibility for developing ulcers, has to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Fink
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, Giessen, Germany.
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Saez JC, Berthoud VM, Branes MC, Martinez AD, Beyer EC. Plasma membrane channels formed by connexins: their regulation and functions. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:1359-400. [PMID: 14506308 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the connexin gene family are integral membrane proteins that form hexamers called connexons. Most cells express two or more connexins. Open connexons found at the nonjunctional plasma membrane connect the cell interior with the extracellular milieu. They have been implicated in physiological functions including paracrine intercellular signaling and in induction of cell death under pathological conditions. Gap junction channels are formed by docking of two connexons and are found at cell-cell appositions. Gap junction channels are responsible for direct intercellular transfer of ions and small molecules including propagation of inositol trisphosphate-dependent calcium waves. They are involved in coordinating the electrical and metabolic responses of heterogeneous cells. New approaches have expanded our knowledge of channel structure and connexin biochemistry (e.g., protein trafficking/assembly, phosphorylation, and interactions with other connexins or other proteins). The physiological role of gap junctions in several tissues has been elucidated by the discovery of mutant connexins associated with genetic diseases and by the generation of mice with targeted ablation of specific connexin genes. The observed phenotypes range from specific tissue dysfunction to embryonic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Saez
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
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Sugie S, Okamoto K, Watanabe T, Tanaka T, Mori H. Suppressive effect of irsogladine maleate on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-initiated and glyoxal-promoted gastric carcinogenesis in rats. Toxicology 2001; 166:53-61. [PMID: 11518611 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The modifying effect of irsogladine maleate (IRG) on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-initiated and glyoxal-promoted gastric carcinogenesis was examined in male Wistar rats. Six-week-old rats were divided into ten groups. Groups 1 through 6 were given MNNG (100 mg/l in drinking water) for 25 weeks from the start of the experiment, whereas groups 7 through 10 received distilled water in the initiation phase as the vehicle treatment. Groups 1 and 8 were kept on the basal diet and distilled water throughout the experiment (55 weeks). Groups 2-8 were given 0.5% glyoxal in the drinking water for 30 weeks from 26th week of the experiment. Group 3 was fed the diet mixed with 100 ppm IRG for 25 weeks from the start of experiment. Groups 4 and 8 were fed the diet mixed with 100 ppm IRG for 30 weeks from 26th week of experiment. Groups 5 and 9 or 6 were given 100 or 25 ppm IRG containing diet, respectively throughout the experiment. Group 10 was given the basal diet and distilled water as the vehicle treated control. Tumors of upper digestive tracts (stomach and duodenum) were developed in groups: 1 (12/17 rats, 71%), 2 (11/12 rats, 92%), 3 (9/16 rats, 56%), 4 (5/12 rats, 42%), 5 (6/15 rats, 40%) and 6 (7/12 rats, 58%). High dose of IRG in initiation and/or promotion phase significantly reduced the incidence of tumors of the upper digestive tracts. The average numbers of the digestive tracts neoplasms in groups 3,5 and 6 given glyoxal and IRG were less than those in group 2 which received only glyoxal. These results suggest that IRG could be a preventive agent against the occurrence of neoplasms of the upper digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sugie
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu 500-8705, Japan.
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