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Desai T, Babu S S, S KY, Nedumparampil MM, George AJ, Sekaran P, Pilar A, Amaravathi RS. Periosteum-Augmented Soft-Tissue Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech 2024; 13:102809. [PMID: 38312870 PMCID: PMC10837788 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft-tissue grafts are an option for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. One of the major drawbacks of soft-tissue grafts is the delay in the osteointegration and ligamentization of the implanted graft. Enveloping the ends of the graft with periosteum sleeves can hasten the osteointegration process and help in quicker rehabilitation of the patient. This article describes a simple and unique way to augment the soft-tissue graft with periosteum for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Desai
- Division of Sports Injuries, Regenerative Medicine & Joint Preservation, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Surendra Babu S
- Division of Sports Injuries, Regenerative Medicine & Joint Preservation, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Kaushik Y. S
- Division of Sports Injuries, Regenerative Medicine & Joint Preservation, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Mevin Mathew Nedumparampil
- Division of Sports Injuries, Regenerative Medicine & Joint Preservation, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Anoop Pilar
- Division of Sports Injuries, Regenerative Medicine & Joint Preservation, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajkumar S. Amaravathi
- Division of Sports Injuries, Regenerative Medicine & Joint Preservation, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
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Jeyaraman M, Muthu S, Gangadaran P, Ranjan R, Jeyaraman N, Prajwal GS, Mishra PC, Rajendran RL, Ahn BC. Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Potential of Periosteum-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Do They Hold the Key to the Future? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111133. [PMID: 34832915 PMCID: PMC8618036 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The periosteum, with its outer fibrous and inner cambium layer, lies in a dynamic environment with a niche of pluripotent stem cells for their reparative needs. The inner cambium layer is rich in mesenchymal progenitors, osteogenic progenitors, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts in a scant collagen matrix environment. Their role in union and remodeling of fracture is well known. However, the periosteum as a source of mesenchymal stem cells has not been explored in detail. Moreover, with the continuous expansion of techniques, newer insights have been acquired into the roles and regulation of these periosteal cells. From a therapeutic standpoint, the periosteum as a source of tissue engineering has gained much attraction. Apart from its role in bone repair, analysis of the bone-forming potential of periosteum-derived stem cells is lacking. Hence, this article elucidates the role of the periosteum as a potential source of mesenchymal stem cells along with their capacity for osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation for therapeutic application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.J.); (R.R.)
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- International Association of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (IASRM), Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- International Association of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (IASRM), Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India;
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul 624304, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.L.R.); (B.-C.A.); Tel.: +82-53-420-4914 (R.L.R.); +82-53-420-5583 (B.-C.A.)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Rajni Ranjan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.J.); (R.R.)
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | | | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- International Association of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (IASRM), Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.L.R.); (B.-C.A.); Tel.: +82-53-420-4914 (R.L.R.); +82-53-420-5583 (B.-C.A.)
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.L.R.); (B.-C.A.); Tel.: +82-53-420-4914 (R.L.R.); +82-53-420-5583 (B.-C.A.)
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Zheng RJ, Song JL, Wu XH, Watts DC. Evaluation of bone formation in neonatal mouse calvariae using micro-CT and histomorphometry: an in vitro study. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151614. [PMID: 33066836 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calvarial bone has been widely used for investigating the biological behaviour of intramembranous bones. This work evaluated the bone formation of neonatal calvarial bone by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometry. Moreover, the viability of neonatal calvarial bone and the effect of micro-CT radiation exposure on neonatal calvarial bone viability were investigated. The calvarial bones of 4-day-old CD-1 mice were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) or osteogenic medium (OM) for 23 days. Micro-CT scanning and histological analysis were performed on days 2, 9, 16 and 23. An "OM-control" group was scanned only on days 2 and 23 to evaluate the effect of a single micro-CT radiation dose on calvarial bones. Histomorphometric measurements revealed that the number of osteoblasts per unit bone surface area (N. Ob/BS, /mm2) (days 9, 16 and 23) and the number of osteoclasts per unit bone surface area (N. Oc/BS, /mm2) (days 9 and 16) were higher and lower, respectively, in the OM group than in the DMEM group. Moreover, the calvarial bone survived for at least 16 days in vitro, as indicated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive staining. Micro-CT assessment revealed that the bone surface (BS), bone volume (BV), bone surface density (BS/TV(Tissue volume)) and percent bone volume (BV/TV) were greater in the OM group than in the DMEM group except at baseline on day 2. All bone parameters of calvariae cultured in OM and OM-control conditions were not significantly different on days 2 and 23. Thus, the radiation dose from micro-CT in our study design had no perceptible effect on the formation of mouse calvarial bone in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jian Zheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshibei Road, Yubei, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Jin-Lin Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China; College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 426 Songshibei Road, Yubei, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China.
| | - David C Watts
- School of Medical Sciences and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Institute of Material Science and Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Germany.
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Yu Q, DiFeo Jacquet R, Landis WJ. Characterization of Tissue-Engineered Human Periosteum and Allograft Bone Constructs: The Potential of Periosteum in Bone Regenerative Medicine. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 209:128-143. [PMID: 32937633 DOI: 10.1159/000509036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed-union or non-union between a host bone and a graft is problematic in clinical treatment of segmental bone defects in orthopedic cases. Based on a preliminary study of human periosteum allografts from this laboratory, the present work has extensively investigated the use of human cadaveric tissue-engineered periosteum-allograft constructs as an approach to healing such serious orthopedic surgical situations. In this current report, human cadaveric periosteum-wrapped bone allografts and counterpart controls without periosteum were implanted subcutaneously in athymic mice (nu/nu) for 10, 20, and, for the first time, 40 weeks. Specimens were then harvested and assessed by histological and gene expression analyses. Compared to controls, the presence of new bone formation and resorption in periosteum-allograft constructs was indicated in both histology and gene expression results over 40 weeks of implantation. Of several genes also examined for the first time, RANKL and SOST expression levels increased in a statistically significant manner, data suggesting that bone formation and the presence of increasing numbers of osteocytes in bone matrices had increased with time. The tissue-engineering strategy described in this study provides a possible means of improving delayed-union or non-union at the healing sites of segmental bone defects or bone fractures. The potential of periosteum and its resident cells could thereby be utilized effectively in tissue-engineering methods and tissue regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | | | - William J Landis
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA,
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Choy MHV, Wong RMY, Chow SKH, Li MC, Chim YN, Li TK, Ho WT, Cheng JCY, Cheung WH. How much do we know about the role of osteocytes in different phases of fracture healing? A systematic review. J Orthop Translat 2019; 21:111-121. [PMID: 32309136 PMCID: PMC7152791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although emerging studies have provided evidence that osteocytes are actively involved in fracture healing, there is a general lack of a detailed understanding of the mechanistic pathway, cellular events and expression of markers at different phases of healing. Methods This systematic review describes the role of osteocytes in fracture healing from early to late phase. Literature search was performed in PubMed and Embase. Original animal and clinical studies with available English full-text were included. Information was retrieved from the selected studies. Results A total of 23 articles were selected in this systematic review. Most of the studies investigated changes of various genes and proteins expression patterns related to osteocytes. Several studies have described a constant expression of osteocyte-specific marker genes throughout the fracture healing cascade followed by decline phase with the progress of healing, denoting the important physiological role of the osteocyte and the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network in fracture healing. The reports of various markers suggested that osteocytes could trigger coordinated bone healing responses from cell death and expression of proinflammatory markers cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin 6 at early phase of fracture healing. This is followed by the expression of growth factors bone morphogenetic protein-2 and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 that matched with the neo-angiogenesis, chondrogenesis and callus formation during the intermediate phase. Tightly controlled regulation of osteocyte-specific markers E11/Podoplanin (E11), dentin matrix protein 1 and sclerostin modulate and promote osteogenesis, mineralisation and remodelling across different phases of fracture healing. Stabilised fixation was associated with the finding of higher number of osteocytes with little detectable bone morphogenetic proteins expressions in osteocytes. Sclerostin-antibody treatment was found to result in improvement in bone mass, bone strength and mineralisation. Conclusion To further illustrate the function of osteocytes, additional longitudinal studies with appropriate clinically relevant model to study osteoporotic fractures are crucial. Future investigations on the morphological changes of osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network during healing, osteocyte-mediated signalling molecules in the transforming growth factor-beta-Smad3 pathway, perilacunar remodelling, type of fixation and putative biomarkers to monitor fracture healing are highly desirable to bridge the current gaps of knowledge.The translational potential of this article: This systematic review provides an up-to-date chronological overview and highlights the osteocyte-regulated events at gene, protein, cellular and tissue levels throughout the fracture healing cascade, with the hope of informing and developing potential new therapeutic strategies that could improve the timing and quality of fracture healing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Huen Victoria Choy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Simon Kwoon Ho Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Meng Chen Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yu Ning Chim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Tsz Kiu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Wing Tung Ho
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jack Chun Yiu Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Wing Ho Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 5/F, Lui Che Woo Clinical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Iordachescu A, Amin HD, Rankin SM, Williams RL, Yapp C, Bannerman A, Pacureanu A, Addison O, Hulley PA, Grover LM. An In Vitro Model for the Development of Mature Bone Containing an Osteocyte Network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iordachescu
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Botnar Research Centre (NDORMS); University of Oxford; Old Road Headington Oxford OX3 7LD UK
| | - Harsh D. Amin
- Inflammation, Development and Repair; National Heart & Lung Institute; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Centre for Blast Injury Studies; Department of Bioengineering; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Sara M. Rankin
- Inflammation, Development and Repair; National Heart & Lung Institute; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Centre for Blast Injury Studies; Department of Bioengineering; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Richard L. Williams
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Botnar Research Centre (NDORMS); University of Oxford; Old Road Headington Oxford OX3 7LD UK
- Department of Cell Biology; Harvard Medical School; 240 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Alistair Bannerman
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Alexandra Pacureanu
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility; Beamline Groups Unit; 71 avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Owen Addison
- School of Dentistry; University of Birmingham; 5 Mill Pool Way Edgbaston Birmingham B5 7EG UK
| | - Philippa A. Hulley
- Botnar Research Centre (NDORMS); University of Oxford; Old Road Headington Oxford OX3 7LD UK
| | - Liam M. Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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Ikeguchi R, Kakinoki R, Aoyama T, Shibata KR, Otsuka S, Fukiage K, Nishijo K, Ishibe T, Shima Y, Otsuki B, Azuma T, Tsutsumi S, Nakayama T, Otsuka T, Nakamura T, Toguchida J. Regeneration of Osteonecrosis of Canine Scapho-lunate Using Bone Marrow Stromal Cells: Possible Therapeutic Approach for Kienböck Disease. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:411-22. [PMID: 16970283 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of canine bone marrow stromal cells (cBMSCs) to regenerate bone in a cavity of the scapholunate created by curretage and freeze–thawing with liquid nitrogen (LN). Autologous BMSCs were harvested from the iliac crest and expanded in vitro. Their potential to differentiate into osteo-, chondro-, and adipogenic lineages was confirmed using a standard differentiation induction assay. LN-treated scapholunates showed no regeneration of bone tissue when the cavity was left alone, demonstrating severe collapse and deformity as observed in human Kienböck disease. A combination of β-tri-calcium phosphate and a vascularized bone graft with autologous fibroblasts failed to regenerate bone in the LN-treated cavity. When the same procedure was performed using BMSCs, however, LN-treated scapholunates showed no collapse and deformity, and the cavity was completely filled with normal cancerous bone within 4 weeks. These results suggested the potential of using BMSCs to treat Kienböck disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ikeguchi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Tatara AM, Shah SR, Demian N, Ho T, Shum J, van den Beucken JJJP, Jansen JA, Wong ME, Mikos AG. Reconstruction of large mandibular defects using autologous tissues generated from in vivo bioreactors. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:72-84. [PMID: 27633319 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of large mandibular defects is clinically challenging due to the need for donor tissue of appropriate shape and volume to facilitate high fidelity repair. In order to generate large vascularized tissues of custom geometry, bioreactors were implanted against the rib periosteum of 3-4year-old sheep for nine weeks. Bioreactors were filled with either morcellized autologous bone, synthetic ceramic particles, or a combination thereof. Tissues generated within synthetic graft-filled bioreactors were transferred into a large right-sided mandibular angle defect as either avascular grafts (n=3) or vascularized free flaps (n=3). After twelve additional weeks, reconstructed mandibular angles were harvested and compared to contralateral control angles. Per histologic and radiologic evaluation, a greater amount of mineralized tissue was generated in bioreactors filled with autologous graft although the quality of viable bone was not significantly different between groups. Genetic analyses of soft tissue surrounding bioreactor-generated tissues demonstrated similar early and late stage osteogenic biomarker expression (Runx2 and Osteocalcin) between the bioreactors and rib periosteum. Although no significant differences between the height of reconstructed and control mandibular angles were observed, the reconstructed mandibles had decreased bone volume. There were no differences between mandibles reconstructed with bioreactor-generated tissues transferred as flaps or grafts. Tissues used for mandibular reconstruction demonstrated integration with native bone as well as evidence of remodeling. In this study, we have demonstrated that synthetic scaffolds are sufficient to generate large volumes of mineralized tissue in an in vivo bioreactor for mandibular reconstruction. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A significant clinical challenge in craniofacial surgery is the reconstruction of large mandibular defects. In this work, we demonstrated that vascularized tissues of large volume and custom geometry can be generated from in vivo bioreactors implanted against the rib periosteum in an ovine model. The effects of different bioreactor scaffold material on tissue ingrowth were measured. To minimize donor site morbidity, tissues generated from bioreactors filled with synthetic graft were transferred as either vascularized free flaps or avascular grafts to a large mandibular defect. It was demonstrated that synthetic graft in an in vivo bioreactor is sufficient to produce free tissue bone flaps capable of integrating with native tissues when transferred to a large mandibular defect in an ovine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Tatara
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sarita R Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Nagi Demian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Tang Ho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6411 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jonathan Shum
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Jeroen J J P van den Beucken
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips v Leijdenln 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips v Leijdenln 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark E Wong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Lau KHW, Rundle CH, Zhou XD, Baylink DJ, Sheng MHC. Conditional deletion of IGF-I in osteocytes unexpectedly accelerates bony union of the fracture gap in mice. Bone 2016; 92:18-28. [PMID: 27519969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of deficient IGF-I expression in osteocytes on fracture healing. Transgenic mice with conditional knockout (cKO) of Igf1 in osteocytes were generated by crossing Dmp1-Cre mice with Igf1 flox mice. Fractures were created on the mid-shaft of tibia of 12-week-old male cKO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates by three-point bending. At 21 and 28days post-fracture healing, the increases in cortical bone mineral density, mineral content, bone area, and thickness, as well as sub-cortical bone mineral content at the fracture site were each greater in cKO calluses than in WT calluses. There were 85% decrease in the cartilage area and >2-fold increase in the number of osteoclasts in cKO calluses at 14days post-fracture, suggesting a more rapid remodeling of endochondral bone. The upregulation of mRNA levels of osteoblast marker genes (cbfa1, alp, Opn, and Ocn) was greater in cKO calluses than in WT calluses. μ-CT analysis suggested an accelerated bony union of the fracture gap in cKO mice. The Sost mRNA level was reduced by 50% and the Bmp2 mRNA level was increased 3-fold in cKO fractures at 14days post-fracture, but the levels of these two mRNAs in WT fractures were unchanged, suggesting that the accelerated fracture repair may in part act through the Wnt and/or BMP signaling. In conclusion, conditional deletion of Igf1 in osteocytes not only did not impair, but unexpectedly enhanced, bony union of the fracture gap. The accelerated bony union was due in part to upregulation of the Wnt and BMP2 signaling in response to deficient osteocyte-derived IGF-I expression, which in turn favors intramembranous over endochondral bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Hing W Lau
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhou
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - David J Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Matilda H-C Sheng
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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10
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Rai BK, Vaishya R, Agarwal AK. Spontaneous Bone Regeneration in an Open Segmental Fracture of the Forearm with Extruded Middle Segment. Cureus 2016; 8:e772. [PMID: 27738571 PMCID: PMC5059143 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Open segmental fractures of both bones of the forearm with the loss of the middle segment of the radius is a rare injury in children. An eight-year-old boy presented to our clinic four days following a road traffic accident. The child’s mother was carrying a 12-cm long extruded and soiled segment of the radius bone. The extruded bone segment seemed necrotic, and we decided not to use it for replantation. The wound over the forearm fracture was infected. It was debrided and regularly dressed until it became healthy. We planned to use a fibular graft for the gap and to fix the graft with a Kirschner wire (K-wire). The operation was delayed due to the poor wound condition. At the four-week follow-up, we noticed unexpected signs of bone regeneration in the bone defect of the radius. After eight weeks, a complete spontaneous reconstruction of the bone was noted. This case highlights the excellent healing potential of the bones in children, where even if a long segment of the bone is lost, we can expect spontaneous complete regeneration of the bone if the periosteum is intact and continuous.
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Lo Vasco VR, Leopizzi M, Scotto d'abusco A, Della Rocca C. Comparison of Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C Expression Panels of Human Osteoblasts Versus MG-63 and Saos Osteoblast-Like Cells. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ajmb-34104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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12
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LIU Z, YAMAMOTO T, HASEGAWA T, HONGO H, TSUBOI K, TSUCHIYA E, HARAGUCHI M, ABE M, FREITAS PHLD, KUDO A, ODA K, LI M, AMIZUKA N. Immunolocalization of osteocyte-derived molecules during bone fracture healing of mouse ribs . Biomed Res 2016; 37:141-51. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.37.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhusheng LIU
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Tomomaya YAMAMOTO
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Tomoka HASEGAWA
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Hiromi HONGO
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kanako TSUBOI
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Erika TSUCHIYA
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Mai HARAGUCHI
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Miki ABE
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Akira KUDO
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Kimimitsu ODA
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Minqi LI
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, The School of Stomatology, Shandong University
| | - Norio AMIZUKA
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
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Bigham-Sadegh A, Oryan A. Selection of animal models for pre-clinical strategies in evaluating the fracture healing, bone graft substitutes and bone tissue regeneration and engineering. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:175-94. [PMID: 25803622 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1027341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays can be useful in determining biological mechanism and optimizing scaffold parameters, however translation of the in vitro results to clinics is generally hard. Animal experimentation is a better approximation than in vitro tests, and usage of animal models is often essential in extrapolating the experimental results and translating the information in a human clinical setting. In addition, usage of animal models to study fracture healing is useful to answer questions related to the most effective method to treat humans. There are several factors that should be considered when selecting an animal model. These include availability of the animal, cost, ease of handling and care, size of the animal, acceptability to society, resistance to surgery, infection and disease, biological properties analogous to humans, bone structure and composition, as well as bone modeling and remodeling characteristics. Animal experiments on bone healing have been conducted on small and large animals, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, goats and sheep. This review also describes the molecular events during various steps of fracture healing and explains different means of fracture healing evaluation including biomechanical, histopathological and radiological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Bigham-Sadegh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran and
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Ahmad O, Omami G. Self-regeneration of the mandible following hemimandibulectomy for ameloblastoma: a case report and review of literature. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2015; 14:245-50. [PMID: 25861189 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-012-0462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resection of the mandible with immediate or delayed graft reconstruction is widely used in the treatment of ameloblastoma involving a large portion of the mandible. The purpose of reconstruction is mainly to restore the esthetic appearance and mandibular function of the patient. Spontaneous regeneration of the mandible after resection is rarely encountered. This article reports a rare case of spontaneous regeneration of the mandible after hemimandibulectomy for ameloblastoma in a 16-year-old male patient. We discuss the theories pertaining to the mechanism and source of the new bone formation in this case and review the English literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omaid Ahmad
- Department of Adult Restorative Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583-0740 USA
| | - Galal Omami
- American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
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Guo P, Zeng JJ, Zhou N. Nonvascular transport distraction osteogenesis in bone formation and regeneration. Is it an accidental phenomenon? J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 43:21-7. [PMID: 25457741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the osteogenic mechanism of nonvascular transport distraction osteogenesis (NTDO) by constructing mandibular defects in dogs. METHODS Sixty adult dogs were randomly divided into three groups with 20 dogs in each group. Canine mandibular defect models of NTDO were constructed. Animals were euthanized 1, 4 and 12 weeks after distraction, and the transport disc and surrounding tissue were collected and fixed. Histochemical staining using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and electron microscopic observations were used to examine bone regeneration. RESULTS Distraction bone regeneration was observed in the distraction gap and around the transport disc, and osseous connections had formed between new bone and the transport disc after one week. Osteoclasts gathered around the transport disc, and bone absorption pit formation could be seen. After 4 weeks of distraction, the new bone around the transport disc was close to maturity with thick sclerostin on the middle of the transport disc. After 12 weeks the new bone and the transport disc were fully integrated, and were difficult to distinguish by H&E staining and electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Canine mandibular defects were successfully repaired by NTDO resulting in ideal new bone formation and fully recovered mandibular physiological function. The surrounding tissues, including musculoskeletal tissues, the periosteum and other soft tissues and the nonvascular transport disc, together contribute to bone regeneration and neovascularization in NTDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- College of Stomatology, GuangXi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zeng
- College of Stomatology, GuangXi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Nuo Zhou
- College of Stomatology, GuangXi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China.
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Lim J, Lee J, Yun HS, Shin HI, Park EK. Comparison of bone regeneration rate in flat and long bone defects: Calvarial and tibial bone. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-013-1094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Immunohistochemical and molecular characterization of the human periosteum. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:341078. [PMID: 23737713 PMCID: PMC3659489 DOI: 10.1155/2013/341078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of the present study was to characterize the cell of the human periosteum using immunohistological and molecular methods. Methods. Phenotypic properties and the distribution of the cells within the different layers were investigated with immunohistochemical staining techniques and RT-PCR, focussing on markers for stromal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and immune cells. Results. Immunohistochemical results revealed that all stained cells were located in the cambium layer and that most cells were positive for vimentin. The majority of cells consisted of stromal stem cells and osteoblastic precursor cells. The density increased towards the deeper layers of the cambium. In addition, cells positive for markers of the osteoblast, chondrocyte, and osteoclast lineages were found. Interestingly, there were MHC class II-expressing immune cells suggesting the presence of dendritic cells. Using lineage-specific primer pairs RT-PCR confirmed the immunofluorescence microscopy results, supporting that human periosteum serves as a reservoir of stromal stem cells, as well as cells of the osteoblastic, and the chondroblastic lineage, osteoclasts, and dendritic cells. Conclusion. Our work elucidates the role of periosteum as a source of cells with a high regenerative capacity. Undifferentiated stromal stem cells as well as osteoblastic precursor cells are dominating in the cambium layer. A new outlook is given towards an immune response coming from the periosteum as MHC II positive immune cells were detected.
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Paglia DN, Wey A, Breitbart EA, Faiwiszewski J, Mehta SK, Al-Zube L, Vaidya S, Cottrell JA, Graves D, Benevenia J, O’Connor JP, Lin SS. Effects of local insulin delivery on subperiosteal angiogenesis and mineralized tissue formation during fracture healing. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:783-91. [PMID: 23238777 PMCID: PMC6446235 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Local insulin delivery has been shown to improve osseous healing in diabetic animals. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of local intramedullary delivery of saline or Ultralente insulin (UL) on various fracture healing parameters using an in vivo non-diabetic BB Wistar rat model. Quantitation of local insulin levels showed a rapid release of insulin from the fractured femora, demonstrating complete release at 2 days. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of early osteogenic markers (Col1α2, osteopontin) was significantly enhanced with UL treatment when compared with saline controls (p < 0.05). Significant differences in VEGF + cells and vascularity were evident between the treatment and control groups at day 7 (p < 0.05). At day 21, histomorphometric analysis demonstrated a significant increase in percent mineralized tissue in the UL-treated animals compared with controls (p < 0.05), particularly within the subperiosteal region of the fracture callus. Mechanical testing at 4 weeks showed significantly greater mechanical strength for UL-treated animals (p < 0.05), but healing in control animals caught up at 6 weeks post-fracture. These results suggest that the primary osteogenic effect of UL during the early stages of fracture healing (1-3 weeks) is through an increase in osteogenic gene expression, subperiosteal angiogenesis, and mineralized tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Paglia
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Aaron Wey
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Eric A. Breitbart
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Jonathan Faiwiszewski
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Siddhant K. Mehta
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Loay Al-Zube
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Swaroopa Vaidya
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07103,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Jessica A. Cottrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Dana Graves
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40 Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Joseph Benevenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - J. Patrick O’Connor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Sheldon S. Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07103
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Evans SF, Chang H, Knothe Tate ML. Elucidating multiscale periosteal mechanobiology: a key to unlocking the smart properties and regenerative capacity of the periosteum? TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013. [PMID: 23189933 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The periosteum, a thin, fibrous tissue layer covering most bones, resides in a dynamic, mechanically loaded environment. The periosteum also provides a niche for mesenchymal stem cells. The mechanics of periosteum vary greatly between species and anatomical locations, indicating the specialized role of periosteum as bone's bounding membrane. Furthermore, periosteum exhibits stress-state-dependent mechanical and material properties, hallmarks of a smart material. This review discusses what is known about the multiscale mechanical and material properties of the periosteum as well as their potential effect on the mechanosensitive progenitor cells within the tissue. Furthermore, this review addresses open questions and barriers to understanding periosteum's multiscale structure-function relationships. Knowledge of the smart material properties of the periosteum will maximize the translation of periosteum and substitute periosteum to regenerative medicine, facilitate the development of biomimetic tissue-engineered periosteum for use in instances where the native periosteum is lacking or damaged, and provide inspiration for a new class of smart, advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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20
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Evans SF, Chang H, Knothe Tate ML. Elucidating multiscale periosteal mechanobiology: a key to unlocking the smart properties and regenerative capacity of the periosteum? TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013. [PMID: 23189933 DOI: 10.1089/ten] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The periosteum, a thin, fibrous tissue layer covering most bones, resides in a dynamic, mechanically loaded environment. The periosteum also provides a niche for mesenchymal stem cells. The mechanics of periosteum vary greatly between species and anatomical locations, indicating the specialized role of periosteum as bone's bounding membrane. Furthermore, periosteum exhibits stress-state-dependent mechanical and material properties, hallmarks of a smart material. This review discusses what is known about the multiscale mechanical and material properties of the periosteum as well as their potential effect on the mechanosensitive progenitor cells within the tissue. Furthermore, this review addresses open questions and barriers to understanding periosteum's multiscale structure-function relationships. Knowledge of the smart material properties of the periosteum will maximize the translation of periosteum and substitute periosteum to regenerative medicine, facilitate the development of biomimetic tissue-engineered periosteum for use in instances where the native periosteum is lacking or damaged, and provide inspiration for a new class of smart, advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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21
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Paglia DN, Wey A, Park AG, Breitbart EA, Mehta SK, Bogden JD, Kemp FW, Benevenia J, O'Connor JP, Lin SS. The effects of local vanadium treatment on angiogenesis and chondrogenesis during fracture healing. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1971-8. [PMID: 22653614 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study quantified the effects of local intramedullary delivery of an organic vanadium salt, which may act as an insulin-mimetic on fracture healing. Using a BB Wistar rat femoral fracture model, local vanadyl acetylacetonate (VAC) was delivered to the fracture site and histomorphometry, mechanical testing, and immunohistochemistry were performed. Callus percent cartilage was 200% higher at day 7 (p < 0.05) and 88% higher at day 10 (p < 0.05) in the animals treated with 1.5 mg/kg of VAC. Callus percent mineralized tissue was 37% higher at day 14 (p < 0.05) and 31% higher at day 21 (p < 0.05) in the animals treated with 1.5 mg/kg of VAC. Maximum torque to failure was 104% and 154% higher at 4 weeks post-fracture (p < 0.05) for the healing femurs from the VAC-treated (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) animals. Animals treated with other VAC doses demonstrated increased mechanical parameters at 4 weeks (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry detected 62% more proliferating cells at days 7 (p < 0.05) and 94% more at day 10 (p < 0.05) in the animals treated with 1.5 mg/kg VAC. Results showed 100% more vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) positive cells and 80% more blood vessels at day 7 (p < 0.05) within the callus subperiosteal region of VAC-treated animals (1.5 mg/kg) compared to controls. The results suggest that local VAC treatment affects chondrogenesis and angiogenesis within the first 7-10 days post-fracture, which leads to enhanced mineralized tissue formation and accelerated fracture repair as early as 3-4 weeks post-fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Paglia
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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Reumann MK, Strachna O, Yagerman S, Torrecilla D, Kim J, Doty SB, Lukashova L, Boskey AL, Mayer-Kuckuk P. Loss of transcription factor early growth response gene 1 results in impaired endochondral bone repair. Bone 2011; 49:743-52. [PMID: 21726677 PMCID: PMC3169183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors that play a role in ossification during development are expected to participate in postnatal fracture repair since the endochondral bone formation that occurs in embryos is recapitulated during fracture repair. However, inherent differences exist between bone development and fracture repair, including a sudden disruption of tissue integrity followed by an inflammatory response. This raises the possibility that repair-specific transcription factors participate in bone healing. Here, we assessed the consequence of loss of early growth response gene 1 (EGR-1) on endochondral bone healing because this transcription factor has been shown to modulate repair in vascularized tissues. Model fractures were created in ribs of wild type (wt) and EGR-1(-/-) mice. Differences in tissue morphology and composition between these two animal groups were followed over 28 post fracture days (PFDs). In wt mice, bone healing occurred in healing phases characteristic of endochondral bone repair. A similar healing sequence was observed in EGR-1(-/-) mice but was impaired by alterations. A persistent accumulation of fibrin between the disconnected bones was observed on PFD7 and remained pronounced in the callus on PFD14. Additionally, the PFD14 callus was abnormally enlarged and showed increased deposition of mineralized tissue. Cartilage ossification in the callus was associated with hyper-vascularity and -proliferation. Moreover, cell deposits located in proximity to the callus within skeletal muscle were detected on PFD14. Despite these impairments, repair in EGR-1(-/-) callus advanced on PFD28, suggesting EGR-1 is not essential for healing. Together, this study provides genetic evidence that EGR-1 is a pleiotropic regulator of endochondral fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K. Reumann
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Olga Strachna
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Sarah Yagerman
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Daniel Torrecilla
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Jihye Kim
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Steven B. Doty
- Analytical Microscopy Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | | | - Adele L. Boskey
- Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
- Corresponding author: Dr. Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk, Caspary Research Building, Rm. 623, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70 Street, New York, NY 10021, USA, Fax:(212) 774 7877,
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Dewit J, Witten PE, Huysseune A. The mechanism of cartilage subdivision in the reorganization of the zebrafish pectoral fin endoskeleton. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2011; 316:584-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abrahamsson P, Isaksson S, Gordh M, Andersson G. Onlay bone grafting of the mandible after periosteal expansion with an osmotic tissue expander: an experimental study in rabbits. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010; 21:1404-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts and make up over 90% of the cells in bone. However, the mechanisms that control the differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes embedded in bone matrix are not well understood. With the recent developments of transgenic models for manipulating gene expression in osteocytes and of transgenic mice carrying lineage reporters for osteoblasts and osteocytes, unprecedented new insights are becoming possible. In this article we review recent advances, such as comparative gene and protein expression studies, that are delineating the changes in gene and protein expression that accompany osteocyte differentiation. We also review recent studies in which time-lapse dynamic imaging approaches have been used to visualize osteoblast and osteocyte populations within bone. These approaches reveal the key role of cell motility in bone cell function and highlight the dynamic nature of mineralized tissues. Changes in motile properties of the cell may be key in the transition from osteoblast to osteocyte, as reflected in the altered expression of many molecules involved in cytoskeletal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
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Becker ST, Douglas T, Acil Y, Seitz H, Sivananthan S, Wiltfang J, Warnke PH. Biocompatibility of individually designed scaffolds with human periosteum for use in tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:1255-62. [PMID: 20140699 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the biocompatibility of computer-assisted designed (CAD) synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalciumphosphate (TCP) blocks and natural bovine hydroxyapatite blocks for augmentations and endocultivation by supporting and promoting the proliferation of human periosteal cells. Human periosteum cells were cultured using an osteogenic medium consisting of Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, Penicillin, Streptomycin and ascorbic acid at 37 degrees C with 5% CO(2). Three scaffolds were tested: 3D-printed HA, 3D-printed TCP and bovine HA. Cell vitality was assessed by Fluorescein Diacetate (FDA) and Propidium Iodide (PI) staining, biocompatibility with LDH, MTT, WST and BrdU tests, and scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed with ANOVAs. RESULTS After 24 h all samples showed viable periosteal cells, mixed with some dead cells for the bovine HA group and very few dead cells for the printed HA and TCP groups. The biocompatibility tests revealed that proliferation on all scaffolds after treatment with eluate was sometimes even higher than controls. Scanning electron microscopy showed that periosteal cells formed layers covering the surfaces of all scaffolds 7 days after seeding. CONCLUSION It can be concluded from our data that the tested materials are biocompatible for periosteal cells and thus can be used as scaffolds to augment bone using tissue engineering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan T Becker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Tanaka T, Hirose M, Kotobuki N, Tadokoro M, Ohgushi H, Fukuchi T, Sato J, Seto K. Bone augmentation by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured in three-dimensional biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 91:428-35. [PMID: 18985782 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Poly-lactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a biocompatible as well as biodegradable polymer and used in various medical applications. In this study, we evaluated efficiency of the specially designed three-dimensional porous PLGA as a scaffold for bone augmentation. First, cell attachment/proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of Fisher 344 rat marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on the PLGA scaffold were analyzed. Viable MSCs were impregnated into pore areas of the scaffold and a moderate increase of DNA contents was seen. High alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin content, and calcium content of MSCs in PLGA scaffolds under osteogenic differentiation conditions were seen after 14 or 21 days of culture. Subsequently, we implanted the PLGA/MSCs composites on rat calvaria bone for 30 days. Newly formed bone was seen in only the composite PLGA/MSCs implantation group, which had been precultured under osteogenic condition. We also demonstrated that the newly formed bone originated from the donor composites. These results demonstrate that the three-dimensional PLGA scaffold can support osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, and the scaffold combined with osteogenic MSCs can be used for in vivo bone tissue augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Tanaka
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan
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Warnke PH, Douglas T, Sivananthan S, Wiltfang J, Springer I, Becker ST. Tissue engineering of periosteal cell membranesin vitro. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20:761-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Comparison of Cardiovascular Parameters Between Patients With Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Patients With Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 22:361-6. [DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0b013e31817eee55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Thompson NW, Kapoor A, Thomas J, Hayton MJ. The use of a vascularised periosteal patch onlay graft in the management of nonunion of the proximal scaphoid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 90:1597-601. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.90b12.20808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of a vascularised periosteal patch onlay graft based on the 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery in the management of 11 patients (ten men, one woman) with chronic nonunion involving the proximal third of the scaphoid. The mean age of the patients was 31 years (21 to 45) with the dominant hand affected in eight. Six of the patients were smokers and three had undergone previous surgery to the scaphoid. All of the proximal fragments were avascular. The presence of union was assessed using longitudinal axis CT. Only three patients progressed to union of the scaphoid and four required a salvage operation for a symptomatic nonunion. The remaining four patients with a persistent nonunion are asymptomatic with low pain scores, good grip strength and a functional range of wrist movement. Although this technique has potential technical advantages over vascularised pedicled bone grafting, the rate of union has been disappointing and we do not recommend it as a method of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. W. Thompson
- Centre for Hand and Upper Limb Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wigan WN6 9EP, UK
| | - A. Kapoor
- Centre for Hand and Upper Limb Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wigan WN6 9EP, UK
| | - J. Thomas
- Centre for Hand and Upper Limb Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wigan WN6 9EP, UK
| | - M. J. Hayton
- Centre for Hand and Upper Limb Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wigan WN6 9EP, UK
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Zhang P, Hamamura K, Yokota H. A brief review of bone adaptation to unloading. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2008; 6:4-7. [PMID: 18558381 PMCID: PMC5054086 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(08)60016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Weight-bearing bone is constantly adapting its structure and function to mechanical environments. Loading through routine exercises stimulates bone formation and prevents bone loss, but unloading through bed rest and cast immobilization as well as exposure to weightlessness during spaceflight reduces its mass and strength. In order to elucidate the mechanism underlying unloading-driven bone adaptation, ground-based in vitro and in vivo analyses have been conducted using rotating cell culturing and hindlimb suspension. Focusing on gene expression studies in osteoblasts and hindlimb suspension studies, this minireview introduces our recent understanding on bone homeostasis under weightlessness in space. Most of the existing data indicate that unloading has the opposite effects to loading through common signaling pathways. However, a question remains as to whether any pathway unique to unloading (and not to loading) may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Ringe J, Leinhase I, Stich S, Loch A, Neumann K, Haisch A, Häupl T, Manz R, Kaps C, Sittinger M. Human mastoid periosteum-derived stem cells: promising candidates for skeletal tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2008; 2:136-46. [PMID: 18383554 DOI: 10.1002/term.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as the most eligible cells for skeletal tissue engineering. However, factors such as difficult stimulation and control of differentiation in vivo hamper their clinical use. In contrast, periosteum or periosteum-derived cells (PCs) are routinely clinically applied for bone and cartilage repair. PCs have often been named MSCs but, although cells of osteochondrogenic lineages arise from MSCs, it is unclear whether periosteum really contains MSCs. Our aim was to investigate the MSC-like character of PCs derived from the periosteum of mastoid bone. Harvesting of periosteum from mastoid bone is easy, so mastoid represents a good source for the isolation of PCs. Therefore, we analysed the MSC-like growth behaviour and the expression of embryonic, ectodermal, endodermal and mesodermal markers by microarray and FACS technology, and the multilineage developmental capacity of human PCs. Regarding clinical relevance, experiments were performed in human serum-supplemented medium. We show that PCs do not express early embryonic stem cell markers such as Oct4 and Nanog, or the marker of haematopoietic stem cells CD34, but express some other MSC markers. Osteogenesis resulted in the formation of calcified matrix, increased alkaline phosphatase activity, and induction of the osteogenic marker gene osteocalcin. Staining of proteoglycans and deposition of type II collagen documented chondrogenic development. As shown for the first time, adipogenic stimulation of mastoid-derived PCs resulted in the formation of lipid droplets and expression of the adipogenic marker genes aP2 and APM1. These results suggest MSC-like PCs from mastoid as candidates for therapy of complex skeletal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ringe
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Furukawa KI. Pharmacological aspect of ectopic ossification in spinal ligament tissues. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118:352-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kishiya M, Sawada T, Kanemaru K, Kudo H, Numasawa T, Yokoyama T, Tanaka S, Motomura S, Ueyama K, Harata S, Toh S, Furukawa KI. A functional RNAi screen for Runx2-regulated genes associated with ectopic bone formation in human spinal ligaments. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:404-14. [PMID: 18319563 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0072043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL) is characterized by ectopic ossification in the spinal ligaments, which enlarges with time and compresses the spinal cord, resulting in serious neurological symptoms. We previously reported that Runx2 expression was enhanced in spinal ligament cells from OPLL patients (OPLL cells). To clarify genes regulated by Runx2, Runx2 expression was first enhanced by culturing primary OPLL cells in osteogenic medium (OS induction) and then inhibited by siRNAs targeted to Runx2. DNA microarray demonstrated that in addition to chondrogenic factors such as connective tissue growth factor and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, angiopoietin-1 was also significantly increased by OS induction and decreased by siRNAs for Runx2 in OPLL cells, suggesting that these genes are regulated by Runx2. However, these changes were not observed in non-OPLL control cells (from cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients). Furthermore, Runx2 was not decreased by siRNAs for angiopoietin-1. OS induction and RNAi inhibition of angiopoietin-1 expression was also observed in osteoblasts. Both siRNAs for Runx2 and angiopoietin-1 completely inhibited aggrecan-1 expression. These results suggest that angiopoietin-1 is downstream of Runx2 in both OPLL primary cells and osteoblasts. Angiopoietin-1 may play an important role in ectopic ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kishiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Leucht P, Lam K, Kim JB, Mackanos MA, Simanovskii DM, Longaker MT, Contag CH, Schwettman HA, Helms JA. Accelerated bone repair after plasma laser corticotomies. Ann Surg 2007; 246:140-50. [PMID: 17592303 PMCID: PMC1899222 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000258559.07435.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reveal, on a cellular and molecular level, how skeletal regeneration of a corticotomy is enhanced when using laser-plasma mediated ablation compared with conventional mechanical tissue removal. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Osteotomies are well-known for their most detrimental side effect: thermal damage. This thermal and mechanical trauma to adjacent bone tissue can result in the untoward consequences of cell death and eventually in a delay in healing. METHODS Murine tibial corticotomies were performed using a conventional saw and a Ti:Sapphire plasma-generated laser that removes tissue with minimal thermal damage. Our analyses began 24 hours after injury and proceeded to postsurgical day 6. We investigated aspects of wound repair ranging from vascularization, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, and bone remodeling. RESULTS Histology of mouse corticotomy sites uncovered a significant difference in the onset of bone healing; whereas laser corticotomies showed abundant bone matrix deposition at postsurgical day 6, saw corticotomies only exhibited undifferentiated tissue. Our analyses uncovered that cutting bone with a saw caused denaturation of the collagen matrix due to thermal effects. This denatured collagen represented an unfavorable scaffold for subsequent osteoblast attachment, which in turn impeded deposition of a new bony matrix. The matrix degradation induced a prolonged inflammatory reaction at the cut edge to create a surface favorable for osteochondroprogenitor cell attachment. Laser corticotomies were absent of collagen denaturation, therefore osteochondroprogenitor cell attachment was enabled shortly after surgery. CONCLUSION In summary, these data demonstrate that corticotomies performed with Ti:Sapphire lasers are associated with a reduced initial inflammatory response at the injury site leading to accelerated osteochondroprogenitor cell migration, attachment, differentiation, and eventually matrix deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Leucht
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Leucht P, Kim JB, Wazen R, Currey JA, Nanci A, Brunski JB, Helms JA. Effect of mechanical stimuli on skeletal regeneration around implants. Bone 2007; 40:919-30. [PMID: 17175211 PMCID: PMC1987325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the aging population and the increasing need for total joint replacements, osseointegration is of a great interest for various clinical disciplines. Our objective was to investigate the molecular and cellular foundation that underlies this process. Here, we used an in vivo mouse model to study the cellular and molecular response in three distinct areas of unloaded implants: the periosteum, the gap between implant and cortical bone, and the marrow space. Our analyses began with the early phases of healing, and continued until the implants were completely osseointegrated. We investigated aspects of osseointegration ranging from vascularization, cell proliferation, differentiation, and bone remodeling. In doing so, we gained an understanding of the healing mechanisms of different skeletal tissues during unloaded implant osseointegration. To continue our analysis, we used a micromotion device to apply a defined physical stimulus to the implants, and in doing so, we dramatically enhanced bone formation in the peri-implant tissue. By comparing strain measurements with cellular and molecular analyses, we developed an understanding of the correlation between strain magnitudes and fate decisions of cells shaping the skeletal regenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Leucht
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University of Frankfurt/Main, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jae-Beom Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rima Wazen
- Départment de stomatologic, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Jennifer A. Currey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Antonio Nanci
- Départment de stomatologic, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - John B. Brunski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jill A. Helms
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wazen RM, Moffatt P, Zalzal SF, Daniel NG, Westerman KA, Nanci A. Local gene transfer to calcified tissue cells using prolonged infusion of a lentiviral vector. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1595-602. [PMID: 16855616 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer using viral vectors offers the potential for the sustained expression of proteins in specific target tissues. However, in the case of calcified tissues, in vivo delivery remains problematic because of limited accessibility. The aim of this study was to test the efficiency of lentiviral vectors (LVs) on osteogenic cells in vitro, and determine the feasibility of directly transducing resident bone cells in vivo. LVs encoding for green fluorescent protein (GFP) and ameloblastin (AMBN), a protein associated with mineralization not reported in bone, were generated. The transduction efficiency of the LVs was evaluated using the MC3T3 cell line and primary calvaria-derived osteogenic cells. For in vivo delivery, the LVs were infused using osmotic minipumps through holes created in the bone of the rat hemimandible and tibia. The production of GFP and AMBN in vitro and in vivo was monitored using fluorescence microscopy. Both transgenes were expressed in MC3T3 and primary osteogenic cells. In vivo, GFP was detected at the infusion site and fibroblast-like cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts expressed AMBN. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that primary osteogenic cells are efficiently transduced with LVs and that their infusion is advantageous for locally delivering DNA to bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Wazen
- Laboratory for the Study of Calcified Tissues and Biomaterials, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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RHBMP-2 DELIVERED IN A CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CEMENT ACCELERATES BRIDGING OF CRITICAL-SIZED DEFECTS IN RABBIT RADII. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006. [DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200607000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Seeherman HJ, Azari K, Bidic S, Rogers L, Li XJ, Hollinger JO, Wozney JM. rhBMP-2 delivered in a calcium phosphate cement accelerates bridging of critical-sized defects in rabbit radii. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88:1553-65. [PMID: 16818982 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.e.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of segmental bone loss remains a challenge in skeletal repairs. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the use of recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) delivered in an injectable calcium phosphate cement (alpha bone substitute material [alpha-BSM]) to bridge critical-sized defects in the rabbit radius. METHODS Unilateral 20-mm mid-diaphyseal defects were created in the radii of thirty-six skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits. The defects in twelve rabbits each were filled with 0.166 mg/mL rhBMP-2/alpha-BSM cement, 0.033 mg/mL rhBMP-2/alpha-BSM cement, or buffer/alpha-BSM cement. Six rabbits from each group were killed at four weeks, and six were killed at eight weeks. Serial radiographs were made to monitor defect-bridging and residual alpha-BSM carrier. A semiquantitative histological scoring system was used to evaluate defect-bridging. Histomorphometry was used to quantify residual alpha-BSM; trabecular bone area; trabecular bone volume fraction; and cortical length, width, and area. RESULTS At four weeks, there had been more rapid resorption of alpha-BSM and filling of the defects with trabecular bone in the group treated with 0.166 mg/mL rhBMP-2/alpha-BSM than in the other two groups. Histomorphometry confirmed an increased trabecular area and volume fraction in this group compared with the other two groups. In both rhBMP-2/alpha-BSM-treated groups, the majority of the trabecular bone was formed by a direct process adjacent to the resorbing alpha-BSM. At eight weeks, complete cortical bridging and regeneration of the marrow space were present in all of the defects treated with 0.166 mg/mL rhBMP-2/alpha-BSM. That group also had reduced residual alpha-BSM and trabecular area and volume, compared with the other two groups, at eight weeks as a result of a rapid remodeling process. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of a critical-sized defect in a rabbit radius with 0.166 mg/mL rhBMP-2/alpha-BSM injectable cement can result in bridging with cortical bone and a regenerated bone-marrow space by eight weeks. Site-specific remodeling appears to be responsible for corticalization and marrow regeneration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE RhBMP-2 delivered in a calcium phosphate cement may be useful to achieve bridging of critical-sized defects in patients. Its injectable properties may allow minimally invasive use. Delayed percutaneous administration would also be possible when augmentation is desired following an initial surgical procedure or when soft-tissue injuries preclude adequate initial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Seeherman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Fujii T, Ueno T, Kagawa T, Sakata Y, Sugahara T. Comparison of bone formation ingrafted periosteum harvested from tibia and calvaria. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:580-4. [PMID: 16718663 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Periosteum covers the bone surface and displays the potential to initiate bone formation, after injury to the bone. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the periosteum plays major roles in the healing process after bone fracture. Some reports have described that in the healing of long bone fractures, the periosteum forms new bone by intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Other researchers insist that healing of defects in membrane bone shows bone formation by intramembranous ossification. However, previous studies have not been able to clarify differences in bone formation patterns. We hypothesized that differences in bone formation pattern are associated with the periosteal potential for cell differentiation. The present study grafted periosteum, harvested from the tibia and calvaria, into the suprahyoid muscle, with the aim of interrupting release of factors from bone matrix. Bone formation, after grafting periosteum, harvested from the tibia and calvaria, was examined histologically and radiographically. Grafted tibial periosteum formed a large area of new bone by intramembranous and endochondral ossification, while grafted calvarial periosteum displayed intramembranous ossification. Grafted tibial periosteum formed a larger area of bone than grafted calvarial periosteum. Patterns of cell differentiation thus differ between grafted periosteum, harvested from the tibia and calvaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujii
- Department of Oral and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8525, and Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Taishi Hospital, Hyougo, Japan.
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Bilic-Curcic I, Kalajzic Z, Wang L, Rowe DW. Origins of endothelial and osteogenic cells in the subcutaneous collagen gel implant. Bone 2005; 37:678-87. [PMID: 16112632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 05/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interdependent relationship between vascular endothelial cells and osteoblasts during bone formation and fracture healing has been long appreciated. This paper reports a heterotopic implant model using FGF-2-expanded bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) derived from Tie2eGFP (endothelial marker) and pOBCol3.6GFPcyan or topaz (early osteoblast marker) transgenic mice to appreciate the host/donor relationships of cells participating in the process of heterotopic bone formation. The study included various combinations of Tie2eGFP and pOBCol3.6GFPcyan and topaz transgenics as BMSC or whole bone marrow (WBM) donors and also as recipients. Rat tail collagen was used as a carrier of donor cells and implantation was done in lethally irradiated mice rescued with WBM injection. Development of ossicles in the implants was followed weekly during the 4- to 5-week long post-implantation period. By 4-5 weeks after total body irradiation (TBI) and implantation, a well-formed bone spicule had developed that was invested with bone marrow. Experiments showed absolute dominance of donor-derived cells in the formation of endothelial-lined vessels inside the implants as well as the marrow stromal-derived osteogenic cells. Host-derived fibroblasts and osteogenic cells were confined to the fibrous capsule surrounding the implant. In addition, cells lining the endosteal surface of newly formed marrow space carrying a pOBCol3.6GFP marker were observed that were contributed by WBM donor cells and the host. Thus, FGF-2-expanded BMSC appear to be a source of endothelial and osteogenic progenitor cells capable of eliciting heterotopic bone formation independent of cells from the host. This model should be useful for understanding the interactions between these two cell types that control osteogenic differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bilic-Curcic
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Malizos KN, Papatheodorou LK. The healing potential of the periosteum molecular aspects. Injury 2005; 36 Suppl 3:S13-9. [PMID: 16188544 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pluripotential mesenchymal cells in the under surface of the periosteum in combination with growth factors regularly produced or released after injury, provide this unique tissue with an important role in the healing of bone and cartilage. The periosteum contributes in the secondary callus formation with cells and growth factors and should always be preserved and protected when surgery is performed for the management of a fracture. The current evidence about the cellular interactions, the stimulants and the signalling pathways related to osteogenesis and chondrogenesis is described. An essential knowledge of the basics related to the contribution of the periosteum in the healing of fractures, osteotomies, during the process of distraction osteogenesis and in some degree in the repair of cartilagenous defects, provides the surgeons with a better insight to understand the upcoming "biological" interventions in the management of skeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Malizos
- Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital of Larissa, P.O. Box 1425, 41110 Larissa, Greece.
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Abstract
During osteogenesis, osteoblasts lay down osteoid and transform into osteocytes embedded in mineralized bone matrix. Despite the fact that osteocytes are the most abundant cellular component of bone, little is known about the process of osteoblast-to-osteocyte transformation. What is known is that osteoblasts undergo a number of changes during this transformation, yet retain their connections to preosteoblasts and osteocytes. This review explores the osteoblast-to-osteocyte transformation during intramembranous ossification from both morphological and molecular perspectives. We investigate how these data support five schemes that describe how an osteoblast could become entrapped in the bone matrix (in mammals) and suggest one of the five scenarios that best fits as a model. Those osteoblasts on the bone surface that are destined for burial and destined to become osteocytes slow down matrix production compared to neighbouring osteoblasts, which continue to produce bone matrix. That is, cells that continue to produce matrix actively bury cells producing less or no new bone matrix (passive burial). We summarize which morphological and molecular changes could be used as characters (or markers) to follow the transformation process.
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