1
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Stephens NM, Masching HP, Walid MKI, Petrich JW, Anderson JL, Smith EA. Temperature-Dependent Constrained Diffusion of Micro-Confined Alkylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4324-4333. [PMID: 35649257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids (ILs) have many uses in a variety of separation systems, including micro-confined separation systems. To understand the separation mechanism in these systems, the diffusion properties of analytes in ILs under relevant operating conditions, including micro-confinement dimension and temperature, should be known. For example, separation efficiencies for various IL-based microextraction techniques are dependent on the sample volume and temperature. Temperature-dependent (20-100 °C) fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was utilized to determine the diffusion properties of a zwitterionic, hydrophilic dye, ATTO 647, in alkylimidazolium chloride ILs in micro-confined geometries. These micro-confined geometries were generated by sandwiching the IL between glass substrates that were separated by ∼1 to 100 μm. From the measured temperature-dependent FRAP data, we note alkyl chain length-, thickness-, and temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients, with values ranging from 0.021 to 46 μm2/s. Deviations from Brownian diffusion are observed at lower temperatures and increasingly less so at elevated temperatures; the differences are attributed to alterations in intermolecular interactions that reduce temperature-dependent nanoscale structural heterogeneities. The temperature- and thickness-dependent data provide a useful foundation for efficient design of micro-confined IL separation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Stephens
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Hayley P Masching
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Mohammad K I Walid
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Jacob W Petrich
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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2
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Boranna R, Vishwaraj NP, Pahal S, Nataraj CT, Jagannath RPK, Nanjunda SB, Prashanth GR. “Fast‐Dip Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐assembly of Polyelectrolytes as Low‐cost Biosensing Platform”. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakshith Boranna
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Goa Goa 403401 India
| | - Naik Parrikar Vishwaraj
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Goa Goa 403401 India
| | - Suman Pahal
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru Karnataka 560012 India
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem) Bengaluru Karnataka 560065 India
| | - Chandrika Thondagere Nataraj
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Siddaganga Institute of Technology Tumkuru Karnataka 572103 India
| | | | - Shivananju Bannur Nanjunda
- Department of Electrical Engineering Centre of Excellence in Biochemical Sensing and Imaging Technologies (Cen‐Bio‐SIm) Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu 600036 India
| | - Gurusiddappa R. Prashanth
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Goa Goa 403401 India
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3
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Pahal S, Boranna R, Prashanth GR, Varma MM. Simplifying Molecular Transport in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Thin Films. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pahal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem) Bengaluru Karnataka 560065 India
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Rakshith Boranna
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Goa Farmagudi Ponda Goa 403401 India
| | - Gurusiddappa R. Prashanth
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Goa Farmagudi Ponda Goa 403401 India
| | - Manoj M. Varma
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru Karnataka 560012 India
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4
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Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films Based on Natural Polymers: From Fundamentals to Bio-Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142254. [PMID: 34301010 PMCID: PMC8309355 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polymers are of great interest in the biomedical field due to their intrinsic properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of natural polymers is a versatile, simple, efficient, reproducible, and flexible bottom-up technique for the development of nanostructured materials in a controlled manner. The multiple morphological and structural advantages of LbL compared to traditional coating methods (i.e., precise control over the thickness and compositions at the nanoscale, simplicity, versatility, suitability, and flexibility to coat surfaces with irregular shapes and sizes), make LbL one of the most useful techniques for building up advanced multilayer polymer structures for application in several fields, e.g., biomedicine, energy, and optics. This review article collects the main advances concerning multilayer assembly of natural polymers employing the most used LbL techniques (i.e., dipping, spray, and spin coating) leading to multilayer polymer structures and the influence of several variables (i.e., pH, molar mass, and method of preparation) in this LbL assembly process. Finally, the employment of these multilayer biopolymer films as platforms for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and thermal therapies will be discussed.
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5
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Kienle DF, Schwartz DK. Single molecule characterization of anomalous transport in a thin, anisotropic film. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338331. [PMID: 33736806 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion of small, charged molecules incorporated in an anisotropic polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) was tracked in three dimensions by combining single-molecule fluorescence localization (to characterize lateral diffusion) with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between diffusing molecules and the supporting surface (to measure diffusion in the surface-normal direction). Analysis of the surface-normal diffusion required model-based statistical analysis to account for the inherently noisy FRET signal. Combining these distinct single-molecule methods, which are inherently sensitive to different length-scales, permitted simultaneous characterization of severely anisotropic diffusion, which was more than three orders of magnitude slower in the surface-normal direction. We hypothesize that the anomalously slow surface-normal diffusion was related to the periodic distribution of charge in the PEM, which created electrostatic barriers. The motion was strongly subdiffusive, with anomalous temporal scaling exponents in lateral and normal directions, suggesting a connection to the transient, random fractal conformation of polymer chains in the film's matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Kienle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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6
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Campbell J, Vikulina AS. Layer-By-Layer Assemblies of Biopolymers: Build-Up, Mechanical Stability and Molecular Dynamics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1949. [PMID: 32872246 PMCID: PMC7564420 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development of versatile layer-by-layer technology has resulted in important breakthroughs in the understanding of the nature of molecular interactions in multilayer assemblies made of polyelectrolytes. Nowadays, polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) are considered to be non-equilibrium and highly dynamic structures. High interest in biomedical applications of PEMs has attracted attention to PEMs made of biopolymers. Recent studies suggest that biopolymer dynamics determines the fate and the properties of such PEMs; however, deciphering, predicting and controlling the dynamics of polymers remains a challenge. This review brings together the up-to-date knowledge of the role of molecular dynamics in multilayers assembled from biopolymers. We discuss how molecular dynamics determines the properties of these PEMs from the nano to the macro scale, focusing on its role in PEM formation and non-enzymatic degradation. We summarize the factors allowing the control of molecular dynamics within PEMs, and therefore to tailor polymer multilayers on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Campbell
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Anna S. Vikulina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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7
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Cifuentes SJ, Priyadarshani P, Castilla-Casadiego DA, Mortensen LJ, Almodóvar J, Domenech M. Heparin/collagen surface coatings modulate the growth, secretome, and morphology of human mesenchymal stromal cell response to interferon-gamma. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:951-965. [PMID: 32786025 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of human mesenchymal stromal cells (h-MSC) is dependent on the viability and secretory capacity of cells both modulated by the culture environment. Our previous studies introduced heparin and collagen I (HEP/COL) alternating stacked layers as a potential substrate to enhance the secretion of immunosuppressive factors of h-MSCs. Herein, we examined the impact of HEP/COL multilayers on the growth, morphology, and secretome of bone marrow and adipose-derived h-MSCs. The physicochemical properties and stability of the HEP/COL coatings were confirmed at 0 and 30 days. Cell growth was examined using cell culture media supplemented with 2 and 10% serum for 5 days. Results showed that HEP/COL multilayers supported h-MSC growth in 2% serum at levels equivalent to 10% serum. COL and HEP as single component coatings had limited impact on cell growth. Senescent studies performed over three sequential passages showed that HEP/COL multilayers did not impair the replicative capacity of h-MSCs. Examination of 27 cytokines showed significant enhancements in eight factors, including intracellular indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, on HEP/COL multilayers when stimulated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Image-based analysis of cell micrographs showed that serum influences h-MSC morphology; however, HEP-ended multilayers generated distinct morphological changes in response to IFN-γ, suggesting an optical detectable assessment of h-MSCs immunosuppressive potency. This study supports HEP/COL multilayers as a culture substrate for undifferentiated h-MSCs cultured in reduced serum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said J Cifuentes
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Priyanka Priyadarshani
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Luke J Mortensen
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jorge Almodóvar
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Maribella Domenech
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, USA
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8
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Wang J, Xue Y, Chen X, Hu M, Ren K, Ji J. Humidity-Triggered Relaxation of Polyelectrolyte Complexes as a Robust Approach to Generate Extracellular Matrix Biomimetic Films. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000381. [PMID: 32548925 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Generating a biofunctional film that can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) in an efficient and robust technique that may have great potential for medical devices, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicines. Herein, a facile approach to generate ECM biomimetic films based on the humidity-triggered relaxation of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) nanoparticles is reported. The poly(l-lysine) and hyaluronan are precomplexed and sprayed onto a substrate, which, via a trigger of vaporous water, can be transformed into an even and stable film. The spontaneous polymer chain interfusion (diffusion coefficient ≈1.01 × 10-9 cm2 s-1 ) under saturated humidity, allowing for the rapid reorganization (within 30 min) of film morphology and structure is demonstrated. A controllable and scalable way for the loading of diversified bioactive agents, as well as on-demand modulation of stiffness is further presented. Moreover, the high-throughput arrays and programmed patterns can be easily completed, suggesting huge potentials that surpass those of state-of-the-art methods. Combined with high efficiency and flexible functionalization, it is believed that this approach should be beneficial for extending the practical applications of PEC films, such as medical implants, chip detectors, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yun‐Fan Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Xia‐Chao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Mi Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Ke‐Feng Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
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9
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Lappan U, Rau C, Naas C, Scheler U. Odd–Even Effect on Rotational Dynamics of Spin-Labeled Polyacid Chain Segments in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cindy Rau
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carolin Naas
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Scheler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Kienle DF, Schwartz DK. Complex Salt Dependence of Polymer Diffusion in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:987-992. [PMID: 30768907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) have significant potential in many technologies, yet the dynamics of the constituent polymer chains remains poorly understood. We used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to observe microscopic single-molecule transport of fluorescently labeled poly-l-lysine (PLL) diffusing within the bulk of a PEM composed of PLL and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) when exposed to NaCl solutions ranging in concentration from 0 to 2 M. Statistical analysis of PLL trajectories revealed motion that was nonergodic, subdiffusive, and temporally anticorrelated under all conditions. In contrast with previous macroscopic measurements of polymer diffusion within PEMs, the microscopic diffusion was 2-3 orders of magnitude faster and varied nonmonotonically with salt concentration in a way that was similar to trends previously associated with PEM swelling and viscoelastic properties. This trend in the anomalous diffusion was attributed to complex salt-dependent changes in the viscoelastic properties of the film that balanced intermolecular binding and molecular conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Kienle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
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11
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Prakash P, Pahal S, Varma M. Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching in Ultrathin Polymer Films. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praneet Prakash
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Suman Pahal
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Manoj Varma
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
- Robert Bosch Centre for Cyber Physical Systems; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
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12
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Sustr D, Hlaváček A, Duschl C, Volodkin D. Multi-Fractional Analysis of Molecular Diffusion in Polymer Multilayers by FRAP: A New Simulation-Based Approach. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1323-1333. [PMID: 29257689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis of the multifractional molecular diffusion provides a deeper understanding of the diffusion phenomenon in the fields of material science, molecular and cell biology, advanced biomaterials, etc. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is commonly employed to probe the molecular diffusion. Despite FRAP being a very popular method, it is not easy to assess multifractional molecular diffusion due to limited possibilities of approaches for analysis. Here we present a novel simulation-optimization-based approach (S-approach) that significantly broadens possibilities of the analysis. In the S-approach, possible fluorescence recovery scenarios are primarily simulated and afterward compared with a real measurement while optimizing parameters of a model until a sufficient match is achieved. This makes it possible to reveal multifractional molecular diffusion. Fluorescent latex particles of different size and fluorescein isothiocyanate in an aqueous medium were utilized as test systems. Finally, the S-approach has been used to evaluate diffusion of cytochrome c loaded into multilayers made of hyaluronan and polylysine. Software for evaluation of multifractional molecular diffusion by S-approach has been developed aiming to offer maximal versatility and user-friendly way for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sustr
- Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (Fraunhofer IZI) , Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , v. v. i., Veveří 97, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Claus Duschl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (Fraunhofer IZI) , Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dmitry Volodkin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (Fraunhofer IZI) , Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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13
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Fares HM, Schlenoff JB. Diffusion of Sites versus Polymers in Polyelectrolyte Complexes and Multilayers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14656-14667. [PMID: 28981268 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has long been assumed that the spontaneous formation of materials such as complexes and multilayers from charged polymers depends on (inter)diffusion of these polyelectrolytes. Here, we separately examine the mass transport of polymer molecules and extrinsic sites-charged polyelectrolyte repeat units balanced by counterions-within thin films of polyelectrolyte complex, PEC, using sensitive isotopic labeling techniques. The apparent diffusion coefficients of these sites within PEC films of poly(diallyldimethylammonium), PDADMA, and poly(styrenesulfonate), PSS, are at least 2 orders of magnitude faster than the diffusion of polyelectrolytes themselves. This is because site diffusion requires only local rearrangements of polyelectrolyte repeat units, placing far fewer kinetic limitations on the assembly of polyelectrolyte complexes in all of their forms. Site diffusion strongly depends on the salt concentration (ionic strength) of the environment, and diffusion of PDADMA sites is faster than that of PSS sites, accounting for the asymmetric nature of multilayer growth. Site diffusion is responsible for multilayer growth in the linear and into the exponential regimes, which explains how PDADMA can mysteriously "pass through" layers of PSS. Using quantitative relationships between site diffusion coefficient and salt concentration, conditions were identified that allowed the diffusion length to always exceed the film thickness, leading to full exponential growth over 3 orders of magnitude thickness. Both site and polymer diffusion were independent of molecular weight, suggesting that ion pairing density is a limiting factor. Polyelectrolyte complexes are examples of a broader class of dynamic bulk polymeric materials that (self-) assemble via the transport of cross-links or defects rather than actual molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi M Fares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Joseph B Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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14
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Velk N, Uhlig K, Vikulina A, Duschl C, Volodkin D. Mobility of lysozyme in poly(l-lysine)/hyaluronic acid multilayer films. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 147:343-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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16
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Limem S, Calvert P. Diffusion properties of inkjet printed ionic self-assembling polyelectrolyte hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4569-4576. [PMID: 26417449 PMCID: PMC4582597 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, Crank's model was used to characterize solute transport in inkjet printed polyelectrolyte gels. The diffusion of a small charged molecule (fluorescein), various size linear uncharged molecules (dextrans), and a globular protein (albumin) in printed PSS-PDDA with near stoichiometric composition happened respectively at about 10-8, 10-9, and 10-10 cm2/sec. Polyelectrolyte complexes printed with non-stoichiometric ratios were found to be non-equilibrium structures consisting of three populations of polymer chains: fully complexed chains, chains in partial electrostatic interaction with the complex, and chains in excess having minimal interaction with the complex. This structure may be multiple phases. The applicability of hydrodynamic and free volume models to describe transport in printed polyelectrolyte gels was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Limem
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA - USA
| | - Paul Calvert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM - USA. Tel: 575.835.5210;
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17
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Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayer films are a versatile functionalization method of surfaces and rely on the alternated adsorption of oppositely charged species. Among such species, charged dyes can also be alternated with oppositely charged polymers, which is challenging from a fundamental point of view, because polyelectrolytes require a minimal number of charges, whereas even monovalent dyes can be incorporated during the alternated adsorption process. We will not only focus on organic dyes but also on their inorganic counterparts and on metal complexes. Such films offer plenty of possible applications in dye sensitized solar cells. In addition, dyes are massively used in the textile industry and in histology to stain textile fibers or tissues. However, the excess of non bound dyes poses serious environmental problems. It is hence of the highest interest to design materials able to adsorb such dyes in an almost irreversible manner. Polyelectrolyte multilayer films, owing to their ion exchange behavior can be useful for such a task allowing for impressive overconcentration of dyes with respect to the dye in solution. The actual state of knowledge of the interactions between charged dyes and adsorbed polyelectrolytes is the focus of this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ball
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg Cédex 67085, France; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-3-90-24-32-58; Fax: +33-3-90-24-33-79
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg 67000, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg 67000, France
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18
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Vogt C, Ball V, Mutterer J, Schaaf P, Voegel JC, Senger B, Lavalle P. Mobility of Proteins in Highly Hydrated Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5269-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300028v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Vogt
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie
Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Ball
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie
Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,
67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, UPR 22, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Claude Voegel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie
Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Senger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie
Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie
Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l’Hôpital,
67000 Strasbourg, France
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19
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Michel M, Toniazzo V, Ruch D, Ball V. Deposition Mechanisms in Layer-by-Layer or Step-by-Step Deposition Methods: From Elastic and Impermeable Films to Soft Membranes with Ion Exchange Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/701695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The modification of solid-liquid interfaces with polyelectrolyte multilayer films appears as a versatile tool to confer new functionalities to surfaces in environmentally friendly conditions. Indeed such films are deposited by alternate dipping of the substrates in aqueous solutions containing the interacting species or spraying these solutions on the surface of the substrate. Spin coating is more and more used to produce similar films. The aim of this short review article is to provide an unifying picture about the deposition mechanisms of polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Often those films are described as growing either in a linear or in a supralinear growth regime with the number of deposited “layer pairs”. The growth regime of PEM films can be controlled by operational parameters like the temperature or the ionic strength of the used solutions. The control over the growth regime of the films as a function of the number of deposition steps allows to control their functional properties: either hard and impermeable films in the case of linear growth or soft and permeable films in the case of supralinear growth. Such different properties can be obtained with a given combination of interacting species by changing the operational parameters during the film deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Michel
- Advanced Materials and Struct Department, Public Research Center Henri Tudor, 66 Rue de Luxembourg, 4002 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Valérie Toniazzo
- Advanced Materials and Struct Department, Public Research Center Henri Tudor, 66 Rue de Luxembourg, 4002 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - David Ruch
- Advanced Materials and Struct Department, Public Research Center Henri Tudor, 66 Rue de Luxembourg, 4002 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Ball
- Advanced Materials and Struct Department, Public Research Center Henri Tudor, 66 Rue de Luxembourg, 4002 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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20
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Influence of the nature of the polycation on the adsorption kinetics and on exchange processes in polyelectrolyte multilayer films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 366:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Bechler SL, Lynn DM. Design and Synthesis of a Fluorescently End-Labeled Poly(β-amino ester): Application to the Characterization of Degradable Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2011; 49:1572-1581. [PMID: 21666772 PMCID: PMC3110734 DOI: 10.1002/pola.24578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a fluorescently end-labeled analog of a synthetic and degradable cationic poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE; polymer 1) used in past studies for the delivery of DNA and the layer-by-layer assembly of erodible polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). The synthesis of an analog of polymer 1 having acrylate functionalized end groups provided a platform for the introduction of fluorescent labels by post-polymerization conjugate addition of amine-functionalized fluorophores. This approach enabled the synthesis of fluorescently end-labeled polymer (polymer 1(FL)) with molecular weights and polydispersities (M(n) = 18,000; PDI ~1.8) similar to those used in past studies for the fabrication of PEMs using polymer 1. Layer-by-layer assembly of PEMs using polymer 1(FL) and poly(styrene sulfonate) enabled characterization of film erosion and, for the first time, direct observation of the release of cationic polymer from these assemblies using fluorescence microscopy and fluorometry. Our results shed new light on the behaviors of the cationic components of these PEMs and could prove useful for the design of thin films for a range of different controlled release applications. Our results also provide new fluorescent cationic polymer probes that could be useful for characterization of the behaviors of PBAEs in other fundamental or applied biotechnological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane L. Bechler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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22
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Shen L, Chaudouet P, Ji J, Picart C. pH-Amplified Multilayer Films Based on Hyaluronan: Influence of HA Molecular Weight and Concentration on Film Growth and Stability. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1322-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Chaudouet
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Catherine Picart
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
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23
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Lavalle P, Voegel JC, Vautier D, Senger B, Schaaf P, Ball V. Dynamic aspects of films prepared by a sequential deposition of species: perspectives for smart and responsive materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1191-221. [PMID: 21264957 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of surface coatings using a step-by-step approach from mutually interacting species allows the fabrication of so called "multilayered films". These coatings are very versatile and easy to produce in environmentally friendly conditions, mostly from aqueous solution. They find more and more applications in many hot topic areas, such as in biomaterials and nanoelectronics but also in stimuli-responsive films. We aim to review the most recent developments in such stimuli-responsive coatings based on layer-by-layer (LBL) depositions in relationship to the properties of these coatings. The most investigated stimuli are based on changes in ionic strength, temperature, exposure to light, and mechanical forces. The possibility to induce a transition from linear to exponential growth in thickness and to change the charge compensation from "intrinsic" to "extrinsic" by controlling parameters such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength are the ways to confer their responsiveness to the films. Chemical post-modifications also allow to significantly modify the film properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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24
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Crouzier T, Boudou T, Picart C. Polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte multilayers. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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25
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Kim YH, Lee YM, Park J, Ko MJ, Park JH, Jung W, Yoo PJ. Spontaneous surface flattening via layer-by-layer assembly of interdiffusing polyelectrolyte multilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17756-17763. [PMID: 20883048 DOI: 10.1021/la103282m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile means to achieve planarization of nonflat or patterned surfaces by utilizing the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of highly diffusive polyelectrolytes. The polyelectrolyte pair of linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is known to maintain intrinsic diffusive mobility atop or even inside ionically complexed films prepared by LbL deposition. Under highly hydrated and swollen conditions during the sequential film buildup process, the LbL-assembled film of LPEI/PAA undergoes a topological self-deformation for minimizing surface area to satisfy the minimum-energy state of the surface, which eventually induces surface planarization along with spontaneous filling of surface textures or nonflat structures. This result is clearly different from other cases of applying nondiffusive polyelectrolytes onto patterned surfaces or confined structures, wherein surface roughening or incomplete filling is developed with the LbL assembly. Therefore, the approach proposed in this study can readily allow for surface planarization with the deposition of a relatively thin layer of polyelectrolyte multilayers. In addition, this strategy of planarization was extended to the surface modification of an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate, where surface smoothing and enhanced optical transmittance were obtained without sacrificing the electronic conductivity. Furthermore, we investigated the potential applicability of surface-treated ITO substrates as photoelectrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells prepared at room temperature. As a result, an enhanced photoconversion efficiency and improved device characteristics were obtained because of the synergistic role of polyelectrolyte deposition in improving the optical properties and acting as a blocking layer to prevent electron recombination with the electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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26
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Fredin NJ, Flessner RM, Jewell CM, Bechler SL, Buck ME, Lynn DM. Characterization of nanoscale transformations in polyelectrolyte multilayers fabricated from plasmid DNA using laser scanning confocal microscopy in combination with atomic force microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:834-44. [PMID: 20155860 PMCID: PMC2889202 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize changes in nanoscale structure that occur when ultrathin polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are incubated in aqueous media. The PEMs investigated here were fabricated by the deposition of alternating layers of plasmid DNA and a hydrolytically degradable polyamine onto a precursor film composed of alternating layers of linear poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (SPS). Past studies of these materials in the context of gene delivery revealed transformations from a morphology that is smooth and uniform to one characterized by the formation of nanometer-scale particulate structures. We demonstrate that in-plane registration of LSCM and AFM images acquired from the same locations of films fabricated using fluorescently labeled polyelectrolytes allows the spatial distribution of individual polyelectrolyte species to be determined relative to the locations of topographic features that form during this transformation. Our results suggest that this physical transformation leads to a morphology consisting of a relatively less disturbed portion of film composed of polyamine and DNA juxtaposed over an array of particulate structures composed predominantly of LPEI and SPS. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis provides additional support for this interpretation. The combination of these different microscopy techniques provides insight into the structures and dynamics of these multicomponent thin films that cannot be achieved using any one method alone, and could prove useful for the further development of these assemblies as platforms for the surface-mediated delivery of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Fredin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ryan M. Flessner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Shane L. Bechler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Maren E. Buck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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27
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Boudou T, Crouzier T, Ren K, Blin G, Picart C. Multiple functionalities of polyelectrolyte multilayer films: new biomedical applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:441-67. [PMID: 20217734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The design of advanced functional materials with nanometer- and micrometer-scale control over their properties is of considerable interest for both fundamental and applied studies because of the many potential applications for these materials in the fields of biomedical materials, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. The layer-by-layer deposition technique introduced in the early 1990s by Decher, Moehwald, and Lvov is a versatile technique, which has attracted an increasing number of researchers in recent years due to its wide range of advantages for biomedical applications: ease of preparation under "mild" conditions compatible with physiological media, capability of incorporating bioactive molecules, extra-cellular matrix components and biopolymers in the films, tunable mechanical properties, and spatio-temporal control over film organization. The last few years have seen a significant increase in reports exploring the possibilities offered by diffusing molecules into films to control their internal structures or design "reservoirs," as well as control their mechanical properties. Such properties, associated with the chemical properties of films, are particularly important for designing biomedical devices that contain bioactive molecules. In this review, we highlight recent work on designing and controlling film properties at the nanometer and micrometer scales with a view to developing new biomaterial coatings, tissue engineered constructs that could mimic in vivo cellular microenvironments, and stem cell "niches."
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boudou
- Grenoble-INP, LMGP-MINATEC, CNRS UMR 5628 3, Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
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28
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Boudou T, Crouzier T, Auzély-Velty R, Glinel K, Picart C. Internal composition versus the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte multilayer films: the influence of chemical cross-linking. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13809-13819. [PMID: 20560550 DOI: 10.1021/la9018663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Different types of polyelectrolyte multilayer films composed of poly(L-lysine)/hyaluronan (PLL/HA), chitosan/hyaluronan (CHI/HA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(L-glutamic acid) (PAH/PGA) have been investigated for their internal composition, including water content, ion pairing, and ability to be covalently cross-linked, as well as for their mechanical properties. Film buildup under physiological conditions was monitored by the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), which allows unambiguous quantification of the different groups present in the polyelectrolytes. (PAH/PGA) films emerged as the most dense films with the lowest hydration (29%) and the highest COO(-) molar density. In addition, PAH is greatly in excess in these films (3 PAH monomers per PGA monomer). The formation of amide bonds during film cross-linking using the water-soluble carbodiimide EDC was also investigated. All of the films could be cross-linked in a tunable manner, but PAH/PGA exhibited the highest absolute number of amide bonds created, approximately 7 times more than for (PLL/HA) and (CHI/HA) films. The Young's modulus E of the films measured by AFM nanoindentation was shown to vary over 1 to 2 orders of magnitude for the different systems. Interestingly, a linear relationship between E and the density of the covalent cross-links created was observed for (PLL/HA) and (CHI/HA) films whereas (PGA/PAH) films exhibited biphasic behavior. The mean distance between covalent cross-links was estimated to be approximately 11 nm for (PLL/HA) and (CHI/HA) films and only approximately 6 nm for (PAH/PGA) films for the maximum EDC concentration tested (100 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boudou
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
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29
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Crouzier T, Picart C. Ion Pairing and Hydration in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films Containing Polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:433-42. [DOI: 10.1021/bm8012378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Crouzier
- Université de Montpellier 2, CNRS UMR 5539, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- Université de Montpellier 2, CNRS UMR 5539, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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30
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Pinte J, Joly C, Plé K, Dole P, Feigenbaum A. Proposal of a set of model polymer additives designed for confocal FRAP diffusion experiments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10003-10011. [PMID: 18928296 DOI: 10.1021/jf802166e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The migration of additives from food packaging to food stuffs is kinetically governed by the diffusion coefficient (D) of the additive within the polymer. Food safety authorities have recently allowed the use of mathematical models to predict D, with the additive molecular weight as a single entry parameter. Such models require experimental values to feed the databases, but these values are often scattered. To deal with this issue, a fluorescent chemically homologous series of model additives was synthesized with molecular weights (MW) ranging from 236 g.mol (-1) to 1120 g.mol (-1). This set was then used to collect diffusion coefficients D through confocal fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). This microscopic technique allows in situ packaging micro migration tests. The FRAP method was tested against results from the literature before being applied to two different model polystyrenes in a preliminary study to investigate the relationship D = f(MW). Our intermediate objective was to compare various experimental D = f(MW) from our method with predictions from other mathematical or semiempirical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Pinte
- UMR FARE (INRA-URCA), Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51867 Reims Cedex, France
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31
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Jourdainne L, Lecuyer S, Arntz Y, Picart C, Schaaf P, Senger B, Voegel JC, Lavalle P, Charitat T. Dynamics of poly(L-lysine) in hyaluronic acid/poly(L-lysine) multilayer films studied by fluorescence recovery after pattern photobleaching. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7842-7. [PMID: 18582004 DOI: 10.1021/la7040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Poly( L-lysine) (PLL)/hyaluronic acid (HA) multilayers are films whose thickness increases exponentially with the number of deposition steps. Such a growth process was attributed to the diffusion, in and out of the whole film, of at least one of the polyelectrolytes constituting the film. In the case of PLL/HA, PLL is known to be the diffusing species. In order to better understand the growth mechanism of such films, it is of primary importance to well characterize the diffusion process of the polyelectrolytes in the multilayer. This process is studied here by fluorescence recovery after pattern photobleaching. We show that the diffusion behavior is different when we consider either PLL chains that are deposited on top of the film or PLL chains embedded in the film, even below only one HA layer. For chains that are embedded, we find two populations: a mobile one with a diffusion coefficient, D, of the order of 0.1 microm(2) x s(-1) and a population that appears immobile ( D < 0.001 microm(2) x s(-1)). For chains deposited on top of the multilayer, a third population appears which is rapidly diffusing ( D congruent with 1 microm(2) x s(-1)). These results confirm the validity of the model generally accepted for the exponential growth process and in particular the existence of up to three subgroups of PLL chains from the point of view of their diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Jourdainne
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM, Unite 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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32
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Yoo PJ, Zacharia NS, Doh J, Nam KT, Belcher AM, Hammond PT. Controlling surface mobility in interdiffusing polyelectrolyte multilayers. ACS NANO 2008; 2:561-571. [PMID: 19206583 DOI: 10.1021/nn700404y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of interdiffusion of polyelectrolytes during electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly has been extensively investigated in the past few years owing to the intriguing scientific questions that it poses and the technological impact of interdiffusion on the promising area of electrostatic assembly processes. In particular, interdiffusion can greatly affect the final morphology and structure of the desired thin films, including the efficacy and function of thin film devices created using these techniques. Although there have been several studies on the mechanism of film growth, little is known about the origin and controlling factors of interdiffusion phenomena. Here, we demonstrate a simple but robust method of observing the process of polyelectrolyte interdiffusion by adsorbing charged viruses onto the surface of polyelectrolyte multilayers. The surface mobility of the underlying polycation enables the close-packing of viruses adsorbed electrostatically to the film so as to achieve a highly packed structure. The ordering of viruses can be controlled by the manipulation of the deposition pH of the underlying polyelectrolyte multilayers, which ultimately controls the thickness of each layer, effective ionic cross-link density of the film, and the surface charge density of the top surface. Characterization of the films assembled at different pH values were carried out to confirm that increased quantities of the mobile polycation LPEI incorporated at higher pH adsorption conditions are responsible for the ordered assembly of viruses. The surface mobility of viruses atop the underlying polyelectrolyte multilayers was determined using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique, which leads to estimate of the diffusion coefficient on the order of 0.1 microm(2)/sec for FITC-labeled viruses assembled on polyelectrolyte multilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil J Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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33
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Mertz D, Hemmerlé J, Boulmedais F, Voegel JC, Lavalle P, Schaaf P. Polyelectrolyte multilayer films under mechanical stretch. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:1413-1420. [PMID: 32900122 DOI: 10.1039/b710305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers can be used to design films which respond to mechanical stimuli. The behaviors of three different polyelectrolyte multilayers deposited onto silicone sheets were investigated: PAH/PSS, PDADMA/PSS and PLL/HA films [PAH: poly(allylamine); PSS: poly(styrene sulfonate); PDADMA: poly(diallyldimethylammonium); PLL: poly(-lysine); HA: hyaluronic acid]. While (PLL/HA) and (PDADMA/PSS) multilayers remain undamaged under stretch, (PAH/PSS) films are very brittle and cracks are formed for low elongation degrees. PAH/PSS films behave more like glasses whereas (PLL/HA) and (PDADMA/PSS) multilayers behave rather as gels. (PSS/PAH) and (PSS/PDADMA) multilayers were also deposited as a capping and impermeable layer on top of a (PLL/HA) multilayer acting as a compartment. Whereas (PSS/PAH) barriers exhibit large micrometric cracks under stretch, (PSS/PDADMA) barriers open through nanopore formation for a given stretching degree. When these films are brought back to the non-stretched state, the nanopores close and the barrier becomes tight again. In the case of (PSS/PAH) barriers, only a partial tightening is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Mertz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France. and Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph Hemmerlé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France. and Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fouzia Boulmedais
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Claude Voegel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France. and Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France. and Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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34
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Nazaran P, Bosio V, Jaeger W, Anghel DF, Klitzing RV. Lateral Mobility of Polyelectrolyte Chains in Multilayers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:8572-81. [PMID: 17461569 DOI: 10.1021/jp068768e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the lateral mobility of polyelectrolyte multilayers was investigated by means of the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique, with special attention to the effect of relevant parameters during and after preparation. Different polyelectrolytes with respect to charge density, stiffness, and hydrophilicity were compared. From the experimental results emerged that the density of charged sites along the polymer is the most important parameter controlling the formation of polymer complexes. At higher charge density, more complexes are formed, and the diffusion coefficient decreases. It was observed that the intrinsic backbone stiffness reduces the interpenetration of polyelectrolyte layers and the formation of complexes promoting the lateral mobility. In addition, the lateral mobility increases with increasing ionic strength and with decreasing hydration shell of the added anion in the polyelectrolyte solution. The effect of heating or annealing in electrolyte solution after preparation was also investigated along with the embedding of the probing layer at controlled distances to the multilayer surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nazaran
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin
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Jourdainne L, Arntz Y, Senger B, Debry C, Voegel JC, Schaaf P, Lavalle P. Multiple Strata of Exponentially Growing Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062201e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Jourdainne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hautepierre Hospital, Avenue Molière, BP49 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Youri Arntz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hautepierre Hospital, Avenue Molière, BP49 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Senger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hautepierre Hospital, Avenue Molière, BP49 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Christian Debry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hautepierre Hospital, Avenue Molière, BP49 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Claude Voegel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hautepierre Hospital, Avenue Molière, BP49 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hautepierre Hospital, Avenue Molière, BP49 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 595, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France, and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hautepierre Hospital, Avenue Molière, BP49 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Porcel C, Lavalle P, Ball V, Decher G, Senger B, Voegel JC, Schaaf P. From exponential to linear growth in polyelectrolyte multilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:4376-83. [PMID: 16618190 DOI: 10.1021/la053218d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There exist two types of polyelectrolyte multilayers: those whose thickness increases linearly with the number of deposition steps, which are nicely structured, and those whose thickness increases exponentially, which resembles hydrogels. This simple picture has recently slightly evolved with the finding that some exponentially growing films enter into a linear growth phase after a certain number of deposition steps. In this study, we investigate the buildup process of hyaluronic acid/poly(L-lysine) (HA/PLL) multilayers that constitute one of the best known exponentially growing systems. The films are built by using two deposition methods: the well-known dipping method and the more recent spraying method where the polyelectrolyte solutions are sprayed alternately onto a vertical substrate. The goal of this study is twofold. First, we investigate the influence of the main parameters (i.e., spraying rate and spraying time) of the spraying method on the film growth process. We find that, as for the dipping method, the film thickness first evolves exponentially with the number of deposition steps, and after a given number of deposition steps, it follows a linear evolution. We find that similar behavior is observed with the dipping method. Second, because the spraying method allows the very fine variation of the different parameters of the buildup, we use this method to investigate the exponential-to-linear transition. We find that this transition always takes place after about 12 deposition steps whatever the values of the parameters controlling the deposition process. We discuss our results in light of a model proposed by Hübsch et al. (Hübsch, E.; Ball, V.; Senger, B.; Decher, G.; Voegel, J. C.; Schaaf, P. Langmuir 2004, 20, 1980-1985) and later by Salomäki et al. (Salomäki, M.; Vinokurov, I. A.; Kankare, J. Langmuir 2005, 21, 11232-11240) in which it is assumed that the exponential-to-linear transition is due to a film restructuring that progressively forbids the diffusion of one of the polyelectrolytes constituting the film over part of the film. This "forbidden" zone then grows with the number of deposition steps so that the outer zone of the film that is still concerned with diffusion keeps a constant thickness and moves upward as the total film thickness increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Porcel
- Institut Charles Sadron, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Louis Pasteur, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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