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Weber A, Zbiral B, Iturri J, Benitez R, Toca-Herrera JL. Measuring (biological) materials mechanics with atomic force microscopy. 2. Influence of the loading rate and applied force (colloidal particles). Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:1078-1088. [PMID: 33179834 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the most often used tool to study the mechanical properties of eukaryotic cells. Due to their complex assembly, cells show viscoelastic properties. When performing experiments, one has to consider the influence of both loading rate and maximum load on the measured mechanical properties. Here, we employed colloidal particles of various sizes (from 2 to 20 μm diameter) to perform force spectroscopy measurements on endothelial cells at loading rates varying from 0.1 to 50 μm/s, and maximum loads ranging from 1 to 25 nN. We were able to determine the non-linear dependence of cell viscoelastic properties on the loading rate which followed a weak power law. In addition, we show that previous loading at high forces leads to a stiffening of cells. Based on these results we discuss a road map for determining cell mechanical properties using AFM. Finally, this work provides an experimental framework for cell mechanical measurements using force-cycle experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weber
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Zbiral
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jagoba Iturri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rafael Benitez
- Departamento de Matemáticas para la Economía y la Empresa, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Toca-Herrera
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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2
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Hirsch C, Schildknecht S. In Vitro Research Reproducibility: Keeping Up High Standards. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1484. [PMID: 31920667 PMCID: PMC6916005 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Concern regarding the reproducibility of observations in life science research has emerged in recent years, particularly in view of unfavorable experiences with preclinical in vivo research. The use of cell-based systems has increasingly replaced in vivo research and the application of in vitro models enjoys an ever-growing popularity. To avoid repeating past mistakes, high standards of reproducibility and reliability must be established and maintained in the field of in vitro biomedical research. Detailed guidance documenting the appropriate handling of cells has been authored, but was received with quite disparate perception by different branches in biomedical research. In that regard, we intend to raise awareness of the reproducibility issue among scientists in all branches of contemporary life science research and their individual responsibility in this matter. We have herein compiled a selection of the most susceptible steps of everyday in vitro cell culture routines that have the potential to influence cell quality and recommend practices to minimize the likelihood of poor cell quality impairing reproducibility with modest investment of time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Hirsch
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Esfahani AM, Zhao W, Chen JY, Huang C, Xi N, Xi J, Yang R. On the Measurement of Energy Dissipation of Adhered Cells with the Quartz Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10340-10349. [PMID: 30088414 PMCID: PMC6669898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the finding of a linear correlation between the change of energy dissipation (Δ D) of adhered cells measured with the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and the level of focal adhesions of the cells. To account for this correlation, we have developed a theoretical framework for assessing the Δ D-response of adhered cells. We rationalized that the mechanical energy of an oscillating QCM-D sensor coupled with a cell monolayer is dissipated through three main processes: the interfacial friction through the dynamic restructuring (formation and rupture) of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) bonds, the interfacial viscous damping by the liquid trapped between the QCM-D sensor and the basal membrane of the cell layer, and the intracellular viscous damping through the viscous slip between the cytoplasm and stress fibers as well as among stress fibers themselves. Our modeling study shows that the interfacial viscous damping by the trapped liquid is the primary process for energy dissipation during the early stage of the cell adhesion, whereas the dynamic restructuring of cell-ECM bonds becomes more prevalent during the later stage of the cell adhesion. Our modeling study also establishes a positive linear correlation between the Δ D-response and the level of cell adhesion quantified with the number of cell-ECM bonds, which corroborates our previous experimental finding. This correlation with a wide well-defined linear dynamic range provides a much needed theoretical validation of the dissipation monitoring function of the QCM-D as a powerful quantitative analytical tool for cell study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Monemian Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 48824, United States
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 48824, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Changjin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ning Xi
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, HK, China
| | - Jun Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 48824, United States
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Septiadi D, Crippa F, Moore TL, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. Nanoparticle-Cell Interaction: A Cell Mechanics Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704463. [PMID: 29315860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of nanoparticles has enabled the rapid development of multiple products and technologies; however, some nanoparticles can pose both a threat to the environment and human health. To enable their safe implementation, a comprehensive knowledge of nanoparticles and their biological interactions is needed. In vitro and in vivo toxicity tests have been considered the gold standard to evaluate nanoparticle safety, but it is becoming necessary to understand the impact of nanosystems on cell mechanics. Here, the interaction between particles and cells, from the point of view of cell mechanics (i.e., bionanomechanics), is highlighted and put in perspective. Specifically, the ability of intracellular and extracellular nanoparticles to impair cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, stiffness, and migration are discussed. Furthermore, the development of cutting-edge, nanotechnology-driven tools based on the use of particles allowing the determination of cell mechanics is emphasized. These include traction force microscopy, colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic manipulation, and particle tracking microrheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Federica Crippa
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lee Moore
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Rebl H, Finke B, Schroeder K, Nebe JB. Time-Dependent Metabolic Activity and Adhesion of Human Osteoblast-Like Cells on Sensor Chips with a Plasma Polymer Nanolayer. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003301007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To improve orthopedic implant ingrowth, knowledge of the effect of chemical surface modifications on vital cell function in vitro is of importance. Early in our investigations we recognized that amino groups, positively charged via plasma polymerized allylamine, increased cell growth and the actin-filament formation in the initial cell-material contact phase. To gain insight into continuous vital cell behavior on this plasma polymer layer, here we present the metabolic activity of osteoblasts and their time-dependent adhesion using the sensor chip technology. Methods We demonstrate a new method for continuous 24 hour-measurements with vital human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63, ATCC) on sensor chips (Bionas® SC 1000) modified with plasma polymerized allylamine (PPAAm). The PPAAm film deposited on the chip is a cross-linked, strongly fixed plasma polymer with relatively high amino functionality and well defined chemical surface composition. We assessed continuous cell adhesion and the metabolic activity, i.e., oxygen consumption and acidification. Results We determined that adhesion of vital cells on PPAAm is not only enhanced shortly (1 h) after cell seeding but remained continuously higher for 24 h, which is significant. This nanometer-thin PPAAm layer did not change the overall metabolic activity of MG-63 cells during 24 h. Conclusion This tool – using adhesion and metabolic sensor chips – appears to be a suitable method for the recognition of vital cell physiology in biocompatibility measurements of plasma chemical treated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Rebl
- University of Rostock, Biomedical Research Center, Dept. of Cell Biology, Rostock - Germany
| | - Birgit Finke
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V. (INP), Greifswald - Germany
| | - Karsten Schroeder
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V. (INP), Greifswald - Germany
| | - J. Barbara Nebe
- University of Rostock, Biomedical Research Center, Dept. of Cell Biology, Rostock - Germany
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Chen JY, Penn LS, Xi J. Quartz crystal microbalance: Sensing cell-substrate adhesion and beyond. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 99:593-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tateshima S, Kaneko N, Yamada M, Duckwiler G, Vinuela F, Ogawa T. Increased affinity of endothelial cells to NiTi using ultraviolet irradiation: An in vitro study. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:1034-1038. [PMID: 29218785 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-titanium alloy (NiTi) is one of the most popular materials used endovascularly because of its shape memory and superelasticity. The NiTi device needs to be covered by endothelial cells after being placed in the blood vessel to reduce ischemic complications. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the biocompatibility of NiTi surfaces with endothelial cells. NiTi sheets were treated with UV irradiation for 48 h and human aorta derived endothelial cells were used in this study. UV irradiation converted the NiTi surface to hydrophilic state and increased albumin adsorption. The number of endothelial cell migration, attachment, proliferation as well as their metabolic activity were significantly increased on UV treated NiTi. This study provides the first evidence of the photoactivation of NiTi surfaces by UV irradiation and demonstrates improved biocompatibility of UV-treated NiTi surfaces with vascular endothelial cells. These results suggest that UV irradiation may promote endothelialization of NiTi devices in blood vessels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1034-1038, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tateshima
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Naoki Kaneko
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Masahiro Yamada
- Laboratory for Bone and Implant Sciences (LBIS), The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Gary Duckwiler
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fernando Vinuela
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Implant Sciences (LBIS), The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California
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Braet F, Taatjes DJ, Wisse E. Probing the unseen structure and function of liver cells through atomic force microscopy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:13-30. [PMID: 28688930 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the arrival of atomic force microscopy (AFM) about thirty years ago, this new imaging tool opened up a new area for the exploration of biological samples, ranging from the tissue and cellular level down to the supramolecular scale. Commercial instruments of this new imaging technique began to appear in the five years following its discovery in 1986 by Binnig, Quate & Gerber. From that point onwards the AFM has attracted many liver biologists, and the number of publications describing structure-function relationships on the diverse set of liver cells has grown steadily ever since. It is therefore timely to reflect on the achievements of AFM in disclosing the cellular architecture of hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and liver-associated natural killer cells. In this thematic paper, we present new data and provide an in-depth overview of the current AFM literature on liver cell biology. We furthermore include a future outlook on how this scanning probe imaging tool and its latest developments can contribute to clarify various structural and functional aspects of cells in liver health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Braet
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology)-The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre (Cellular Imaging Facility), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA; Microscopy Imaging Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Eddie Wisse
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Division of Nanoscopy, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maastricht, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Prats-Mateu B, Gierlinger N. Tip in-light on: Advantages, challenges, and applications of combining AFM and Raman microscopy on biological samples. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:30-40. [PMID: 27514318 PMCID: PMC5217061 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopies and spectroscopies, especially AFM and Confocal Raman microscopy are powerful tools to characterize biological materials. They are both non-destructive methods and reveal mechanical and chemical properties on the micro and nano-scale. In the last years the interest for increasing the lateral resolution of optical and spectral images has driven the development of new technologies that overcome the diffraction limit of light. The combination of AFM and Raman reaches resolutions of about 50-150 nm in near-field Raman and 1.7-50 nm in tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and both give a molecular information of the sample and the topography of the scanned surface. In this review, the mentioned approaches are introduced, the main advantages and problems for application on biological samples discussed and some examples for successful experiments given. Finally the potential of colocated AFM and Raman measurements is shown on a case study of cellulose-lignin films: the topography structures revealed by AFM can be related to a certain chemistry by the colocated Raman scan and additionally the mechanical properties be revealed by using the digital pulsed force mode. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:30-40, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batirtze Prats-Mateu
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11/II 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11/II 1190, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Iwasa F, Baba K, Ogawa T. Enhanced intracellular signaling pathway in osteoblasts on ultraviolet lighttreated hydrophilic titanium. Biomed Res 2016; 37:1-11. [PMID: 26912135 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.37.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light treatment of titanium immediately prior to use, or photofunctionalization, reactivates the time-dependent degradation of bioactivity of titanium (biological aging of titanium) and increases its osseointegration capacity beyond the inherent maximal level. Although the initial osteoblast attachment is reportedly enhanced on UV-treated titanium surfaces, the detailed mechanism behind the increase in osseointegration is unknown. This study examined the potential modulation of intracellular signaling pathway in osteoblasts on UV-treated titanium surfaces. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were cultured on 4-week-old, new, and UV-treated titanium surfaces. The new and UV-treated surfaces were superhydrophilic, whereas the 4-week-old surface was hydrophobic. Although the rate of protein adsorption was similarly increased on the new and UV-treated surfaces compared with the 4-week-old surface, the number of attached cells and their spreading behavior were further enhanced on the UV-treated surface. This additional enhancement was associated with the remarkably upregulated expression of paxillin and phospho-paxillin and exclusive upregulation of Rho GTPase family genes. This study provides with the first molecular evidence of the enhanced initial behavior of osteoblasts on UV-treated titanium surfaces. The enhancement was accentuated and distinct from the new titanium surface with similar hydrophilicity, suggesting that surface properties other than the level of hydrophilicity are responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Iwasa
- Department of Proshodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University
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11
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Moreno-Cencerrado A, Iturri J, Pecorari I, D M Vivanco M, Sbaizero O, Toca-Herrera JL. Investigating cell-substrate and cell-cell interactions by means of single-cell-probe force spectroscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 80:124-130. [PMID: 27341785 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion forces are typically a mixture of specific and nonspecific cell-substrate and cell-cell interactions. In order to resolve these phenomena, Atomic Force Microscopy appears as a powerful device which can measure cell parameters by means of manipulation of single cells. This method, commonly known as cell-probe force spectroscopy, allows us to control the force applied, the area of interest, the approach/retracting speed, the force rate, and the time of interaction. Here, we developed a novel approach for in situ cantilever cell capturing and measurement of specific cell interactions. In particular, we present a new setup consisting of two different half-surfaces coated either with recrystallized SbpA bacterial cell surface layer proteins (S-layers) or integrin binding Fibronectin, on which MCF-7 breast cancer cells are incubated. The presence of a clear physical boundary between both surfaces benefits for a quick detection of the region under analysis. Thus, quantitative results about SbpA-cell and Fibronectin-cell adhesion forces as a function of the contact time are described. Additionally, the importance of the cell spreading in cell-cell interactions has been studied for surfaces coated with two different Fibronectin concentrations: 20 μg/mL (FN20) and 100 μg/mL (FN100), which impact the number of substrate receptors. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:124-130, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 11, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Jagoba Iturri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 11, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Ilaria Pecorari
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università Degli Studi Di Trieste, via Valerio 6 - 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria D M Vivanco
- Cell Biology and Stem Cells Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Orfeo Sbaizero
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università Degli Studi Di Trieste, via Valerio 6 - 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - José L Toca-Herrera
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 11, Vienna, 1190, Austria
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12
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Pan YT, Smith CE, Kwok KS, Chen J, Kong H, Yang H. Functionalized ultrathin palladium nanosheets as patches for HepG2 cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14171-14174. [PMID: 26264283 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04727g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible, charged Pd nanosheets were prepared by using short chain thiolated carboxylic acids and amines. They could wrap around amine or hydroxyl functionalized micron-sized spheres driven by electrostatic interactions. Upon incubation with HepG2 cells, the positively charged cysteamine (CA) functionalized Pd nanosheets exhibited a much higher cytotoxicity, showing more than 80% cell death at 100 ppm than the negatively charged 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) functionalized ones which caused 30% cell death. The results show through surface functionalization Pd nanosheets can be modified to interact differently with HepG2 cancerous cells, resulting in varied cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tin Pan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 206 Roger Adams Lab, Box C-3, MC-712, 600 South Methews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Cartney E Smith
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 206 Roger Adams Lab, Box C-3, MC-712, 600 South Methews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Kam Sang Kwok
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 206 Roger Adams Lab, Box C-3, MC-712, 600 South Methews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Jinrong Chen
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 206 Roger Adams Lab, Box C-3, MC-712, 600 South Methews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 206 Roger Adams Lab, Box C-3, MC-712, 600 South Methews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Hong Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 206 Roger Adams Lab, Box C-3, MC-712, 600 South Methews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
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13
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Lan H, Wang Y, Yin T, Wang Y, Liu W, Zhang X, Yu Q, Wang Z, Wang G. Progress and prospects of endothelial progenitor cell therapy in coronary stent implantation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:1237-47. [PMID: 26059710 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents (DES) have been widely used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) since their clinical use has significantly reduced the occurrence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) as compared with the initially applied bare-metal stents (BMS). However, analyses of long-term clinical outcome have raised concerns about the serious safety problem of DES, such as ISR caused by late or very late thrombosis. Various studies showed that those complications were associated with vascular endothelial injury/dysfunction or endothelialization delaying. Recently, through biological characterization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), mechanistic understanding of rapid re-endothelialization of the vascular injury sites after coronary stenting has become possible and is a new research hotspot in the prevention of ISR and late/very late stent thrombosis. It has been well recognized that the formation of a functional endothelial layer from EPCs requires a coordinated sequence of multistep and signaling events, which includes cell mobilization, adhesion, migration and finally the differentiation to vascular endothelial cells (VECs). In this review, we summarize and discuss the currently relevant information about EPCs, the mechanism of DES interfering with the natural vascular healing process in preventing or delaying the formation of a functional endothelial layer, and EPCs-mediated acceleration of re-endothelialization at vascular injury sites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1237-1247, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Lan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tieyin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinsong Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Zhaoxu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Benitez R, Toca-herrera JL. Looking at cell mechanics with atomic force microscopy: Experiment and theory. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:947-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Benitez
- Department of Mathematics; University Center of Plasencia, University of Extremadura, Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2; 10600 Plasencia Spain
| | - José. L. Toca-herrera
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 11; 1190 Vienna Austria
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15
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Influence of HepG2 cell shape on nanoparticle uptake. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:560-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Shen Y, Ma Y, Gao M, Lai Y, Wang G, Yu Q, Cui FZ, Liu X. Integrins-FAK-Rho GTPases pathway in endothelial cells sense and response to surface wettability of plasma nanocoatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:5112-5121. [PMID: 23676504 DOI: 10.1021/am400973a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and migration are essential processes in re-endothelialization of implanted biomaterials, which are affected by surface properties of implanted materials such as surface wettability. Our previous study demonstrated that, as model substrates, EC adhesion/migration showed an opposite behavior on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces of plasma SiOx:H nanocoatings. Extending our previous works, the expression and distribution of crucial proteins in integrins-FAK-Rho GTPases signaling pathways were examined, respectively. The results showed that a hydrophilic surface could enhance the expression of focal adhesion protein associated with cell adhesion; however, the hydrophobic surface could improve the expression of Rho GTPases associated with cell migration and phosphorylation level of FAK, revealing the potential reason of surface wettability mediating different cells' adhesion/migration behaviors. These findings reveal the relationship and molecular mechanism of endothelial cell adhesion/migration, which was expected to guide the surface modification of implants for accelerating endothelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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17
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Frost R, Norström E, Bodin L, Langhammer C, Sturve J, Wallin M, Svedhem S. Acoustic detection of melanosome transport in Xenopus laevis melanophores. Anal Biochem 2012; 435:10-8. [PMID: 23262280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Organelle transport studies are often performed using melanophores from lower vertebrates due to the ease of inducing movements of pigment granules (melanosomes) and visualizing them by optical microscopy. Here, we present a novel methodology to monitor melanosome translocation (which is a light-sensitive process) in the dark using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technique. This acoustic sensing method was used to study dispersion and aggregation of melanosomes in Xenopus laevis melanophores. Reversible sensor responses, correlated to optical reflectance measurements, were obtained by alternating addition and removal of melatonin (leading to melanosome aggregation) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) (leading to melanosome dispersion). By confocal microscopy, it was shown that a vertical redistribution of melanosomes occurred during the dispersion/aggregation processes. Furthermore, the transport process was studied in the presence of cytoskeleton-perturbing agents disrupting either actin filaments (latrunculin) or microtubules (nocodazole). Taken together, these experiments suggest that the acoustic responses mainly originate from melanosome transport along actin filaments (located close to the cell membrane), as expected based on the penetration depth of the QCM-D technique. The results clearly indicate the potential of QCM-D for studies of intracellular transport processes in melanophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Frost
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Tymchenko N, Nilebäck E, Voinova MV, Gold J, Kasemo B, Svedhem S. Reversible Changes in Cell Morphology due to Cytoskeletal Rearrangements Measured in Real-Time by QCM-D. Biointerphases 2012; 7:43. [DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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19
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Kasputis T, Pannier AK. The role of surface chemistry-induced cell characteristics on nonviral gene delivery to mouse fibroblasts. J Biol Eng 2012; 6:17. [PMID: 22967455 PMCID: PMC3517526 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene delivery approaches serve as a platform to modify gene expression of a cell population with applications including functional genomics, tissue engineering, and gene therapy. The delivery of exogenous genetic material via nonviral vectors has proven to be less toxic and to cause less of an immune response in comparison to viral vectors, but with decreased efficiency of gene transfer. Attempts have been made to improve nonviral gene transfer efficiency by modifying physicochemical properties of gene delivery vectors as well as developing new delivery techniques. In order to further improve and understand nonviral gene delivery, our approach focuses on the cell-material interface, since materials are known to modulate cell behavior, potentially rendering cells more responsive to nonviral gene transfer. In this study, self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols on gold were employed as model biomaterial interfaces with varying surface chemistries. NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts were seeded on the modified surfaces and transfected using either lipid- or polymer- based complexing agents. Results Transfection was increased in cells on charged hydrophilic surfaces presenting carboxylic acid terminal functional groups, while cells on uncharged hydrophobic surfaces presenting methyl terminations demonstrated reduced transfection for both complexing agents. Surface–induced cellular characteristics that were hypothesized to affect nonviral gene transfer were subsequently investigated. Cells on charged hydrophilic surfaces presented higher cell densities, more cell spreading, more cells with ellipsoid morphologies, and increased quantities of focal adhesions and cytoskeleton features within cells, in contrast to cell on uncharged hydrophobic surfaces, and these cell behaviors were subsequently correlated to transfection characteristics. Conclusions Extracellular influences on nonviral gene delivery were investigated by evaluating the upregulation and downregulation of transgene expression as a function of the cell behaviors induced by changes in the cells’ microenvronments. This study demonstrates that simple surface modifications can lead to changes in the efficiency of nonviral gene delivery. In addition, statistically significant differences in various surface-induced cell characteristics were statistically correlated to transfection trends in fibroblasts using both lipid and polymer mediated DNA delivery approaches. The correlations between the evaluated complexing agents and cell behaviors (cell density, spreading, shape, cytoskeleton, focal adhesions, and viability) suggest that polymer-mediated transfection is correlated to cell morphological traits while lipid-mediated transfection correlates to proliferative characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadas Kasputis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 231 LW Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0726, USA.
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Saitakis M, Gizeli E. Acoustic sensors as a biophysical tool for probing cell attachment and cell/surface interactions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:357-71. [PMID: 21997385 PMCID: PMC11114954 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic biosensors offer the possibility to analyse cell attachment and spreading. This is due to the offered speed of detection, the real-time non-invasive approach and their high sensitivity not only to mass coupling, but also to viscoelastic changes occurring close to the sensor surface. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (Love-wave) systems have been used to monitor the adhesion of animal cells to various surfaces and record the behaviour of cell layers under various conditions. The sensors detect cells mostly via their sensitivity in viscoelasticity and mechanical properties. Particularly, the QCM sensor detects cytoskeletal rearrangements caused by specific drugs affecting either actin microfilaments or microtubules. The Love-wave sensor directly measures cell/substrate bonds via acoustic damping and provides 2D kinetic and affinity parameters. Other studies have applied the QCM sensor as a diagnostic tool for leukaemia and, potentially, for chemotherapeutic agents. Acoustic sensors have also been used in the evaluation of the cytocompatibility of artificial surfaces and, in general, they have the potential to become powerful tools for even more diverse cellular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Saitakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion-Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 100 N. Plastira Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion-Crete, Greece
| | - Electra Gizeli
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion-Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 100 N. Plastira Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion-Crete, Greece
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Hartono D, Liu Y, Tan PL, Then XYS, Yung LYL, Lim KM. On-chip measurements of cell compressibility via acoustic radiation. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:4072-80. [PMID: 22020269 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20687g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of mechanical properties of biological cells are of great importance because changes in these properties can be strongly associated with the progression of cell differentiation and cell diseases. Although state of the art methods, such as atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers and micropipette aspiration, have been widely used to measure the mechanical properties of biological cells, all these methods involve direct contact with the cell and the measurements could be affected by the contact or any local deformation. In addition, all these methods typically deduced the Young's modulus of the cells based on their measurements. Herein, we report a new method for fast and direct measurement of the compressibility or bulk modulus of various cell lines on a microchip. In this method, the whole cell is exposed to acoustic radiation force without any direct contact. The method exploits the formation of an acoustic standing wave within a straight microchannel. When the polystyrene beads and cells are introduced into the channel, the acoustic radiation force moves them to the acoustic pressure node and the movement speed is dependent on the compressibility. By fitting the experimental and theoretical trajectories of the beads and the cells, the compressibility of the cells can be obtained. We find that the compressibility of various cancer cells (MCF-7: 4.22 ± 0.19 × 10(-10) Pa(-1), HEPG2: 4.28 ± 0.12 × 10(-10) Pa(-1), HT-29: 4.04 ± 0.16 × 10(-10) Pa(-1)) is higher than that of normal breast cells (3.77 ± 0.09 × 10(-10) Pa(-1)) and fibroblast cells (3.78 ± 0.17 × 10(-10) Pa(-1)). This work demonstrates a novel acoustic-based method for on-chip measurements of cell compressibility, complementing existing methods for measuring the mechanical properties of biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deny Hartono
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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Becker B, Cooper MA. A survey of the 2006-2009 quartz crystal microbalance biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2011; 24:754-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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