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Topolewska A, Haliński ŁP. A comprehensive approach to the monitoring of steroidal glycoalkaloids in foods of plant origin. Food Chem 2024; 457:140091. [PMID: 38879959 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (GAs) are toxins produced by solanaceous plants. As there are no fully standardized methods for their extraction and determination in food, the research aimed to: (1) develop and critically compare methods based on gas (GC) and liquid (LC) chromatography, including their coupling with mass spectrometry, and (2) to develop and optimize a universal GA extraction method. Hyphenated techniques proved to be the most useful in GA analysis: LC-MS was the most sensitive one, while GC-MS offered the highest chromatographic resolution. It was proven that quantitative results obtained using different analytical techniques cannot be directly compared. New extraction method that is more efficient than the AOAC method (997.13) was then designed and optimized. It was characterized by higher absolute recovery (99% and 34%, respectively) and allowed to extract much more GAs from the same material (e.g. 21.2 ± 1.4 and 11.82 ± 0.97 mg g-1 of potato tubers, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Topolewska
- Laboratory of Natural Product Analysis, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz P Haliński
- Laboratory of Natural Product Analysis, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Scudeler EL, Daquila BV, de Carvalho SF, Conte H, Padovani CR, Dos Santos DC. Azadirachtin-based insecticide impairs testis morphology and spermatogenesis of the southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1650-1659. [PMID: 36565161 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search for alternative tools for integrated pest management, azadirachtin, a botanical insecticide, has been used with the most promising activity against Spodoptera spp., but the mechanism of cytotoxicity on reproductive organs remains unclear. Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782) is a polyphagous pest with great economic importance that has become an important target to elucidate the action of azadirachtin on the reproductive organs of insect pests, helping to understand the deleterious effects caused by its exposure. This study evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to azadirachtin on the morphology and ultrastructure of S. eridania larval testes as well as larval development. RESULTS Azadirachtin exposure (6 or 18 mg a.i. L-1 ) caused a progressive increase in cumulative mortality and reduced gain in body mass after 5 days. Testicular structure indicated a reduction in their size with internal morphological changes such as spermatogonia, spermatogonial, spermatocytes and spermatid cysts in degeneration. The occurrence of cell death in germ and somatic cells was evidenced by the TUNEL technique. Electron microscopy revealed changes in cystic cells, such as cytoplasmic membrane rupture and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Chromatin compaction, changes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex cisternae were observed in germ cells. Apoptotic bodies occurred between germ cell cysts. CONCLUSION Azadirachtin damaged the testes of S. eridania larvae, and these changes compromised spermatogenesis and consequently the development of the reproductive potential of this specimen, making azadirachtin a promising botanical insecticide for application in integrated pest management programs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Luiz Scudeler
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vinicius Daquila
- Laboratory of Biological Control and Bioprospection of Insects. Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Shelly Favorito de Carvalho
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helio Conte
- Laboratory of Biological Control and Bioprospection of Insects. Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Department of Biodiversity and Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hashem FM, Elgazzar E, Mostafa WA. Ultrastructural changes in the fat body of desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) treated with zinc chromium oxide nanostructures via chemical co-precipitation approach. BMC Chem 2023; 17:7. [PMID: 36803540 PMCID: PMC9940394 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to investigate the ultrastructural changes in the fat body of fifth instar nymphs Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) treated with zinc chromium oxide (ZnCrO). The nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by co-precipitation route and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ZnCrO NPs exhibited polycrystalline hexagonal structure, composed of spherical-hexagonal shapes with an average size ~ 25 nm. Besides, the UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Jasco-V-570) was utilized for optical measurements. The energy gap [Formula: see text] was estimated from the transmittance (T%) and reflectance (R%) spectra through the range of 3.307-3.840 eV. In biological sections, S. gregaria 5th instar nymphs, TEM images demonstrated that the fat body was strongly impacted with the concentration 2 mg NPs result in great agglomeration of chromatin in the nucleus as well as haemoglobin cells (HGCs) pierced with malformed trachea (Tr) at 5th and 7th days post treatment. The obtained results indicated a positive action of the prepared nanomaterial on Schistocerca gregaria fat body organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M. Hashem
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Entomology Section, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Elsayed Elgazzar
- grid.33003.330000 0000 9889 5690Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
| | - Wageha A. Mostafa
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Entomology Section, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
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Scudeler EL, Carvalho SFD, Garcia ASG, Santorum M, Padovani CR, Santos DCD. Midgut and fat body: Multisystemic action of pyriproxyfen on non-target organism Ceraeochrysa claveri (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118580. [PMID: 34843850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Morphological tools can assist in the evaluation of effects of insecticides on non-target insects. Pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog, is known to interfere with growth and metamorphosis of insects. However, there are studies showing indirect effects on natural enemies, including green lacewings. Few prior studies describe morphological effects of pyriproxyfen on target insect organs, especially on natural enemies. Through morphological tools, this study aimed to characterize the midgut and fat body, both important organs of digestion and great metabolic activity respectively, of the predator Ceraeochrysa claveri after chronic exposure to pyriproxyfen. Larvae of C. claveri were fed Diatraea saccharalis egg clusters treated with pyriproxyfen in solution of 50 or 100 mg a.i. L-1 throughout the larval stage. The biological data revealed significant increases in development time, especially in the third instar, and in cumulative mortality from the prepupal into the pupal stage. Morphological analysis of adult midgut (≤24 h old) showed damage including formation of epithelial folds, intercellular spaces, emission of cytoplasmic protrusions. Both fat body regions presented decrease of lipid droplets, vacuolization of trophocytes and mitochondrial injury featuring a multisystemic action. In both organs, pyriproxyfen exposure induced significant oxidative stress by mitochondrial superoxide production. Cytoprotective responses were induced in midgut and fat body cells by augmenting the number of cytoplasmic granules containing calcium and expression of HSP 90. Both organs proved to be efficient in presenting histopathological alterations, showing the sensitivity and applicability of this morphological tool for evaluating other insecticides in non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Luiz Scudeler
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Shelly Favorito de Carvalho
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Silvia Gimenes Garcia
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marilucia Santorum
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Spochacz M, Chowański S, Szymczak-Cendlak M, Marciniak P, Lelario F, Salvia R, Nardiello M, Scieuzo C, Scrano L, Bufo SA, Adamski Z, Falabella P. Solanum nigrum Extract and Solasonine Affected Hemolymph Metabolites and Ultrastructure of the Fat Body and the Midgut in Galleria mellonella. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:617. [PMID: 34564621 PMCID: PMC8473104 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoalkaloids, secondary metabolites abundant in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, may affect the physiology of insect pests. This paper presents original results dealing with the influence of a crude extract obtained from Solanum nigrum unripe berries and its main constituent, solasonine, on the physiology of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) that can be used as an alternative bioinsecticide. G. mellonella IV instar larvae were treated with S. nigrum extract and solasonine at different concentrations. The effects of extract and solasonine were evaluated analyzing changes in carbohydrate and amino acid composition in hemolymph by RP-HPLC and in the ultrastructure of the fat body cells by TEM. Both extract and solasonine changed the level of hemolymph metabolites and the ultrastructure of the fat body and the midgut cells. In particular, the extract increased the erythritol level in the hemolymph compared to control, enlarged the intracellular space in fat body cells, and decreased cytoplasm and lipid droplets electron density. The solasonine, tested with three concentrations, caused the decrease of cytoplasm electron density in both fat body and midgut cells. Obtained results highlighted the disturbance of the midgut and the fat body due to glycoalkaloids and the potential role of hemolymph ingredients in its detoxification. These findings suggest a possible application of glycoalkaloids as a natural insecticide in the pest control of G. mellonella larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.C.); (M.S.-C.); (P.M.); (Z.A.)
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.C.); (M.S.-C.); (P.M.); (Z.A.)
| | - Monika Szymczak-Cendlak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.C.); (M.S.-C.); (P.M.); (Z.A.)
| | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.C.); (M.S.-C.); (P.M.); (Z.A.)
| | - Filomena Lelario
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.L.); (R.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.L.); (R.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Marisa Nardiello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.L.); (R.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.L.); (R.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.L.); (R.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.B.); (P.F.)
- Department of European Culture, University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Sabino A. Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.L.); (R.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.B.); (P.F.)
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.C.); (M.S.-C.); (P.M.); (Z.A.)
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.L.); (R.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.B.); (P.F.)
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Marciniak P, Kolińska A, Spochacz M, Chowański S, Adamski Z, Scrano L, Falabella P, Bufo SA, Rosiński G. Differentiated Effects of Secondary Metabolites from Solanaceae and Brassicaceae Plant Families on the Heartbeat of Tenebrio molitor Pupae. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E287. [PMID: 31121818 PMCID: PMC6563514 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of insects as model organisms is becoming more and more common in toxicological, pharmacological, genetic and biomedical research. Insects, such as fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), locusts (Locusta migratoria), stick insects (Baculum extradentatum) or beetles (Tenebrio molitor) are used to assess the effect of different active compounds, as well as to analyse the background and course of certain diseases, including heart disorders. The goal of this study was to assess the influence of secondary metabolites extracted from Solanaceae and Brassicaceae plants: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), on T. molitor beetle heart contractility in comparison with pure alkaloids. During the in vivo bioassays, the plants glycoalkaloid extracts and pure substances were injected at the concentration 10-5 M into T. molitor pupa and evoked changes in heart activity. Pure glycoalkaloids caused mainly positive chronotropic effects, dependant on heart activity phase during a 24-h period of recording. Moreover, the substances affected the duration of the heart activity phases. Similarly, to the pure glycoalkaloids, the tested extracts also mainly accelerated the heart rhythm, however S. tuberosum and S. lycopersicum extracts slightly decreased the heart contractions frequency in the last 6 h of the recording. Cardioacceleratory activity of only S. lycopersicum extract was higher than single alkaloids whereas S. tubersoum and S. nigrum extracts were less active when compared to pure alkaloids. The most cardioactive substance was chaconine which strongly stimulated heart action during the whole recording after injection. A. rusticana extract which is composed mainly of glucosinolates did not significantly affect the heart contractions. Obtained results showed that glycoalkaloids were much more active than glucosinolates. However, the extracts depending on the plant species might be more or less active than pure substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Angelika Kolińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy.
| | | | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa.
| | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Scudeler EL, Garcia ASG, Padovani CR, Dos Santos DC. Pest and natural enemy: how the fat bodies of both the southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania and the predator Ceraeochrysa claveri react to azadirachtin exposure. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:839-856. [PMID: 30643985 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of biopesticides on insects can be demonstrated by morphological and ultrastructural tools in ecotoxicological analysis. Azadirachtin-based products are widely used as biopesticides, affecting numerous insect populations. Through morphological biomarkers, this study aimed to characterize the fat bodies of both the southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania and the predator Ceraeochrysa claveri after chronic exposure to azadirachtin. Larvae of S. eridania and C. claveri were fed with fresh purple lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa) and egg clusters of Diatraea saccharalis treated with azadirachtin solution of 6 mg active ingredient (a.i.)/L and 18 mg a.i./L for 7 days, respectively. The biological data showed a significant reduction in survival and body mass in S. eridania and cytotoxic effects in the parietal and perivisceral fat bodies in both species. Ultrastructural cell damage was observed in the trophocytes of both species such as dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria. Trophocytes of S. eridania and C. claveri of the parietal and perivisceral layers responded to those injuries by different cytoprotective and detoxification means such as an increase in the amount of cytoplasmic granules containing calcium, expression of heat shock protein (HSP)70/HSP90, and development of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Despite all the different means of cytoprotection and detoxification, they were not sufficient to recover from all the cellular damages. Azadirachtin exhibited an excellent performance for the control of S. eridania and a moderate selectivity for the predator C. claveri, which presents better biological and cytoprotective responses to chronic exposure to azadirachtin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Luiz Scudeler
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Silvia Gimenes Garcia
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Spochacz M, Chowański S, Szymczak M, Lelario F, Bufo SA, Adamski Z. Sublethal Effects of Solanum nigrum Fruit Extract and Its Pure Glycoalkaloids on the Physiology of Tenebrio molitor (Mealworm). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E504. [PMID: 30513736 PMCID: PMC6316220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solanaceae plants produce glycoalkaloids (GAs) that affect various physiological processes of herbivorous insects and they are being tested as potential alternatives for synthetic pesticides. They cause lethal and sublethal effects. Nevertheless, their mode of action remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the effects of Solanum nigrum fruit extracts and pure glycoalkaloids on a model beetle, Tenebrio molitor. METHODS Plant extracts or pure alkaloids were added to the food of the larvae for three days. The lipid, glycogen, and protein content in the fat body and the midgut were determined, and the contractility of the heart, hindgut, and oviduct muscles was tested using the video-microscopy technique. Finally, the ultrastructure of the fat body and the midgut was observed using electron microscopy. RESULTS No lethal effects were noted. Sublethal changes were observed in the content of biomolecules, malformations of organelles, chromatin condensation, and heart and oviduct contractility. The observed effects differed between the tested glycoalkaloids and the extract. CONCLUSIONS Both the extract and pure GAs have a wide range of effects that may result in impaired development, food intake, and reproduction. Some early effects may be used as bioindicators of stress. The effects of the extract and pure alkaloids suggest that the substances produced by the plant may act additively or synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Filomena Lelario
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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