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The Molecular and Cellular Strategies of Glioblastoma and Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells Conferring Radioresistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113577. [PMID: 36362359 PMCID: PMC9656305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) has been shown to play a crucial role in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, recent studies have indicated that radiotherapy can offer only palliation owing to the radioresistance of GBM and NSCLC. Therefore, delineating the major radioresistance mechanisms may provide novel therapeutic approaches to sensitize these diseases to IR and improve patient outcomes. This review provides insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying GBM and NSCLC radioresistance, where it sheds light on the role played by cancer stem cells (CSCs), as well as discusses comprehensively how the cellular dormancy/non-proliferating state and polyploidy impact on their survival and relapse post-IR exposure.
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Erenpreisa J, Cragg MS. Three steps to the immortality of cancer cells: senescence, polyploidy and self-renewal. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:92. [PMID: 24025698 PMCID: PMC4015969 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is rarely cured by current DNA damaging treatments, apparently due to the development of resistance. However, recent data indicates that tumour cells can elicit the opposing processes of senescence and stemness in response to these treatments, the biological significance and molecular regulation of which is currently poorly understood. Although cellular senescence is typically considered a terminal cell fate, it was recently shown to be reversible in a small population of polyploid cancer cells induced after DNA damage. Overcoming genotoxic insults is associated with reversible polyploidy, which itself is associated with the induction of a stemness phenotype, thereby providing a framework linking these separate phenomena. In keeping with this suggestion, senescence and autophagy are clearly intimately involved in the emergence of self-renewal potential in the surviving cells that result from de-polyploidisation. Moreover, subsequent analysis indicates that senescence may paradoxically be actually required to rejuvenate cancer cells after genotoxic treatments. We propose that genotoxic resistance is thereby afforded through a programmed life-cycle-like process which intimately unites senescence, polyploidy and stemness.
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Properties of Cultured Preimplantation Mouse and Rabbitembryos, and Cell Strains Derived from Them. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470719435.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Lindh NO, Brantmark BL. Preparation and analysis of basic proteins. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 14:79-111. [PMID: 5328508 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110324.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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5
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Roy PJ, Stuart JM, Lund J, Kim SK. Chromosomal clustering of muscle-expressed genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 2002; 418:975-9. [PMID: 12214599 DOI: 10.1038/nature01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes are divided into domains of open chromatin, where genes have the potential to be expressed, and domains of closed chromatin, where genes are not expressed. Classic examples of open chromatin domains include 'puffs' on polytene chromosomes in Drosophila and extended loops from lampbrush chromosomes. If multiple genes were typically expressed together from a single open chromatin domain, the position of co-expressed genes along the chromosomes would appear clustered. To investigate whether co-expressed genes are clustered, we examined the chromosomal positions of the genes expressed in the muscle of Caenorhabditis elegans at the first larval stage. Here we show that co-expressed genes in C. elegans are clustered in groups of 2-5 along the chromosomes, suggesting that expression from a chromatin domain can extend over several genes. These observations reveal a higher-order organization of the structure of the genome, in which the order of the genes along the chromosome id correlated with their expression in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Roy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Nicoloff H, Rieger R. Mutations in rDNA : 3. Modulatory action of α-amanitin on aberration induction in nucleolus organizer regions. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1985; 70:178-184. [PMID: 24254177 DOI: 10.1007/bf00275319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/1984] [Accepted: 09/04/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The action of α-amanitin, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, on the induction by hydroxyurea (HU) of chromosomal aberrations in nucleolus organizer regions of barley was studied. The data obtained show that α-amanitin can effectively modify aberration induction in rDNA. Administered before mutagen treatment or in combination with the mutagen, the toxin significantly decreased the HU-induced aberration frequencies in NORs. The data obtained provide further evidence that α-amanitin is an effective modulator of aberration induction in NORs either by interfering with RNA synthesis or by modifying chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nicoloff
- Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, DDR-4325, Gatersleben, German Democratic Republic
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Morcillo G, Santa-Cruz MC, Díez JL. Temperature-induced Balbiani rings in Chironomus thummi. Chromosoma 1981; 83:341-52. [PMID: 6168444 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a new telomeric Balbiani ring in the right arm of chromosome III (T-BR III) has been induced in Chironomus thummi larvae by applying a wide range of temperature treatments (33 degrees - 39 degrees C). In this paper we present some kinetic and functional characteristics of this structure. T-BR III incorporates tritiated uridine, and during its formation accumulation of acidic proteins takes place. However, induction and maintenance of this puff structure appear to be insensitive to Actinomycin treatment. An additional T-BR can be induced in chromosome I by employing the most drastic temperature treatments (37 degrees - 39 degrees C). We also report the existence of a group of puffs active after heat treatments in Chironomus polytene chromosomes which could be homologous with the T-puffs of Drosophila.
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Zegarelli-Schmidt EC, Goodman R. The diptera as a model system in cell and molecular biology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1981; 71:245-363. [PMID: 7016803 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Aller P, Leonato R, Déz J. Modification of the rate of uridine uptake by metabolic inhibitors in salivary glands of Chironomus thummi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Goodman RM, Schmidt EC, Benjamin WB. Posttranscriptional modifications of nonhistone proteins of salivary gland cells of Sciara coprophila. Methods Cell Biol 1977; 16:343-59. [PMID: 886988 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Fuge H. Ultrastructure of cytoplasmic nucleolus-like bodies and nuclear RNP particles in late prophase of tipulid spermatocytes. Chromosoma 1976; 56:363-79. [PMID: 985745 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Late prophase stages of Pales ferruginea (Tipulidae) spermatocytes were examined by means of conventional electron microscopic section technique, combined with cytochemical methods. The cytoplasm of cells in diakinesis contains nucleolus-like bodies (NLB) 1 mum in diameter which are formed in diplotene at the pores of the nuclear membrane. They are compound structures consisting of fibro-granular RNP material which is associated wth one or two electron-dense gobules. The RNP material has a hollow core which contains polyribosomes. The NLBs possibly indicate rRNA gene amplification. At diakinesis the nucleus contains numerous electron-dense RNP particles scattered throughout the chromatin-free karyoplasm, and associated with the condensed chromosomes. The diameter of the chromation associated particles is markedly higher (mean 630 A) than that of the free particles (mean 540 A). The RNP particles seem to be aggregates of 200 A subunits. They are regarded as transcription products of chromosomal genes.
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Derenzini M, Marinozzi V, Novello F. Effects of alpha-amanitine on chromatin in regenerating rat hepatocytes: a biochemical and morphologic study. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1976; 20:307-18. [PMID: 820061 DOI: 10.1007/bf02890349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Almost all the chromatin in nuclei of regenerating rat liver hepatocytes 15 h and particularly 24 h after partial hepatectomy appeared as decondensed chromatin. Treatment with alpha-amanitine induced a clear condensation of decondensed chromatin as early as 30 min after toxin injection. The degree of condensation increased further until, 2 h after poisoning, almost all the chromatin was found to be in condensed form. Because the synthesis of DNA, after toxin injection, was not modified during the first 2h and 30 min, our results indicate that the chromatin condensation did not affect the synthesis of DNA. In the present paper the relationships between the inhibition of RNA synthesis and the chromatin ultrastructural changes are also discussed.
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Naso R. Variations in rat liver chromatin composition during growth and the heterotic response. Biochem Genet 1976; 14:281-92. [PMID: 962844 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The manifestation of hybrid vigor with regard to the inheritance of body weight was established as a postweaning phenomenon in rats. Liver weight gain generally corresponded to body weight gain and also reflected hybrid vigor. The protein/DNA ratios of the chromatin from livers of inbred and heterotic hybrid male rats were found to increase with increasing age in growing rats. Hybrid chromatin had higher protein/DNA ratios throughout the age range studies. The difference between hybrids and inbreds were greatest in the early postweaning stages of growth and maturation. The RNA/DNA ratios of chromatin from livers of inbred and hybrid male rats were also found to exhibit trends within certain developmental periods.
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Derenzini M, Bonetti E. Cycloheximide-induced ultrastructural changes in hepatocyte nuclei in partially hepatectomized rats. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1975; 19:115-25. [PMID: 810957 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all the chromatin in regenerating rat hepatocytes appears to decondensed form 24 h after partial hepatectomy. When cycloheximide (CXM) is administered to partially hepatectomized rats, a marked condensation of chromatin occurs; 4 h after administration the quantity of condensed chromatin present is much higher than that found in the hepatocytes of sham-operated, untreated rats. No segregation or fragmentation of the nucleolus were, however, observed; this shows that the condensation of chromatin is not by itself sufficient to induce the segregation and fragmentation of the nucleolus. The mechanism governing CMX-induced chromatin condensation in regenerating hepatocytes is discussed.
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Lynch MJ, Leake RE, O'connell KM, Butetow DE. Isolation, fractionation and template activity of the continously-condensed chromatin of Euglena gracilis. Exp Cell Res 1975; 91:349-57. [PMID: 805055 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Biemont C. [A chromosomal interaction system for the control of embryonic development (author's transl)]. Mech Ageing Dev 1974; 3:291-9. [PMID: 4461854 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(74)90025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Schin K, Laufer H. Studies of programmed salivary gland regression during larval-pupal transformation in Chironomus thummi. I. Acid hydrolase activity. Exp Cell Res 1973; 82:335-40. [PMID: 4765248 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Mukherjee AS, Mitra N. 3 H-thymidine labeling patterns in polytene chromosomes of mitomycin-treated Drosophila melanogaster: evidence of continuous-type labelling as beginning of DNA replication. Exp Cell Res 1973; 76:47-54. [PMID: 4630108 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Wischnitzer S. The submicroscopic morphology of the interphase nucleus. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1973; 34:1-48. [PMID: 4121838 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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The macronuclear envelope ofTetrahymena pyriformis GL in different physiological states. J Membr Biol 1972; 7:220-30. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01867916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/1971] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Fiume L, Nardi I, Bucci S, Mancino G. Effects of cordycepin on morphology and RNA synthesis of amphibian lampbrush chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 1972; 75:11-4. [PMID: 4539058 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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O'Meara AR, Herrmann RL. A modified mouse liver chromatin preparation displaying age-related differences in salt dissociation and template ability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 269:419-27. [PMID: 4557026 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lambert B, Wieslander L, Daneholt B, Egyházi E, Ringborg U. In situ demonstration of DNA hybridizing with chromosomal and nuclear sap RNA in Chironomus tentans. J Cell Biol 1972; 53:407-18. [PMID: 5025107 PMCID: PMC2108727 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.53.2.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytological hybridization combined with microdissection of Chironomus tentans salivary gland cells was used to locate DNA complementary to newly synthesized RNA from chromosomes and nuclear sap and from a single chromosomal puff, the Balbiani ring 2 (BR 2). Salivary glands were incubated with tritiated nucleosides. The labeled RNA was extracted from microdissected nuclei and hybridized to denatured squash preparations of salivary gland cells under conditions which primarily allow repeated sequences to interact. The bound RNA, resistant to ribonuclease treatment, was detected radioautographically. It was found that BR 2 RNA hybridizes specifically with the BR 2 region of chromosome IV. Nuclear sap RNA was fractionated into high and low molecular-weight RNA; the former hybridizes with the BR 2 region of chromosome IV, the latter in a diffuse distribution over the whole chromosome set. RNA from chromosome I hybridizes diffusely with all chromosomes. Nucleolar RNA hybridizes specifically with the nucleolar organizers, contained in chromosomes II and III. It is concluded that the BR 2 region of chromosome IV contains repeated DNA sequences and that nuclear sap contains BR 2 RNA.
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Eckert WA, Franke WW, Scheer U. Actinomycin D and the central granules in the nuclear pore complex: thin sectioning versus negative staining. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 127:230-9. [PMID: 4111739 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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La Cour LF, Wells B. The nuclear pores of early meiotic prophase nuclei of plants. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 123:178-94. [PMID: 4332348 DOI: 10.1007/bf02583472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Dickinson WJ. Aldehyde oxidase in Drosophila melanogaster: a system for genetic studies on developmental regulation. Dev Biol 1971; 26:77-86. [PMID: 5000057 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(71)90109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Beermann W. Effect of -amantine on puffing and intranuclear RNA synthesis in Chironomus salivary glands. Chromosoma 1971; 34:152-67. [PMID: 5107039 DOI: 10.1007/bf00285183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Scheer U. The ultrastructure of the nuclear envelope of amphibian oocytes: a reinvestigation. 3. Actinomycin-induced decrease in central granules within the pores. J Cell Biol 1970; 45:445-9. [PMID: 5513611 PMCID: PMC2107897 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.45.2.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Franke WW, Scheer U. The ultrastructure of the nuclear envelope of amphibian oocytes: a reinvestigation. I. The mature oocyte. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1970; 30:288-316. [PMID: 4190506 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(70)80064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Franke WW, Scheer U. The ultrastructure of the nuclear envelope of amphibian oocytes: a reinvestigation. II. The immature oocyte and dynamic aspects. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1970; 30:317-27. [PMID: 5417549 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(70)80065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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34
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Franke WW. On the universality of nuclear pore complex structure. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 105:405-29. [PMID: 4097097 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dhainaut A. Etude cytochimique et ultrastructurale de l'�volution ovocytaire de Nereis pelagica L. (Ann�lide Polych�te). Cell Tissue Res 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00335690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Side-chain modifications of the nucleoproteins are believed to be involved in the control of gene function. Rat liver nuclei and chromatin incubated in adenosine triphosphate labeled in the gamma position with phosphorus-32 demonstrated rapid phosphorylation in vitro of the nuclear proteins. Dipteran salivary glands incubated in either labeled adenosine triphosphate or ortho-phosphate labeled with phosphorus-32 showed that there is phosphorylation of chromosomal protein. The phosphorus is associated in protein from both liver and salivary gland nuclei predominantly with phosphoserine.
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Lakhotia SC, Mukherjee AS. Chromosomal basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila. I. Cellular autonomy of hyperactivity of the male X-chromosome in salivary glands and sex differentiation. Genet Res (Camb) 1969; 14:137-50. [PMID: 5367367 DOI: 10.1017/s001667230000197x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphology and the rate of RNA synthesis of theX-chromosome inXX/XOmosaic larval salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogasterhave been examined. For this purpose the unstable ring-Xwas utilized to produceXXandXOnuclei in the same pair of glands. The width of theX-chromosome and the left arm of the 3rd chromosome (3L) of larval salivary glands was measured and the rate of RNA synthesis by them was studied upon the use of [3H]uridine autoradiography in suchXX(female) andXO(male) nuclei developing in a female background (i.e. otherwise genotypicallyXX). In such mosaic glands the width of the singleX-chromosome of male nuclei is nearly as great as that of the paired twoX's of female nuclei, as is also the case in normal male (X Y) and female (XX). The singleXof male nuclei synthesizes RNA at a rate equal to that of the paired twoX's of female nuclei and nearly twice that of an unpairedXofXXnuclei. Neither the developmental physiology of the sex nor the proportion ofXOnuclei in a pair of mosaic salivary glands of anXXlarva has any influence on these two characteristics of the maleX-chromosome.It is suggested that dosage compensation inDrosophilais achieved chiefly, if not fully, by a hyperactivity of the maleX, in contrast to the singleXinactivation in female mammals, that this hyperactivity of the maleXis expressed visibly in the morphology and metabolic activity of theX-chromosome in the larval salivary glands of the male, and that this hyperactivity and therefore dosage compensation inDrosophilain general is not dependent on sex-differentiation, but is a function of the doses of theX-chromosome itself.
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Clever U, Storbeck I, Romball CG. Chromosome activity and cell function in polytenic cells. I. Protein synthesis at various stages of larval development. Exp Cell Res 1969; 55:306-16. [PMID: 5786849 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(69)90563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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40
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Thomson JA. The interpretation of puff patterns in polytene chromosomes. CURRENTS IN MODERN BIOLOGY 1969; 2:333-8. [PMID: 5798533 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(69)90020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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41
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Scharrer B, Wurzelmann S. Ultrastructural study on nuclear-cytoplasmic relationships in oocytes of the African lungfish. Protopterus aethiopicus. I. Nucleolo-cytoplasmic pathways. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1969; 96:325-43. [PMID: 4894602 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Wunderlich F. The macronuclear envelope of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL in different physiological states. II. Frequency of central granules in the pores. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1969; 101:581-7. [PMID: 4984448 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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Correlation of structure and RNA synthesis in the nucleolus-organizing polytene chromosomes of Phaseolus vulgaris. Chromosoma 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00325992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cave MD. Chromosome replication and synthesis of non-histone proteins in giant polytene chromosomes. Chromosoma 1968; 25:392-401. [PMID: 5729515 DOI: 10.1007/bf02327720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Desai L, Tencer R. Effects of histones and polylysine on the synthetic activity of the giant chromosomes of salivary glands of dipteran larvae. Exp Cell Res 1968; 52:185-97. [PMID: 4175389 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Baudisch W, Panitz R. [Control of a biochemical marker in the salivary glands of Acricotopus lucidus by means of a Balbiani ring]. Exp Cell Res 1968; 49:470-6. [PMID: 5646594 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gill KS, Hanson ED. Analysis of prefission morphogenesis in Paramecium aurelia. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1968; 167:219-35. [PMID: 4175473 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401670210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hess O, Meyer GF. Genetic activities of the Y chromosome in Drosophila during spermatogenesis. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1968; 14:171-223. [PMID: 4884781 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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49
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Schin KS, Clever U. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of salivary gland regression in Chironomus tentans. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1968; 86:262-79. [PMID: 5707646 DOI: 10.1007/bf00348528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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