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Dedukh D, Krasikova A. Delete and survive: strategies of programmed genetic material elimination in eukaryotes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:195-216. [PMID: 34542224 PMCID: PMC9292451 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome stability is a crucial feature of eukaryotic organisms because its alteration drastically affects the normal development and survival of cells and the organism as a whole. Nevertheless, some organisms can selectively eliminate part of their genomes from certain cell types during specific stages of ontogenesis. This review aims to describe the phenomenon of programmed DNA elimination, which includes chromatin diminution (together with programmed genome rearrangement or DNA rearrangements), B and sex chromosome elimination, paternal genome elimination, parasitically induced genome elimination, and genome elimination in animal and plant hybrids. During programmed DNA elimination, individual chromosomal fragments, whole chromosomes, and even entire parental genomes can be selectively removed. Programmed DNA elimination occurs independently in different organisms, ranging from ciliate protozoa to mammals. Depending on the sequences destined for exclusion, programmed DNA elimination may serve as a radical mechanism of dosage compensation and inactivation of unnecessary or dangerous genetic entities. In hybrids, genome elimination results from competition between parental genomes. Despite the different consequences of DNA elimination, all genetic material destined for elimination must be first recognised, epigenetically marked, separated, and then removed and degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij Dedukh
- Saint‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya EmbankmentSaint‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Alla Krasikova
- Saint‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya EmbankmentSaint‐Petersburg199034Russia
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Quilodrán CS, Currat M, Montoya-Burgos JI. Effect of hybridization with genome exclusion on extinction risk. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2018; 32:1139-1149. [PMID: 29691912 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced habitat changes may lead to the breakdown of reproductive barriers between distantly related species. This phenomenon may result in fertile first-generation hybrids (F1 ) that exclude the genome of one parental species during gametogenesis, thus disabling introgression. The species extinction risk associated with hybridization with genome exclusion is largely underappreciated because the phenomenon produces only F1 hybrid phenotype, leading to the misconception that hybrids are sterile and potentially of minor conservation concern. We used a simulation model that integrates the main genetic, demographic, and ecological processes to examine the dynamics of hybridization with genome exclusion. We showed that this mode of hybridization may lead to extremely rapid extinction when the process of genome exclusion is unbalanced between the interbreeding species and when the hybridization rate is not negligible. The coexistence of parental species was possible in some cases of asymmetrical genome exclusion, but show this equilibrium was highly vulnerable to environmental variation. Expanding the exclusive habitat of the species at risk allowed its persistence. Our results highlight the extent of possible extinction risk due to hybridization with genome exclusion and suggest habitat management as a promising conservation strategy. In anticipation of serious threats to biodiversity due to hybridization with genome exclusion, we recommend a detailed assessment of the reproductive status of hybrids in conservation programs. We suggest such assessments include the inspection of genetic content in hybrid gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio S Quilodrán
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History, Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K
| | - Mathias Currat
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History, Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan I Montoya-Burgos
- Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Tinti F, Scali V. ANDROGENETICS AND TRIPLOIDS FROM AN INTERACTING PARTHENOGENETIC HYBRID AND ITS ANCESTORS IN STICK INSECTS. Evolution 2017; 50:1251-1258. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/1994] [Accepted: 11/07/1995] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Tinti
- Corso di Laurea in Scienze Ambientali; University of Bologna; via Mafalda di Savoia 10 I-48100 Ravenna Italia
| | - Valerio Scali
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale; University of Bologna; via Selmi 3 I-40126 Bologna Italia
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Vershinina AO, Kuznetsova VG. Parthenogenesis in Hexapoda: Entognatha and non-holometabolous insects. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa O. Vershinina
- Department of Karyosystematics; Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of California Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Valentina G. Kuznetsova
- Department of Karyosystematics; Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
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Rey O, Facon B, Foucaud J, Loiseau A, Estoup A. Androgenesis is a maternal trait in the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131181. [PMID: 23864597 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgenesis is the production of an offspring containing exclusively the nuclear genome of the fathering male via the maternal eggs. This unusual mating system is generally considered a male trait, giving to androgenetic males a substantial fitness advantage over their sexually reproducing relatives. We here provide the first empirical study of the evolutionary outcomes of androgenesis in a haplo-diploid organism: the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata. Some of the populations of this species have a classical haplo-diploid sexual mating system. In other populations, females and males are produced through parthenogenesis and androgenesis, respectively, whereas workers are produced sexually. We conducted laboratory reciprocal-cross experiments with reproductive individuals from both types of populations and analysed their progenies with genetic markers, to determine the respective contribution of males and females to the production of androgenetic males. We found that androgenesis was a parthenogenetic female trait. A population genetic study conducted in natura confirmed the parthenogenetic female origin of androgenesis, with the identification of introgression events of sexual male genotypes into androgenetic/parthenogenetic lineages. We argue that by producing males via androgenesis, parthenogenetic queen lineages may increase and/or maintain their adaptive potential, while maintaining the integrity of their own genome, by occasionally acquiring new male genetic material and avoiding inbreeding depression within the sexually produced worker cast.
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Scali V. A “ghost” phasmid appearance: the maleBacillus atticus(Insecta: Phasmatodea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2013.786142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Milani L, Ghiselli F, Pellecchia M, Scali V, Passamonti M. Reticulate evolution in stick insects: the case of Clonopsis (Insecta Phasmida). BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:258. [PMID: 20738851 PMCID: PMC2936309 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phasmids show noteworthy abilities to overcome species-specific reproductive isolation mechanisms, including hybridization, polyploidy, parthenogenesis, hybridogenesis and androgenesis. From an evolutionary standpoint, such tangled reproductive interactions lead to the complex phyletic relationships known as "reticulate evolution". Moroccan stick insects of the genus Clonopsis include one bisexual (C. felicitatis) and two closely related parthenogenetic forms (C. gallica, C. soumiae), which represent a polyploid series in chromosome number, but with apparent diploid karyotypes. Moreover, two Clonopsis strains of ameiotic males have been described, C. androgenes-35 and C. androgenes-53. As a consequence, Clonopsis stick insects may have experienced complex micro-evolutionary events, which we try to disentangle in this study. Results Mitochondrial cox2 analysis supports a recent divergence of Clonopsis, while AFLPs evidence genetic differentiation not linked to karyotypes, so that parthenogenetic C. gallica and C. soumiae appear to be a mix of strains of polyphyletic origin rather than single parthenogenetic species. Moreover, an admixed hybrid origin seems to be confirmed for C. androgenes. Conclusion On the whole, Clonopsis is an intriguing case of reticulate evolution. Actually, complex cladogenetic events should be taken into account to explain the observed genetic structure, including diploidization of polyploid karyotypes, possibly coupled with hybridization and androgenesis. We also proposed a "working hypothesis" to account for the observed data, which deserves further studies, but fits the observed data very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Milani
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Scali V, Milani L. NewClonopsisstick insects from Morocco: The amphigonicC. felicitatissp.n., the parthenogeneticC. soumiaesp.n., and two androgenetic taxa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000802649750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Milani L, Scali V, Passamonti M. TheClonopsis gallicapuzzle: Mendelian species, polyploid parthenogens with karyotype re-diploidization and clonal androgens in Moroccan stick insects (Phasmida). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mantovani B, Passamonti M, Scali V. Genomic evolution in parental and hybrid taxa of the genusBacillus(Insecta Phasmatodea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250009909356264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Although most living organisms reproduce sexually, some have developed a uniparental reproduction where the embryo usually derives from the female parent. A unique case of paternal apomixis in plants has been recently reported in Cupressus dupreziana, an endangered Mediterranean conifer. This species produces unreduced pollen that develop into all-paternal embryos within the seed tissues. We analyzed seedlings produced by open-pollinated C. dupreziana seed trees using morphological descriptors, ploidy levels assessed through flow cytometry, and AFLP genetic diversity. In situ C. dupreziana seed trees (from Algeria) produced only diploid C. dupreziana progeny. In contrast, only one-third of the progeny produced by ex situ C. dupreziana seed trees planted in French collections were similar to C. dupreziana seedlings; the other progeny were haploid or diploid C. sempervirens seedlings. These results demonstrate that C. dupreziana ovules allow for the development of all-paternal embryos from pollen produced by another species, C. sempervirens. Thus, the in planta androgenesis is achieved through the combination of the embryogenic behavior of pollen grains and the ability of seed tree ovules to act as a surrogate mother. This phenomenon offers a unique opportunity to produce, by natural means, highly valuable material for genetic studies and selection of sterile cultivars.
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SCALI VALERIO, PASSAMONTI MARCO, MARESCALCHI OMBRETTA, MANTOVANI BARBARA. Linkage between sexual and asexual lineages: genome evolution in Bacillus stick insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McKone MJ, Halpern SL. The evolution of androgenesis. Am Nat 2003; 161:641-56. [PMID: 12776890 DOI: 10.1086/368291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2002] [Accepted: 09/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that some species produce offspring carrying only female chromosomes by processes such as apomixis and parthenogenesis (generically termed "gynogenesis"). There are also several cases of natural reproduction by androgenesis in which diploid offspring carry nuclear chromosomes from only the male parent. We used population genetics models to investigate the conditions for invasion of rare androgenesis alleles and the consequences of their spread. Our models predict that androgenesis alleles often spread to fixation. If fixation causes the loss of females or female function in the population, population extinction occurs. Therefore, androgenesis alleles represent a new class of selfish genetic elements. Extinction is more likely in dioecious species than in hermaphrodites. Within dioecious species, extinction is more likely when androgenesis occurs via paternal apomixis (vs. fusion or doubling of haploid nuclei) and when females are the heterogametic sex (vs. male heterogamety). The apparent rarity of androgenesis compared to gynogenesis could be because androgenesis is harder to detect and more often leads to population extinction. Also, there could be greater evolutionary constraints on the origin of mutations for androgenesis. We suggest characteristics of groups in which further cases of androgenesis are more likely to be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McKone
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA.
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Marescalchi O, Scali V. New DAPI and FISH findings on egg maturation processes in related hybridogenetic and parthenogenetic Bacillus hybrids (Insecta, Phasmatodea). Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 60:270-6. [PMID: 11553928 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus stick insects have proved adequate for studying a wide array of reproductive modes: sexual, parthenogenetic, hybridogenetic, androgenetic. Hybridogenetic strains (B. rossius-grandii) were thought to discard the paternal "grandii" haploset during first meiotic division and keep the "rossius" hemiclone, whereas the clonal B. whitei (=rossius/grandii) would maintain its hybrid structure by fusing back two nonsister nuclei-each derived from previously segregated heterospecific complements-by the end of the 2(nd) meiotic division. New investigations on laid eggs and ovariole squashes, either DAPI stained or FISH labeled, revealed that in hybridogens the "grandii" set is excluded from the germ line prior to meiosis and that a DNA extra-synthesis should occur to produce hemiclonal eggs after two cytologically normal meiotic divisions. On the other hand, in B. whitei eggs no genome segregation appears to occur and an intrameiotic DNA extra-synthesis must take place to produce 2n tetrachromatidic oocytes I; these divide twice and give unreduced clonal eggs. The new findings bring hybridogenetic oogenesis of Bacillus to be coincident with that of the known hemiclonal organisms and point to an independent onset of B. whitei from hemiclonal strains. In addition, B. whitei gains a closer resemblance to B. lynceorum owing to the sharing of a cytologically identical egg maturation mechanism, of the same maternal ancestor and of peculiar chromosomal features. It is here suggested that B. lynceorum originated from the incorporation of an "atticus" genome into a B. whitei egg, according to a pathway of repeated hybridization often occurred with other polyploid hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Marescalchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Bologna, Italy.
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Scali V, Tinti F. Satellite DNA variation in parental and derived unisexual hybrids of Bacillus stick insects (Phasmatodea). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 8:557-564. [PMID: 10634974 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Bag320 sequence family of satellite DNA (satDNA) has been found in some stick insect taxa: the bisexual Bacillus grandii, the related parthenogen B. atticus and their hybrids with B. rossius. However, under the same experimental conditions, the Bag320 sequences were not found in B. rossius. Bag320 sequences of the clonal hybrid B. whitei (= B. rossius/grandii grandii) intermingled with those of B. grandii in all plotted dendrograms. On the whole, satDNA features (restriction pattern, sequence variation, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)), allozymes and karyology support a relatively recent origin of B. whitei. Our investigations on unisexual hybrids of Bacillus also suggested that their origin and clonal reproduction allow the occurrence of different sequence subsets of limited variability in isolated populations stemming from the hybridization focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Scali
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- G Herrick
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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Dowling TE, Secor ACL. THE ROLE OF HYBRIDIZATION AND INTROGRESSION IN THE DIVERSIFICATION OF ANIMALS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Dowling
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona; 85287-1501 e-mail: ,
| | - and Carol L. Secor
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona; 85287-1501 e-mail: ,
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Mantovani B, Tinti F, Barilani M, Scali V. Current reproductive isolation between ancestors of natural hybrids in Bacillus stick insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Heredity (Edinb) 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1996.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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