1
|
Jaskulak M, Rorat A, Vandenbulcke F, Pauwels M, Grzmil P, Plytycz B. Polymorphic microsatellite markers demonstrate hybridization and interspecific gene flow between lumbricid earthworm species, Eisenia andrei and E. fetida. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262493. [PMID: 35180227 PMCID: PMC8856553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lumbricid earthworms Eisenia andrei (Ea) and E. fetida (Ef) have been used as model organisms for studies on hybridization. Previously they have been identified by species specific sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene of maternal origin ('a' or 'f') and the nuclear 28S gene of maternal/paternal origin ('A' or 'F'). In experimental crosses, these hermaphroditic species produce progeny of genotypes Ea (aAA), Ef (fFF) and hybrids (aAF and fFA) originating by self-fertilization or cross-fertilization. To facilitate studies on new aspects of the breeding biology and hybridization of earthworms, polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed based on 12 Ea and 12 Ef specimens and validated on DNA samples extracted from 24 genotyped specimens (aAA, fFF, aAF and fFA) from three laboratory-raised families and 10 of them were applied in the present study. The results indicate that microsatellite markers are valuable tools for tracking interspecific gene flow between these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jaskulak
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR4515—LGCgE, Lille, France
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rorat
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR4515—LGCgE, Lille, France
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR4515—LGCgE, Lille, France
| | - Maxime Pauwels
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR4515—LGCgE, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - EEP - Laboratoire Evolution Ecologie Paléontologie F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Paweł Grzmil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kokhanyuk B, Bodó K, Sétáló G, Németh P, Engelmann P. Bacterial Engulfment Mechanism Is Strongly Conserved in Evolution Between Earthworm and Human Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733541. [PMID: 34539669 PMCID: PMC8440998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates, including earthworms, are applied to study the evolutionarily conserved cellular immune processes. Earthworm immunocytes (so-called coelomocytes) are functionally similar to vertebrate myeloid cells and form the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Hereby, we compared the engulfment mechanisms of THP-1 human monocytic cells, differentiated THP-1 (macrophage-like) cells, and Eisenia andrei coelomocytes towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria applying various endocytosis inhibitors [amantadine, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride, colchicine, cytochalasin B, cytochalasin D, methyl-ß-cyclodextrin, and nystatin]. Subsequently, we investigated the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of immune receptor-related molecules (TLR, MyD88, BPI) and the colocalization of lysosomes with engulfed bacteria following uptake inhibition in every cell type. Actin depolymerization by cytochalasin B and D has strongly inhibited the endocytosis of both bacterial strains in the studied cell types, suggesting the conserved role of actin-dependent phagocytosis. Decreased numbers of colocalized lysosomes/bacteria supported these findings. In THP-1 cells TLR expression was increased upon cytochalasin D pretreatment, while this inhibitor caused a dropped LBP/BPI expression in differentiated THP-1 cells and coelomocytes. The obtained data reveal further insights into the evolution of phagocytes in eukaryotes. Earthworm and human phagocytes possess analogous mechanisms for bacterial internalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohdana Kokhanyuk
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - György Sétáló
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pereira PCG, Soares LOS, Júnior SFS, Saggioro EM, Correia FV. Sub-lethal effects of the pesticide imazalil on the earthworm Eisenia andrei: reproduction, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:33474-33485. [PMID: 31119543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although considered an emerging contaminant and detected in the environment, the systematic and penetration fungicide imazalil ((RS)-1-(β-allyloxy-2,4-dichlorophenylethyl) imidazole) has received relatively little scientific attention with regard to its possible negative effects in the environment. Only a few toxicological studies have assessed the potential environmental effect of imazalil and its impact on organisms. In this context, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the pesticide imazalil on the earthworm Eisenia andrei in acute contact and chronic tests in natural soil. Moreover, several endpoints, such as biomass loss or gain, reproduction, behavior, effects on immune system cells, and oxidative stress were also evaluated. Imazalil toxicity to E. andrei was determined by three approaches: a filter paper contact test (0, 0.16, 1.66, 16.6, 166 μg.cm-2), an avoidance (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg.kg-1), and a chronic test for 45 days (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg.kg-1). All organisms exposed to the filter paper contact and chronic tests were submitted to two endpoint analyses: first, coelomic fluid collection by the extrusion method to determine density, viability, and cell type; second, oxidative stress assessments by determining GST and CAT enzymatic activities. This study allows for the conclusion that imazalil does not cause immediate earthworm death after exposure (LC50 > 166 μg.cm-1). However, due to several complementary factors, this compound may compromise earthworm health and lead to death, as E. andrei individuals did not avoid the contaminated soil, thus contributing to longer exposure periods and consequent cumulative damage to their systems. Decreased immunocompetent cellular viability (p < 0.05) and density (p < 0.05) in the chronic test are noteworthy, leading to susceptibility to exogenous factors, as well as irreversible cellular damage provoked by oxidative stress, such as cellular membrane rupture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Oliveira Souza Soares
- Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 458, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-20, Brazil
| | - Sidney Fernandes Sales Júnior
- Studies Center Occupational Health and Human Ecology, National School of Public Health, Leopoldo Bulhões Street, 1480, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Leopoldo Bulhões Street, 1480, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Fábio Veríssimo Correia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 458, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-20, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Plytycz B, Bigaj J, Rysiewska A, Osikowski A, Hofman S, Podolak A, Grzmil P. Impairment of reproductive capabilities in three subsequent generations of asymmetric hybrids between Eisenia andrei and E. fetida from French, Hungarian and Polish laboratory colonies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235789. [PMID: 32645117 PMCID: PMC7347191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eisenia andrei (Ea) and E. fetida (Ef) lumbricid earthworms are simultaneous hermaphrodites potentially capable of self-fertilization and hybridization. We have shown previously that reproductive isolation in these species is incomplete in Ea and Ef earthworms of French provenance, as viable offspring appeared in inter-specific pairs. Fertile asymmetric hybrids developed from Ea-derived ova fertilized by Ef-derived spermatozoa, as well as Ea or Ef specimens derived after self-fertilization (resulting from admixture of endogenously produced spermatozoa with sperm from a partner), but never Ef-hybrids from Ef-ova fertilized by Ea-spermatozoa. The latter appeared only in backcrosses of Ea-hybrids with the Ef. Here we show that these phenomena are not unique for French Ea/Ef earthworms, but are shared by earthworms from French, Hungarian, and Polish laboratory cultures. Semi-quantitative studies on fertility of Ea-derived hybrids revealed gradually decreasing numbers of offspring in three successive generations, more rapid in backcrosses with Ef than with Ea, and the absence of progeny in pairs of hybrids, despite the presence of cocoons in almost all pairs. Based on species specific mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, we provide the first examples of two unique sterile hybrids with mitonuclear mismatch and potential mitonuclear incompatibility among offspring of one of the hybrid+Ef pairs. Earthworms from the investigated populations did not reproduce when kept from hatching in isolation or with representatives of Dendrobaena veneta but started reproducing upon recognition of a related partner, such as Ea, Ef or their hybrids. The existence of Ea or Ef specimens among offspring of hybrid+Ea/Ef pairs might be explained either by partner-induced self-fertilization of Ea/Ef or hybrid-derived ova, or by cross-fertilization of Ea/Ef /hybrid ova by partner-derived spermatozoa; the latter might contribute to interspecific gene introgression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Bigaj
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rysiewska
- Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Osikowski
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Hofman
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Podolak
- Department of the Basis of Agriculture and Waste Management, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Pawel Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kruk J, Dziurka M, Płytycz B. Identification of new fluorophores in coelomic fluid of Eisenia andrei earthworms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214757. [PMID: 30921437 PMCID: PMC6438515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coelomic fluid of Eisenia andrei contains a number of UV-fluorescent compounds. In the present study we have found that four of these compounds showed identical fluorescence excitation and emission maxima at 310 nm and 364 nm, respectively, suggesting they share the same chromophore. NMR and HR-MS spectroscopy of the most abundant fluorophore reavealed that its molecule is composed of two quinazoline-2,4-dione rings connected by spermine linker. This compound was earlier indentified in Eisenia andrei as SP-8203. Moreover, we have identified the structure of the two other fluorophores, one differing from SP-8203 by the absence of N-acetyl group, the compound not reported in any other organisms before, and the other already found in E. fetida and regarded as species specific. However, our results indicate that this metabolite is also present in E. andrei in significant amounts. The possible origin and function of these new metabolites is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michał Dziurka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Płytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biochemical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Plytycz B, Bigaj J, Panz T, Grzmil P. Asymmetrical hybridization and gene flow between Eisenia andrei and E. fetida lumbricid earthworms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204469. [PMID: 30240427 PMCID: PMC6150523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniformly pigmented Eisenia andrei (Ea) and striped E. fetida (Ef) lumbricid earthworms are hermaphrodites capable of self-fertilization, cross-fertilization, and asymmetrical hybridization. The latter was detected by genotyping of F1 and F2 progeny of the controlled Ea+Ef pairs by species-specific sequences of maternal mitochondrial COI genes and maternal/paternal nuclear S28 rRNA genes. Among F1offspring there were self-fertilized Ea (aAA), Ef (fFF), and cross-fertilized fertile Ea-derived hybrids (aAF); the latter mated with Ea and gave new generation of Ea and hybrids, while mated with Ef gave Ea, Ef, Ea-derived hybrids and sterile Ef-derived hybrids (fFA). Coelomic fluid of Ea exhibits unique fluorescence spectra called here the M-fluorescence considered as a molecular biomarker of this species. Since similar fluorescence was detected also in some Ef (hypothetical hybrids?), the aim of present investigations was to identify the M-positive earthworms among families genotyped previously. It was assumed that factor/s responsible for metabolic pathways leading to production of undefined yet M-fluorophore might be encoded/controlled by alleles of hypothetical nuclear gene of Eisenia sp. segregating independently from species-specific S28 rRNA nuclear genes, where ‘MM’ or ‘Mm’ alleles determine M-positivity while ‘mm’ alleles determine M-negative phenotypes. Spectra of M-fluorescence were detected in all 10 Ea (aAAMM) and 19 Ea-derived hybrids (aAFMm), three of four Ef-derived hybrids (fFAMm) and one ‘atypical’ Ef (fFFMm) among 13 Ef earthworms. Among progeny of ‘atypical’ M-positive Ef (fFFMm) reappeared ‘typical’ M-negative Ef (fFFmm), confirming such hypothesis. Alternatively, the M-fluorescence might be dependent on unknown gene products of vertically-transmitted Ea-specific symbiotic bacteria sexually transferred to the Ef partner. Hypotheses of intrinsic and external origin of M-fluorescence might complement each other. The presence/absence of M-fluorophore does not correspond with body pigmentation patterns; Ef-characteristic banding appeared in posterior parts of hybrids body. In conclusion, Ea/Ef hybridization may serve for further studies on bi-directional gene flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Janusz Bigaj
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Panz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smol M, Włóka D, Włodarczyk-Makuła M. Influence of Integrated Membrane Treatment on the Phytotoxicity of Wastewater from the Coke Industry. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2018; 229:154. [PMID: 29755149 PMCID: PMC5928171 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-018-3794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, coke wastewater that had passed through biological and integrated membrane processes (filtration on sand bed-reverse osmosis) was chosen to assess the phytotoxicity of selected industrial wastewater with regard to the test plant-Vicia faba. An innovative research technique in vitro test was conducted in a large scale phytothrone chamber on two matrices: cotton and Murashige and Skoog Basal Medium (MSBM). The toxicity of wastewater was evaluated for samples: (1) treated in the treatment plant by biological processes, (2) filtrated through a sand bed and filtrated (3) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. The results showed that there is a noticeable correlation between increasing concentrations of wastewater and seed germination of the test plant. Although the wastewater collected from the coke plant was treated biologically, it showed very high levels of germination inhibition (90-98% for cotton matrix and 92-100% for MSBM matrix) and strong toxic effects. The wastewater collected from the coke plant showed a significantly greater phytotoxic effect compared with those obtained from the effluent treated on a sand bed and in RO. However, wastewater, even after treatment on a sand bed (reduction of COD-39%, TN-46%, TOC-42%, TC-47%, SS-50%, 16PAHs-53%), was still toxic and germination inhibition was in the range of 24-48% for the cotton matrix and 14-54% for the MSBM matrix. The toxicity of wastewater treated in the membrane process was the lowest (reduction of COD-85%, TN-95%, TOC-85%, TC-86%, SS-98%, 16PAHs-67%). The germination inhibition was in the range of 4-10% for the cotton matrix and 2-12% for the MSBM matrix. These samples are classified as non-toxic or slightly toxic to the model plant. The present study highlights the necessity of monitoring not only the basic physical and chemical indicators (including the level of toxic substances as PAHs), but also their effect on the test organisms in wastewater samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Smol
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-261 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Włóka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastrcture and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła
- Department of Chemistry, Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Infrastrcture and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Plytycz B, Bigaj J, Osikowski A, Hofman S, Falniowski A, Panz T, Grzmil P, Vandenbulcke F. The existence of fertile hybrids of closely related model earthworm species, Eisenia andrei and E. fetida. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191711. [PMID: 29370238 PMCID: PMC5784991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbricid earthworms Eisenia andrei (Ea) and E. fetida (Ef) are simultaneous hermaphrodites with reciprocal insemination capable of self-fertilization while the existence of hybridization of these two species was still debatable. During the present investigation fertile hybrids of Ea and Ef were detected. Virgin specimens of Ea and Ef were laboratory crossed (Ea+Ef) and their progeny was doubly identified. 1 -identified by species-specific maternally derived haploid mitochondrial DNA sequences of the COI gene being either 'a' for worms hatched from Ea ova or 'f' for worms hatched from Ef ova. 2 -identified by the diploid maternal/paternal nuclear DNA sequences of 28s rRNA gene being either 'AA' for Ea, 'FF' for Ef, or AF/FA for their hybrids derived either from the 'aA' or 'fF' ova, respectively. Among offspring of Ea+Ef pairs in F1 generation there were mainly aAA and fFF earthworms resulted from the facilitated self-fertilization and some aAF hybrids from aA ova but none fFA hybrids from fF ova. In F2 generation resulting from aAF hybrids mated with aAA a new generations of aAA and aAF hybrids were noticed, while aAF hybrids mated with fFF gave fFF and both aAF and fFA hybrids. Hybrids intercrossed together produced plenty of cocoons but no hatchlings independently whether aAF+aAF or aAF+fFA were mated. These results indicated that Ea and Ef species, easy to maintain in laboratory and commonly used as convenient models in biomedicine and ecotoxicology, may also serve in studies on molecular basis of interspecific barriers and mechanisms of introgression and speciation. Hypothetically, their asymmetrical hybridization can be modified by some external factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Janusz Bigaj
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Osikowski
- Department of Animal Anatomy, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Hofman
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Falniowski
- Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Panz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Ecologie Numerique et Ecotoxicologie, University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rorat A, Vandenbulcke F, Gałuszka A, Klimek B, Plytycz B. Protective role of metallothionein during regeneration in Eisenia andrei exposed to cadmium. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 203:39-50. [PMID: 29038073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lumbricid earthworms are often exposed to simultaneous action of various environmental stressors like soil contamination, temperature fluctuation or predators' attacks, which may induce extrusion of coelomocyte-containing coelomic fluid or loss of tail segments. If the injuries are not lethal, renewal of the immune-competent cells and soluble components of coelomic fluid and/or the regeneration of tail segments occurs. The aim of our investigations was to test the hypothesis that exposure of adult earthworms Eisenia andrei to cadmium-polluted soil at room temperature (RT) and/or low temperature (6°C) have adverse effects on restoration of experimentally depleted coelomocytes or on regeneration of amputated posterior segments. Intact control earthworms and their experimental counterparts subjected to electrostimulation-induced coelomocyte depletion or surgical amputation of posterior segments were maintained either in control soil or in soil spiked with cadmium chloride (500mg/kg air-dried soil) at RT or 6°C. Four weeks after the beginning of experiments, cadmium accumulation in earthworm bodies was significantly lower at 6°C than at room temperature. The numbers of restored cells and fluorophore contents were hardly affected by temperature or cadmium. However, cocoon production was reduced by cadmium and completely abolished at 6°C and regeneration of amputated posterior segments was inhibited in cold but was enhanced by cadmium exposure at RT. Independently on the temperature, the 4-week cadmium exposure of adult earthworms was connected with significantly upregulated expression of Cd-metallothionein (but not of catalase, lysenin and phytochelatin) in coelomocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rorat
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland; Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, SN3 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, SN3 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Adrianna Gałuszka
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Klimek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suleiman H, Rorat A, Grobelak A, Grosser A, Milczarek M, Płytycz B, Kacprzak M, Vandenbulcke F. Determination of the performance of vermicomposting process applied to sewage sludge by monitoring of the compost quality and immune responses in three earthworm species: Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei and Dendrobaena veneta. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:103-112. [PMID: 28550771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of vermicomposting process applied on three different sewage sludge (precomposted with grass clippings, sawdust and municipal solid wastes) using three different earthworm species. Selected immune parameters, namely biomarkers of stress and metal body burdens, have been used to biomonitor the vermicomposting process and to assess the impact of contaminants on earthworm's physiology. Biotic and abiotic parameters were also used in order to monitor the process and the quality of the final product. Dendrobaena veneta exhibited much lower resistance in all experimental conditions, as the bodyweight and the total number of circulating immune cells decreased in the most contaminated conditions. All earthworm species accumulated heavy metals as follows Cd>Co>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cr: Eisenia sp. worms exhibited the highest ability to accumulate several heavy metals. Vermicompost obtained after 45days was acceptable according to agronomic parameters and to compost quality norms in France and Poland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Suleiman
- Université de Lille, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Agnieszka Rorat
- Université de Lille, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland.
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Anna Grosser
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Marcin Milczarek
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Barbara Płytycz
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kacprzak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Université de Lille, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Swiderska B, Kedracka-Krok S, Panz T, Morgan AJ, Falniowski A, Grzmil P, Plytycz B. Lysenin family proteins in earthworm coelomocytes - Comparative approach. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:404-412. [PMID: 27567602 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin-binding proteins of the lysenin family were originally identified in earthworms belonging to the genus Eisenia comprised of at least two distinct species, E. andrei and E. fetida, until recently considered subspecies or morphotypes of E. foetida (sic). In the present study the presence of lysenin and lysenin-related protein 2 (LRP-2, known also as fetidin) was detected in coelomocytes retrieved from all investigated adult specimens of E. andrei, and E. fetida. They were accompanied by LRP-3 and LRP-1 in some specimens of E. andrei and E. fetida, respectively. Lysenins were not observed in a third composting lumbricid species, Dendrobaena veneta, which served as a convenient negative reference for techniques and procedures used in the study. The pore-forming potential of soluble and cellular fractions of coelomic fluid was studied towards sheep red blood cells and sphingomyelin-rich liposomes. After experimental depletion the potential was restored in parallel with restoration of chloragocyte-derived eleocytes in both E. andrei and E. fetida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Swiderska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Panz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - A John Morgan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK
| | - Andrzej Falniowski
- Department of Malacology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pawel Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rorat A, Wloka D, Grobelak A, Grosser A, Sosnecka A, Milczarek M, Jelonek P, Vandenbulcke F, Kacprzak M. Vermiremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in sewage sludge composting process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 187:347-353. [PMID: 27836561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to study the dynamics of the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during sewage sludge vermicomposting. This eco-biotechnology employing earthworms as natural bioreactors for decomposing of organic matter may be used for vermiremediation of particular pollutants present in various organic matter sources. In this experiment, sewage sludge was mixed with bulking agents and precomposted. Afterward, adult Eisenia andrei specimens were introduced into the process. Total heavy metal and PAHs concentration were measured in composts and earthworms before and after the process. While heavy metal concentrations fluctuated mildly in the substratum, several metals clearly accumulated in the earthworms' bodies. Body Accumulation Factors could be ranked as follows (Cd > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb). Interestingly, addition of earthworms into the process has led to the high percentage of PAHs removal and some of the 16 priority PAHs analyzed in this study have been accumulated in earthworms' bodies. Applied conditions did not affect worms' viability but they almost completely inhibited their reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rorat
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland; Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Dariusz Wloka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland.
| | - Anna Grosser
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sosnecka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Marcin Milczarek
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Paulina Jelonek
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Malgorzata Kacprzak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rorat A, Suleiman H, Grobelak A, Grosser A, Kacprzak M, Płytycz B, Vandenbulcke F. Interactions between sewage sludge-amended soil and earthworms--comparison between Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei composting species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3026-35. [PMID: 26517992 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly technology, where earthworms are introduced in the waste, inter alia sewage sludge, to cooperate with microorganisms and enhance decomposition of organic matter. The main aims of the present study was to determine the influence of two different earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei, on the changes of selected metallic trace elements content in substratum during vermicomposting process using three different sewage sludge mainly differentiated by their metal contents. Final vermicompost has shown a slight reduction in Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb, while the Zn concentration tends to increase. Accumulation of particular heavy metals in earthworms' bodies was assessed. Both species revealed high tendency to accumulate Cd and Zn, but not Cu, Ni, and Pb, but E. andrei has higher capabilities to accumulate some metals. Riboflavin content, which content varies depending on metal pollution in several earthworms species, was measured supravitaly in extruded coelomocytes. Riboflavin content decreased slightly during the first 6 weeks of exposure and subsequently restored till the end of the 9-week experiment. Selected agronomic parameters have also been measured in the final product (vermicompost) to assess the influence of earthworms on substratum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rorat
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Brzeznicka 60a, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland.
- Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Hanine Suleiman
- Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Brzeznicka 60a, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Anna Grosser
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Brzeznicka 60a, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kacprzak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Brzeznicka 60a, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Barbara Płytycz
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pes O, Midlik A, Schlaghamersky J, Zitnan M, Taborsky P. A study on bioluminescence and photoluminescence in the earthworm Eisenia lucens. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:175-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eisenia lucens is a bioluminescent earthworm found in the organic soil layer of decomposing wood. Many lines of evidence indicate that riboflavin stored in coelomycetes plays an important role in this glowing reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O. Pes
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medicine
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Rep
| | - A. Midlik
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medicine
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Rep
| | - J. Schlaghamersky
- Department of Botany and Zoology
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - M. Zitnan
- Material Research Centre
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Brno Technical University of Technology
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - P. Taborsky
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molnar L, Pollak E, Skopek Z, Gutt E, Kruk J, Morgan AJ, Plytycz B. Immune system participates in brain regeneration and restoration of reproduction in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:269-79. [PMID: 25863277 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Earthworm decerebration causes temporary inhibition of reproduction which is mediated by certain brain-derived neurohormones; thus, cocoon production is an apposite supravital marker of neurosecretory center functional recovery during brain regeneration. The core aim of the present study was to investigate aspects of the interactions of nervous and immune systems during brain regeneration in adult Dendrobaena veneta (Annelida; Oligochaeta). Surgical brain extirpation was combined, either with (i) maintenance of immune-competent coelomic cells (coelomocytes) achieved by surgery on prilocaine-anesthetized worms or (ii) prior extrusion of fluid-suspended coelomocytes by electrostimulation. Both brain renewal and cocoon output recovery were significantly faster in earthworms with relatively undisturbed coelomocyte counts compared with individuals where coelomocyte counts had been experimentally depleted. These observations provide empirical evidence that coelomocytes and/or coelomocyte-derived factors (e.g. riboflavin) participate in brain regeneration and, by implication, that there is close functional synergy between earthworm neural and immune systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Molnar
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Pecs University, Hungary
| | - Edit Pollak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Pecs University, Hungary
| | - Zuzanna Skopek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Gutt
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University
| | - A John Morgan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK
| | - Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Homa J, Rorat A, Kruk J, Cocquerelle C, Plytycz B, Vandenbulcke F. Dermal exposure of Eisenia andrei earthworms: Effects of heavy metals on metallothionein and phytochelatin synthase gene expressions in coelomocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1397-1404. [PMID: 25693738 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parameters such as total number of coelomocytes, riboflavin content in coelomocytes, expression of genes implied in metal homeostasis, and detoxification mechanisms can be used as biomarkers to assess the impact of metals on annelids. Defense biomarkers (detoxification gene expressions and coelomocyte parameters) were investigated in the ecotoxicologically important species Eisenia andrei following in vivo exposure to 5 different metals (zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and cadmium) at known concentrations. Coelomocyte numbers and riboflavin content were not affected by metallic exposure, but metal-specific gene expression variations were evidenced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Homa
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rorat
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
- Environmental Axis, Lille 1 University, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|