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Barbosa GG, Silva TL, de Oliveira APS, de Albuquerque Lima T, da Silva PM, de Santana CJC, Vieira JRC, de Sousa DR, Souza FAL, Pereira R, Zingali RB, Costa RMPB, Paiva PMG, Rodrigues GG, Castro MS, Napoleão TH. Cutaneous glands of the striped toad, Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) (Amphibia: Bufonidae): Histological study and bioactivities of glandular secretions. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 273:110983. [PMID: 38688407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the morphology of Rhinella crucifer cutaneous glands, as well as the protein/peptide profiles and bioactivities of body gland secretions (BGS) and parotoid macrogland secretions (PS). The parotoid as well as dorsal and ventral skin fragments of male and female individuals were processed for histological analysis. The protein and peptide profiles of male and female gland secretions were evaluated. Male secretions were also assessed for proteolytic, trypsin inhibiting, hemagglutinating, hemolytic, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant activities. The R. crucifer skin structure presented protuberances that are clearly visible and formed by the integument, which has cutaneous glands throughout the body. An average of 438 and 333 glands were identified in males in females, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of glands across the body as well as for area and perimeter of glands. Differences were observed in protein composition between the PS and BGS from males and females, and secretions from animals collected from undisturbed and anthropogenically disturbed areas. Proteins with similarities to catalase and elongation factor 1-alpha were detected in the PS. Zymography revealed proteolytic activity in both male BGS and PS. Male BGS showed antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli and anticoagulant activity, being able to prolong prothrombin time by 6.34-fold and activated partial thromboplastin time by 2.17-fold. Finally, male PS and BGS caused a maximum hemolysis degree of 1.4%. The data showed that the cutaneous secretions of R. crucifer are potentially promising for biotechnological prospecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica Gomes Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Tulíbia Laurindo Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Thâmarah de Albuquerque Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna Michelle da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Correia de Santana
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Dyeime Ribeiro de Sousa
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco Assis Leite Souza
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Russolina Benedeta Zingali
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana S Castro
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Kowalski K, Marciniak P, Rychlik L. Proteins from toad's parotoid macroglands: do they play a role in gland functioning and chemical defence? Front Zool 2023; 20:21. [PMID: 37328749 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parotoid gland secretion of bufonid toads is a rich source of toxic molecules that are used against predators, parasites and pathogens. Bufadienolides and biogenic amines are the principal compounds responsible for toxicity of parotoid secretion. Many toxicological and pharmacological analyses of parotoid secretions have been performed, but little is known about the processes related to poison production and secretion. Therefore, our aim was to investigate protein content in parotoids of the common toad, Bufo bufo, to understand the processes that regulate synthesis and excretion of toxins as well as functioning of parotoid macroglands. RESULTS Applying a proteomic approach we identified 162 proteins in the extract from toad's parotoids that were classified into 11 categories of biological functions. One-third (34.6%) of the identified molecules, including acyl-CoA-binding protein, actin, catalase, calmodulin, and enolases, were involved in cell metabolism. We found many proteins related to cell division and cell cycle regulation (12.0%; e.g. histone and tubulin), cell structure maintenance (8.4%; e.g. thymosin beta-4, tubulin), intra- and extracellular transport (8.4%), cell aging and apoptosis (7.3%; e.g. catalase and pyruvate kinase) as well as immune (7.0%; e.g. interleukin-24 and UV excision repair protein) and stress (6.3%; including heat shock proteins, peroxiredoxin-6 and superoxide dismutase) response. We also identified two proteins, phosphomevalonate kinase and isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase 1, that are involved in synthesis of cholesterol which is a precursor for bufadienolides biosynthesis. STRING protein-protein interaction network predicted for identified proteins showed that most proteins are related to metabolic processes, particularly glycolysis, stress response and DNA repair and replication. The results of GO enrichment and KEGG analyses are also consistent with these findings. CONCLUSION This finding indicates that cholesterol may be synthesized in parotoids, and not only in the liver from which is then transferred through the bloodstream to the parotoid macroglands. Presence of proteins that regulate cell cycle, cell division, aging and apoptosis may indicate a high epithelial cell turnover in parotoids. Proteins protecting skin cells from DNA damage may help to minimize the harmful effects of UV radiation. Thus, our work extends our knowledge with new and important functions of parotoids, major glands involved in the bufonid chemical defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kowalski
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Leszek Rychlik
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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Alexandre LS, Braga FMS, de Oliveira PK, Coelho TLS, Fonseca MG, de Sousa RWR, Dittz D, de Castro E Sousa JM, Ferreira PMP, Dantas C, Barbosa HDS, Chaves MH, Lopes Júnior CA, Vieira Júnior GM. Proteins from Rhinella jimi parotoid gland secretion: A comprehensive analytical approach. Toxicon 2021; 192:32-39. [PMID: 33465357 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Toad skin secretions are sources of complex mixtures of bioactive compounds, such as proteins and peptides. Rhinella jimi species is a common toad in the Brazilian northeast, considered by only a few known studies. The experimental design was applied to optimize the protein extraction method from R. jimi parotoid gland secretions. The optimum condition was using 100 mmol L-1 Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.2 under vortexing for 5 min. The FTIR analysis combined with PCA revealed high-protein purity of the extracts, confirming the success of the proposed extraction method. The total protein concentration by the Bradford method was 102.4 and 66.5 mg g-1 on toad poisons from Teresina and Picos, respectively. The comparative proteomic analysis using HPLC-SEC-DAD and 1D SDS-PAGE revealed significant differences in protein abundance. HMW biomolecules showed greater abundance in toads from Teresina, while LMW protein species were more abundant in toads from Picos. The significant difference in amphibian proteome can be attributed to the edaphoclimatic conditions of their habitat. The cytotoxicity of the protein extract from Teresina was higher on the tumor cell lines 4T1 and CT26.WT. These new findings are fundamental for future studies the on identity and biological activity of biomolecules from this noble sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Santos Alexandre
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais - LPN, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francislene Machado Silva Braga
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioanalítica - GEBIO, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Kelly de Oliveira
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioanalítica - GEBIO, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Tiago Linus Silva Coelho
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioanalítica - GEBIO, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Mariluce Gonçalves Fonseca
- Federal University of Piauí, Department of Biology, Campus Senador Helvídio Nunes de Barros, Picos, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Rayran Walter Ramos de Sousa
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Dalton Dittz
- Federal University of Piauí, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo de Castro E Sousa
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Clecio Dantas
- Laboratório de Química Computacional Inorgânica e Quimiometria - LQCINMETRIA, State University of Maranhão - UEMA, Campus Caxias, 65604-380, Caxias, MA, Brazil
| | - Herbert de Sousa Barbosa
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioanalítica - GEBIO, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Mariana Helena Chaves
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais - LPN, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Cícero Alves Lopes Júnior
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioanalítica - GEBIO, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Gerardo Magela Vieira Júnior
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais - LPN, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
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Fusco LS, Cajade R, Piñeiro JM, Torres AM, da Silva IRF, Hyslop S, Leiva LC, Pimenta DC, Bustillo S. Biochemical characterization and cytotoxic effect of the skin secretion from the red-spotted Argentina frog Argenteohyla siemersi (Anura: Hylidae). J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190078. [PMID: 32280338 PMCID: PMC7112748 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Argenteohyla siemersi (red-spotted Argentina frog) is a
casque-headed tree frog species belonging to the Hylidae family. This
species has a complex combination of anti-predator defense mechanisms that
include a highly lethal skin secretion. However, biochemical composition and
biological effects of this secretion have not yet been studied. Methods: The A. siemersi skin secretion samples were analyzed by mass
spectrometry and chromatographic analysis (MALDI-TOF/MS, RP-HPLC and GC-MS).
Proteins were also studied by SDS-PAGE. Among the biological activities
evaluated, several enzymatic activities (hemolytic, phospholipase
A2, clotting, proteolytic and amidolytic) were assessed.
Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity (cytolysis and fluorescence staining)
was evaluated on myoblasts of the C2C12 cell line. Results: The MALDI-TOF/MS analysis identified polypeptides and proteins in the aqueous
solution of A. siemersi skin secretion. SDS-PAGE revealed
the presence of proteins with molecular masses from 15 to 55 kDa. Steroids,
but no alkaloids or peptides (less than 5 KDa), were detected using mass
spectrometry. Skin secretion revealed the presence of lipids in methanolic
extract, as analyzed by CG-MS. This secretion showed hemolytic and
phospholipase A2 activities, but was devoid of amidolytic,
proteolytic or clotting activities. Moreover, dose-dependent cytotoxicity in
cultured C2C12 myoblasts of the skin secretion was demonstrated.
Morphological analysis, quantification of lactate dehydrogenase release and
fluorescence staining indicated that the cell death triggered by this
secretion involved necrosis. Conclusions: Results presented herein evidence the biochemical composition and biological
effects of A. siemersi skin secretion and contribute to the
knowledge on the defense mechanisms of casque-headed frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano S Fusco
- Protein Research Laboratory (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Cajade
- Herpetology Laboratory, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Jose M Piñeiro
- Herpetology Laboratory, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Ana M Torres
- Natural Products Laboratory, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Igor R F da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura C Leiva
- Protein Research Laboratory (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Daniel C Pimenta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Protein Research Laboratory (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
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Mariano DO, Prezotto-Neto JP, Spencer PJ, Sciani JM, Pimenta DC. Proteomic analysis of soluble proteins retrieved from Duttaphrynus melanostictus skin secretion by IEx-batch sample preparation. J Proteomics 2019; 209:103525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mariano DOC, Messias MDG, Spencer PJ, Pimenta DC. Protein identification from the parotoid macrogland secretion of Duttaphrynus melanostictus. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e20190029. [PMID: 31467513 PMCID: PMC6707386 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bufonid parotoid macrogland secretion contains several low molecular mass
molecules, such as alkaloids and steroids. Nevertheless, its protein content
is poorly understood. Herein, we applied a sample preparation methodology
that allows the analysis of viscous matrices in order to examine its
proteins. Methods: Duttaphrynus melanostictus parotoid macrogland secretion
was submitted to ion-exchange batch sample preparation, yielding two
fractions: salt-displaced fraction and acid-displaced fraction. Each sample
was then fractionated by anionic-exchange chromatography, followed by
in-solution proteomic analysis. Results: Forty-two proteins could be identified, such as acyl-CoA-binding protein,
alcohol dehydrogenase, calmodulin, galectin and histone. Moreover,
de novo analyses yielded 153 peptides, whereas BLAST
analyses corroborated some of the proteomic-identified proteins.
Furthermore, the de novo peptide analyses indicate the
presence of proteins related to apoptosis, cellular structure, catalysis and
transport processes. Conclusions: Proper sample preparation allowed the proteomic and de novo
identification of different proteins in the D.
melanostictus parotoid macrogland secretion. These results may
increase the knowledge about the universe of molecules that compose
amphibian skin secretion, as well as to understand their
biological/physiological role in the granular gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Jack Spencer
- Biotechnology Center, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Shibao PYT, Cologna CT, Morandi-Filho R, Wiezel GA, Fujimura PT, Ueira-Vieira C, Arantes EC. Deep sequencing analysis of toad Rhinella schneideri skin glands and partial biochemical characterization of its cutaneous secretion. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:36. [PMID: 30519258 PMCID: PMC6267030 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animal poisons and venoms are sources of biomolecules naturally selected. Rhinella schneideri toads are widespread in the whole Brazilian territory and they have poison glands and mucous gland. Recently, protein from toads’ secretion has gaining attention. Frog skin is widely known to present great number of host defense peptides and we hypothesize toads present them as well. In this study, we used a RNA-seq analysis from R. schneideri skin and biochemical tests with the gland secretion to unravel its protein molecules. Methods Total RNA from the toad skin was extracted using TRizol reagent, sequenced in duplicate using Illumina Hiseq2500 in paired end analysis. The raw reads were trimmed and de novo assembled using Trinity. The resulting sequences were submitted to functional annotation against non-redundant NCBI database and Database of Anuran Defense Peptide. Furthermore, we performed caseinolytic activity test to assess the presence of serine and metalloproteases in skin secretion and it was fractionated by fast liquid protein chromatography using a reverse-phase column. The fractions were partially sequenced by Edman’s degradation. Results We were able to identify several classes of antimicrobial peptides, such as buforins, peroniins and brevinins, as well as PLA2, lectins and galectins, combining protein sequencing and RNA-seq analysis for the first time. In addition, we could isolate a PLA2 from the skin secretion and infer the presence of serine proteases in cutaneous secretion. Conclusions We identified novel toxins and proteins from R. schneideri mucous glands. Besides, this is a pioneer study that presented the in depth characterization of protein molecules richness from this toad secretion. The results obtained herein showed evidence of novel AMP and enzymes that need to be further explored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40409-018-0173-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Yumi Tanaka Shibao
- 1Laboratory of Animal Toxins, School of Pharmaceutical Scienes of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Camila Takeno Cologna
- 1Laboratory of Animal Toxins, School of Pharmaceutical Scienes of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Romualdo Morandi-Filho
- 2Laboratory of genetics - LABGEN, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Umuarama, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, Uberlândia, MG 1720 Brazil
| | - Gisele Adriano Wiezel
- 1Laboratory of Animal Toxins, School of Pharmaceutical Scienes of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Patricia Tiemi Fujimura
- 2Laboratory of genetics - LABGEN, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Umuarama, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, Uberlândia, MG 1720 Brazil
| | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- 2Laboratory of genetics - LABGEN, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Umuarama, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, Uberlândia, MG 1720 Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- 2Laboratory of genetics - LABGEN, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Umuarama, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, Uberlândia, MG 1720 Brazil.,3Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café s/n°, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
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Mailho-Fontana PL, Antoniazzi MM, Sciani JM, Pimenta DC, Barbaro KC, Jared C. Morphological and biochemical characterization of the cutaneous poison glands in toads ( Rhinella marina group) from different environments. Front Zool 2018; 15:46. [PMID: 30479646 PMCID: PMC6251109 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amphibian defence against predators and microorganisms is directly related to cutaneous glands that produce a huge number of different toxins. These glands are distributed throughout the body but can form accumulations in specific regions. When grouped in low numbers, poison glands form structures similar to warts, quite common in the dorsal skin of bufonids (toads). When accumulated in large numbers, the glands constitute protuberant structures known as macroglands, among which the parotoids are the most common ones. This work aimed at the morphological and biochemical characterization of the poison glands composing different glandular accumulations in four species of toads belonging to group Rhinella marina (R. icterica, R. marina, R. schneideri and R. jimi). These species constitute a good model since they possess other glandular accumulations together with the dorsal warts and the parotoids and inhabit environments with different degrees of water availability. Results We have observed that the toads skin has three types of poison glands that can be differentiated from each other through the morphology and the chemical content of their secretion product. The distribution of these different glands throughout the body is peculiar to each toad species, except for the parotoids and the other macroglands, which are composed of an exclusive gland type that is usually different from that composing the dorsal warts. Each type of poison gland presents histochemical and biochemical peculiarities, mainly regarding protein components. Conclusions The distribution, morphology and chemical composition of the different types of poison glands, indicate that they may have different defensive functions in each toad species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Maria Antoniazzi
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-000 Brazil
| | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- 2Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Jared
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-000 Brazil
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Rostelato-Ferreira S, André Dal Belo C, Ismael da Silva Junior P, Hyslop S, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Augusto Alves Rocha-E-Silva T. Presynaptic Activity of an Isolated Fraction from Rhinella schneideri Poison. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:517-522. [PMID: 30276149 PMCID: PMC6156484 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Rhinella schneideri is a toad found in many regions of the South America. The poison of the glands has cardiotoxic effect in animals and neuromuscular effects in mice and avian preparation. The purpose of this work was to identify the toxin responsible for the neuromuscular effect in avian and mice neuromuscular preparation. Methods: The methanolic extract from R. schneideri poison was fractioned by reversed phase HPLC. The purity and molecular mass were determined by LC/MS mass spectrometry. Chick biventer cervicis and mouse phrenic-nerve diaphragm were used as neuromuscular preparations to identify the toxin. Results: The purification resulted in 32 fractions, which 4 of them were active in neuromuscular preparation. The toxin of fraction 20 were chosen for better reproducibility of the whole extract activity and its molecular mass was 730.6 Da. The toxin produced facilitation of the muscle contraction followed by a complete neuromuscular blockade in chick biventer cervicis preparation in 90 min without interfering with the exogenous response to ACh and KCl. The quantal content was increased from 128 ± 13 (control) to 216 ± 44 (after 5 min and sustained until 60 min) in the presence of the toxin. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the neuromuscular action of the poison of Rhinella schneideri is a multitoxin effect. More, the present work first isolated a 730.6 Da toxin that better represent the whole poison neuromuscular effect, to which is attributed a presynaptic action in avian and mouse neuromuscular preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Rostelato-Ferreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Zip Code 18087-101, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Cháriston André Dal Belo
- Centro de Ciências Rurais de São Gabriel, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Hyslop
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Léa Rodrigues-Simioni
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Mariano DOC, Di Giacomo Messias M, Prezotto-Neto JP, Spencer PJ, Pimenta DC. Biochemical Analyses of Proteins from Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Bufo melanostictus) Skin Secretion: Soluble Protein Retrieval from a Viscous Matrix by Ion-Exchange Batch Sample Preparation. Protein J 2018; 37:380-389. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-018-9780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Proteins from the Rhinella schneideri parotoid gland secretion exhibit anti-nociceptive effect against nociception induced by inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:705-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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