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Kowalski K, Marciniak P, Rychlik L. Proteins from toad's parotoid macroglands: do they play a role in gland functioning and chemical defence? Front Zool 2023; 20:21. [PMID: 37328749 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parotoid gland secretion of bufonid toads is a rich source of toxic molecules that are used against predators, parasites and pathogens. Bufadienolides and biogenic amines are the principal compounds responsible for toxicity of parotoid secretion. Many toxicological and pharmacological analyses of parotoid secretions have been performed, but little is known about the processes related to poison production and secretion. Therefore, our aim was to investigate protein content in parotoids of the common toad, Bufo bufo, to understand the processes that regulate synthesis and excretion of toxins as well as functioning of parotoid macroglands. RESULTS Applying a proteomic approach we identified 162 proteins in the extract from toad's parotoids that were classified into 11 categories of biological functions. One-third (34.6%) of the identified molecules, including acyl-CoA-binding protein, actin, catalase, calmodulin, and enolases, were involved in cell metabolism. We found many proteins related to cell division and cell cycle regulation (12.0%; e.g. histone and tubulin), cell structure maintenance (8.4%; e.g. thymosin beta-4, tubulin), intra- and extracellular transport (8.4%), cell aging and apoptosis (7.3%; e.g. catalase and pyruvate kinase) as well as immune (7.0%; e.g. interleukin-24 and UV excision repair protein) and stress (6.3%; including heat shock proteins, peroxiredoxin-6 and superoxide dismutase) response. We also identified two proteins, phosphomevalonate kinase and isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase 1, that are involved in synthesis of cholesterol which is a precursor for bufadienolides biosynthesis. STRING protein-protein interaction network predicted for identified proteins showed that most proteins are related to metabolic processes, particularly glycolysis, stress response and DNA repair and replication. The results of GO enrichment and KEGG analyses are also consistent with these findings. CONCLUSION This finding indicates that cholesterol may be synthesized in parotoids, and not only in the liver from which is then transferred through the bloodstream to the parotoid macroglands. Presence of proteins that regulate cell cycle, cell division, aging and apoptosis may indicate a high epithelial cell turnover in parotoids. Proteins protecting skin cells from DNA damage may help to minimize the harmful effects of UV radiation. Thus, our work extends our knowledge with new and important functions of parotoids, major glands involved in the bufonid chemical defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kowalski
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Leszek Rychlik
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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Zhang W, Nie X, Shi L, Shao F, Cao L. A Novel PMVK Variant Associated with Familial Porokeratosis. Hum Hered 2023; 88:50-57. [PMID: 37315547 DOI: 10.1159/000531120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porokeratosis is a rare chronic progressive hypokeratotic skin disease, possibly related to the mevalonate pathway. Variations in four enzymes, including phosphomevalonate kinase (PMVK) may alter this pathway, ultimately leading to porokeratosis. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to identify the causative gene variant of porokeratosis in a Chinese family and investigate its population frequency and pathogenicity. METHOD In this study, Sanger sequencing was used to identify the gene variant causative of porokeratosis; its population frequency was investigated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 4 patients and three normal individuals as well as in 100 normal unrelated controls; finally, the pathogenicity of the mutation and the associated structural changes were predicted. RESULTS We identified a novel heterozygous missense variant, c.207G>T (p. Lys69Asn) in the PMVK gene. This variant was found in all patients but not in the normal individuals in this family or in the 100 controls. In silico analysis indicated that the variant was pathogenic; p.Lys69Asn changed the length of the α-helix and the hydrogen bond pattern compared with the wild-type protein. CONCLUSIONS The novel variant c.207G>T (p. Lys69Asn) in the PMVK gene was the causative variant in this porokeratosis family. This finding provides further evidence for the genetic basis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinmiao Nie
- College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengmin Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihua Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Pathak G, Dudhagi SS, Raizada S, Singh RK, Sane AP, Sane VA. Phosphomevalonate kinase regulates the MVA/MEP pathway in mango during ripening. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 196:174-185. [PMID: 36724702 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mango is a popular tropical fruit with a great diversity in taste and aroma, contributed primarily by terpenoids. Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) is a key enzyme for isoprenoid biosynthesis in the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway responsible for terpenoids. In this study, two cultivars of mango, "Dashehari" and "Banganpalli", showing opposite spatio-temporal patterns of ripening polarity, were investigated for studying the role of MiPMK in aroma production. MiPMK transcription and enzyme activity increased during ripening in both varieties. Expression in the early-ripening inner zones preceded that in the later-ripening outer zones of "Dashehari" while it was higher in the early ripening outer zones in "Banganpalli". Polypeptide sequences of the two enzymes showed differences in a few amino acids that were also reflected in kinetic properties such as specific activity and pH optima. Silencing of MiPMK in "Dashehari" fruit by VIGS suppressed the kinase activity and led to changes in relative contributions of the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways. This also altered the fruit metabolite profile with a reduction/disappearance of sesquiterpenes such as geranyl geraniol, trans-farnesol, β-caryophyllene, β-pinene, bisabolene and guaiane but the appearance of menthol and d-limonene in silenced fruit. The study shows that MiPMK levels may control downstream metabolite flux of the MVA pathway in mango.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Pathak
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Department of Botany, B. D. College, Patliputra University, Patna, 800001, India
| | - Shivanand S Dudhagi
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Saumya Raizada
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India
| | - A P Sane
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vidhu A Sane
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Zhang H, Liu J, Wang H, Fang H, Zhao P, Xia Q, Guo P. Structural insights into the substrate binding of phosphomevalonate kinase from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 150:103849. [PMID: 36209956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) is an important enzyme involved in the juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the phosphorylation of mevalonate 5-phosphate into mevalonate 5-diphosphate in the mevalonate pathway. Herein, we report the crystal structure of insect PMK from Bombyx mori (BmPMK) at a resolution of 1.60 Å. The overall structure of BmPMK adopts a compact α/β conformation with two parts: the core and lid regions. The interface between the core and lid regions forms a continuous and negatively charged groove to accommodate the substrates. Using computational simulation combined with site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical analysis, we define the binding mode of BmPMK with the cofactor and the substrate, which provides a structural basis for understanding the catalytic mechanism and the design of inhibitors of PMK. Moreover, BmPMK showed the optimal enzyme activity at pH 8.0, and the optimal temperature was 30 °C, using mevalonate 5-phosphate as the substrate. The expression profiles and kinetic analyses of BmPMK indicated that it plays critical role in the control of JH biosynthesis in silkworms. Collectively, these findings provide a better understanding of the structural and biochemical features of insect PMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Huan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Jiang P, Gao S, Chen Z, Sun H, Li P, Yue D, Pan Y, Wang X, Mi R, Dong Y, Jiang J, Zhou Z. Cloning and characterization of a phosphomevalonate kinase gene that is involved in saponin biosynthesis in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 128:67-73. [PMID: 35921931 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is one of the most dominant and economically important aquaculture species in China. Saponin, which possesses notable biological and pharmacological properties, is a key determinant of the nutritional and health value of A. japonicus. In the present study, we amplified the full-length cDNA of a phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) gene (named AjPMK) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Subsequently, we engineered a recombinant AjPMK (rAjPMK) protein and assessed its enzymatic activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Proteins that interact with rAjPMK were screened and identified via pull-down assay combined with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We found that the full-length cDNA of AjPMK contained 1354 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 612 bp. The AjPMK protein was predicted not to contain a signal peptide but to contain a phosphonolate kinase domain seen in higher eukaryotes and a P-loop with a relatively conserved nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase domain. The molecular weight of the AjPMK protein was estimated to be 23.81 kDa, and its isoelectric point was predicted to be 8.72. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AjPMK had a closer evolutionary relationship with genes from starfish than with those of other selected species. Besides, we found that rAjPMK synthesized mevalonate-5-diphosphate, interacted either directly or indirectly with crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and was regulated by immune-related processes, including antioxidative reactions, stress resistance responses and enzyme hydrolysis. Moreover, AjPMK also interacted with farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, an enzyme reported to be involved in saponin biosynthesis. Together, our findings implied that AjPMK may be directly involved in saponin biosynthesis and the regulation of various innate immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingzhe Jiang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongjuan Sun
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yongjia Pan
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xuda Wang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Rui Mi
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China.
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