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Feng M, Gui Y, An J, Cao X, Lu W, Yang G, Jian S, Hu B, Wen C. The thioredoxin expression of Cristaria plicata is regulated by Nrf2/ARE pathway under microcystin stimulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124509. [PMID: 37085063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin plays an important role in inhibiting apoptosis and protecting cells from oxidative stress. This study was aimed to clarify how the expression of Trx from Cristaria plicata is regulated by Nrf2/ARE pathway. The expression of CpTrx mRNA was significantly up-regulated in gill and kidney tissues under microcystin stress. The Nrf2 gene of Cristaria plicata was identified to possess an auto active domain bit. While CpNrf2 was knocked down by specific small RNA, CpTrx mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated. The promoter of CpTrx gene had high transcriptional activity, and this basic transcriptional activity persisted after ARE element mutation. The region of promoter -206 to +217 bp was a core promoter region and had forward regulatory elements. Gel shift Assay exhibited that the CpTrx promoter could bind to the purified proteins CpNrf2 and CpMafK in vitro. The binding phenomenon disappeared after the ARE element mutation in promoter region. Subcellular localization experiments displayed that fluorescence overlap between CpNrf2 and Trx promoter increased under microcystin toxin stress. These results suggested that Trx expression was regulated by Nrf2/ARE pathway under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Feng
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yingping Gui
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jinhua An
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - XinYing Cao
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Wuting Lu
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shaoqing Jian
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Baoqing Hu
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- College of Life Science, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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Falfushynska H, Kasianchuk N, Siemens E, Henao E, Rzymski P. A Review of Common Cyanotoxins and Their Effects on Fish. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11020118. [PMID: 36850993 PMCID: PMC9961407 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and human-induced eutrophication drive the occurrence of various cyanotoxins in aquatic environments. These metabolites reveal diversified mechanisms of action, encompassing cyto-, neuro-, hepato-, nephro-, and neurotoxicity, and pose a threat to aquatic biota and human health. In the present paper, we review data on the occurrence of the most studied cyanotoxins, microcystins, nodularins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins, and saxitoxins, in the aquatic environment, as well as their potential bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish. Microcystins are the most studied among all known cyanotoxins, although other toxic cyanobacterial metabolites are also commonly identified in aquatic environments and can reveal high toxicity in fish. Except for primary toxicity signs, cyanotoxins adversely affect the antioxidant system and anti-/pro-oxidant balance. Cyanotoxins also negatively impact the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, fish exposed to microcystins and cylindrospermopsin exhibit various immunomodulatory, inflammatory, and endocrine responses. Even though cyanotoxins exert a complex pressure on fish, numerous aspects are yet to be the subject of in-depth investigation. Metabolites other than microcystins should be studied more thoroughly to understand the long-term effects in fish and provide a robust background for monitoring and management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Anhalt University for Applied Sciences, 06366 Köthen, Germany
| | - Nadiia Kasianchuk
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznan, Poland
| | - Eduard Siemens
- Faculty of Electrical, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Anhalt University for Applied Sciences, 06366 Köthen, Germany
| | - Eliana Henao
- Research Group Integrated Management of Ecosystems and Biodiversity XIUÂ, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61701 Poznan, Poland
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 61701 Poznań, Poland
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Review on Cyanobacterial Studies in Portugal: Current Impacts and Research Needs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have long been associated with harmful effects on humans, animals and aquatic biota. Cyanotoxins are their most toxic metabolite. This review summarizes the current research, impacts and future needs in cyanobacterial studies undertaken in Portugal, the southernmost country of Europe, and with a recent multiplication of cyanotoxicity due to climate change events. Microcystins are still the most prevalent, studied and the only regulated cyanotoxins in Portuguese freshwater systems much like most European countries. With the development of some tools, particularly in molecular studies, the recent discovery of cylindrospermopsins, anatoxins and saxitoxins, both genes and toxins, in North and Center ecosystems of our country highlight current impacts that overall communities are facing with increased risks of exposure and uptake to cyanotoxins. Research needs encompass the expansion of studies at all aspects due to the uprising of these cyanotoxins and reinforces the urgent need of increasing the frequency of surveillance to achieve tangible effects of cyanotoxins in Portugal to ultimately implement regulations on cylindrospermopsins, anatoxins and saxitoxins worldwide.
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Chen L, Giesy JP, Adamovsky O, Svirčev Z, Meriluoto J, Codd GA, Mijovic B, Shi T, Tuo X, Li SC, Pan BZ, Chen J, Xie P. Challenges of using blooms of Microcystis spp. in animal feeds: A comprehensive review of nutritional, toxicological and microbial health evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142319. [PMID: 33069479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis spp., are Gram-negative, oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes which use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and minerals into organic compounds and biomass. Eutrophication, rising CO2 concentrations and global warming are increasing Microcystis blooms globally. Due to its high availability and protein content, Microcystis biomass has been suggested as a protein source for animal feeds. This would reduce dependency on soybean and other agricultural crops and could make use of "waste" biomass when Microcystis scums and blooms are harvested. Besides proteins, Microcystis contain further nutrients including lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. However, Microcystis produce cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins (MCs) and other bioactive metabolites, which present health hazards. In this review, challenges of using Microcystis blooms in feeds are identified. First, nutritional and toxicological (nutri-toxicogical) data, including toxicity of Microcystis to mollusks, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, mammals and birds, is reviewed. Inclusion of Microcystis in diets caused greater mortality, lesser growth, cachexia, histopathological changes and oxidative stress in liver, kidney, gill, intestine and spleen of several fish species. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of MCs in muscle of fish fed Microcystis might exceed the provisional tolerable daily intake (TDI) for humans, 0.04 μg/kg body mass (bm)/day, as established by the World Health Organization (WHO), and is thus not safe. Muscle of fish fed M. aeruginosa is of low nutritional value and exhibits poor palatability/taste. Microcystis also causes hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity to mollusks, crustaceans, amphibians, mammals and birds. Microbial pathogens can also occur in blooms of Microcystis. Thus, cyanotoxins/xenobiotics/pathogens in Microcystis biomass should be removed/degraded/inactivated sufficiently to assure safety for use of the biomass as a primary/main/supplemental ingredient in animal feed. As an ameliorative measure, antidotes/detoxicants can be used to avoid/reduce the toxic effects. Before using Microcystis in feed ingredients/supplements, further screening for health protection and cost control is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK; Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Biljana Mijovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 5, 73 300 Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ting Shi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shang-Chun Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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Turja R, Sanni S, Stankevičiūtė M, Butrimavičienė L, Devier MH, Budzinski H, Lehtonen KK. Biomarker responses and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mytilus trossulus and Gammarus oceanicus during exposure to crude oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:15498-15514. [PMID: 32077033 PMCID: PMC7190683 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the brackish water Baltic Sea, oil pollution is an ever-present and significant environmental threat mainly due to the continuously increasing volume of oil transport in the area. In this study, effects of exposure to crude oil on two common Baltic Sea species, the mussel Mytilus trossulus and the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus, were investigated. The species were exposed for various time periods (M. trossulus 4, 7, and 14 days, G. oceanicus 4 and 11 days) to three oil concentrations (0.003, 0.04, and 0.30 mg L-1 based on water measurements, nominally aimed at 0.015, 0.120, and 0.750 mg L-1) obtained by mechanical dispersion (oil droplets). Biological effects of oil exposure were examined using a battery of biomarkers consisting of enzymes of the antioxidant defense system (ADS), lipid peroxidation, phase II detoxification (glutathione S-transferase), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase inhibition), and geno- and cytotoxicity (micronuclei and other nuclear deformities). In mussels, the results on biomarker responses were examined in connection with data on the tissue accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In M. trossulus, during the first 4 days of exposure the accumulation of all PAHs in the two highest exposure concentrations was high and was thereafter reduced significantly. Significant increase in ADS responses was observed in M. trossulus at 4 and 7 days of exposure. At day 14, significantly elevated levels of geno- and cytotoxicity were detected in mussels. In G. oceanicus, the ADS responses followed a similar pattern to those recorded in M. trossulus at day 4; however, in G. oceanicus, the elevated ADS response was still maintained at day 11. Conclusively, the results obtained show marked biomarker responses in both study species under conceivable, environmentally realistic oil-in-seawater concentrations during an oil spill, and in mussels, they are related to the observed tissue accumulation of oil-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Turja
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Steinar Sanni
- NORCE - Norwegian Research Centre, Mekjarvik 12, N-4072, Randaberg, Norway
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Milda Stankevičiūtė
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laura Butrimavičienė
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marie-Hélène Devier
- Laboratory of Physico- and Toxico-Chemistry of the Environment (LPTC), University Bordeaux 1, Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments (EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS), 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Laboratory of Physico- and Toxico-Chemistry of the Environment (LPTC), University Bordeaux 1, Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments (EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS), 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Kari K Lehtonen
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
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Population genomic footprints of environmental pollution pressure in natural populations of the Mediterranean mussel. Mar Genomics 2018; 45:11-15. [PMID: 30447893 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs of the genus Mytilus are considered a model organism in ecotoxicology and are known to be well adapted to marine ecosystems affected by multiple anthropogenic factors, including pollution. In order to assess whether pollution interferes with the reproductive success of Mytilus and affects the diversity within and between populations, we sequenced the transcriptomes of 72 individuals from 9 populations of Mytilus galloprovincialis collected along a ca. 130-km north-south transect on the Western coast of the Iberian Peninsula. We found that polluted areas are acting as a barrier to gene flow, potentially because of the detrimental effect of anthropogenic chemicals on larvae carried from more pristine environments. Furthermore, we observed an increase in genetic diversity in populations from polluted site, which could be indicative of higher mutagenicity driven by the environment. We propose that a microevolutionary perspective is essential for a full characterization of human activities on the dispersal of M. galloprovincialis and that it should be incorporated into management, and conservation plans and policies in the context of the effects of pollution on populations.
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Antas P, Carneiro M, Reis B, Castelo-Branco R, Azevedo J, Urbatzka R, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Martins JC. GST transcriptional changes induced by a toxic Microcystis aeruginosa strain in two bivalve species during exposure and recovery phases. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:1272-1280. [PMID: 30242593 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the modulation of glutathione transferases (GSTs) induced by microcystin (MC) alone or in combination with other cyanobacterial secondary metabolites in bivalves. However, interspecies information about which and how GST isoforms are affected by these secondary metabolites is still scarce, especially considering the dynamic process involving their uptake and elimination routes. In this context, the role of GSTs gene expression changes in response to a toxic Microcystis aeruginosa extract were examined for Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes philippinarum during exposure and recovery phases. The expression levels of sigma 1, sigma 2, pi and mu-class GST genes were analyzed in the hepatopancreas of both bivalve species during cyanobacteria extract exposure (24 h) and post-exposure (24 and 72 h). Only a significant induction of sigma 1-class GST expression was observed for R. philippinarum upon 24-hour exposure of both bivalve species to Microcystis extract. During the recovery phase, GST transcriptional changes for M. galloprovincialis were characterized by an early induction (24 h) of sigma 1 and sigma 2 transcripts. On the other hand, GST transcriptional changes for R. philippinarum during post-exposure phase were characterized by an early induction (24 h) of sigma 1 and mu transcripts and a later induction (72 h) of the four analyzed GST transcripts. Such differences reflect variable GST response mechanisms to cope with MC-producing cyanobacterial blooms exposure between these two bivalve species, revealing a higher sensitivity of R. philippinarum to Microcystis-induced stress than M. galloprovincialis. The results also suggest a much higher level of activity of the GST detoxification system during the recovery phase compared to the period of the stress exposure for both bivalve species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Antas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Mariana Carneiro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Bruno Reis
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Raquel Castelo-Branco
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Azevedo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ralph Urbatzka
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Porto University, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, 4069-007, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Martins
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Carneiro M, Antas P, Reis B, Azevedo J, Osório H, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Martins JC. Modulation of hepatic glutathione transferases isoenzymes in three bivalve species exposed to purified microcystin-LR and Microcystis extracts. Toxicon 2017; 137:150-157. [PMID: 28688807 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the role of hepatic cytosolic glutathione transferases (cGST) isoforms of three different bivalve species to a Microcystis aeruginosa extract and purified MC-LR exposure (both at 150 μg MC-LR L-1) for 24 h. Characterization and alterations of the cytosolic GST activities in Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ruditapes philippinarum and Corbicula fluminea were measured using four class-specific substrates and changes in individual GST isoforms expression were achieved by a subsequent two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis. Evaluation of cGST activity basal levels using the four class-specific substrates denoted quantitative differences between the three bivalves. Purified MC-LR did not induce any significant response from bivalves. On the other hand, cell extracts caused significant alterations according to bivalves and substrates. Among the three bivalves, only R. philippinarum showed a significant induction of cGST activity using generic 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) substrate. However, no significant alterations were detected in these clams by cell extracts using the other specific substrates. In contrast, C. fluminea revealed significant induction of cGST activity when using 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB) and ethacrynic acid (EA). In M. galloprovincialis, cell extracts promoted a significant decrease of cGST activity when using EA substrate. Altered protein expression was quantitatively detected upon exposure to cell extracts for one spot in R. philippinarum and another for C. fluminea, both upregulated (2.0 and 8.5-fold, respectively) and identified as a sigma1-class GST in the case of the first. The results showed that the three bivalves presented specific adaptive biotransformation responses to MCs and other cyanobacteria compounds supported by the modulation of distinct cGST classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carneiro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - P Antas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - B Reis
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - J Azevedo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - H Osório
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - V Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - J C Martins
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Lance E, Desprat J, Holbech BF, Gérard C, Bormans M, Lawton LA, Edwards C, Wiegand C. Accumulation and detoxication responses of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis to single and combined exposures to natural (cyanobacteria) and anthropogenic (the herbicide RoundUp(®) Flash) stressors. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:116-24. [PMID: 27267390 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater gastropods are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors in the field such as the herbicide glyphosate in Roundup formulations and cyanobacterial blooms either producing or not producing microcystins (MCs), potentially leading to interacting effects. Here, the responses of Lymnaea stagnalis to a 21-day exposure to non-MC or MC-producing (33μgL(-1)) Planktothrix agardhii alone or in combination with the commercial formulation RoundUp(®) Flash at a concentration of 1μgL(-1) glyphosate, followed by 14days of depuration, were studied via i) accumulation of free and bound MCs in tissues, and ii) activities of anti-oxidant (catalase CAT) and biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferase GST) enzymes. During the intoxication, the cyanobacterial exposure induced an early increase of CAT activity, independently of the MC content, probably related to the production of secondary cyanobacterial metabolites. The GST activity was induced by RoundUp(®) Flash alone or in combination with non MC-producing cyanobacteria, but was inhibited by MC-producing cyanobacteria with or without RoundUp(®) Flash. Moreover, MC accumulation in L. stagnalis was 3.2 times increased when snails were concomitantly exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria with RoundUp(®), suggesting interacting effects of MCs on biotransformation processes. The potent inhibition of detoxication systems by MCs and RoundUp(®) Flash was reversible during the depuration, during which CAT and GST activities were significantly higher in snails previously exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria with or without RoundUp(®) Flash than in other conditions, probably related to the oxidative stress caused by accumulated MCs remaining in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lance
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Bat 18, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims cedex, France.
| | - Julia Desprat
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; UMR 5023-LEHNA, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Bâtiment Darwin C, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France, France
| | - Bente Frost Holbech
- IDEAS Research Institute, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Claudia Gérard
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Linda A Lawton
- IDEAS Research Institute, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- IDEAS Research Institute, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Claudia Wiegand
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Biology, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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Xue Q, Steinman AD, Su X, Zhao Y, Xie L. Temporal dynamics of microcystins in Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, a dominant oligochaete of hypereutrophic Lake Taihu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:585-593. [PMID: 27016610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the bioaccumulation of three microcystin (MC) congeners (MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR) in the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri from July 2013 through June 2014 in Lake Taihu, China. Environmental parameters and MCs in sediment, phytoplankton and water column also were examined. L. hoffmeisteri accumulated extremely high MC concentrations during the warmest months, with a maximum value of 11.99 μg/g (MC-LR: 1.76 μg/g, MC-RR: 2.51 μg/g, and MC-YR: 7.73 μg/g). Total MC concentrations in L. hoffmeisteri declined after October (2013) and began to increase in May (2014). Between July and October, MC-YR concentration was higher than MC-LR and MC-RR. MC concentrations in L. hoffmeisteri were positively correlated with pH, water temperature, conductivity, chlorophyll a, nitrite and the biomass of Microcystis, and negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, total nitrogen (TN), dissolved total inorganic carbon and the biomass of Bacillariophyta. In addition, MCs in phytoplankton were more strongly correlated with MCs in L. hoffmeisteri than in the water column or sediment. Our results demonstrated that L. hoffmeisteri could accumulate high MC concentrations in the bloom season, which might transfer to the edible zoobenthos and fish through trophic transfer, thereby posing a significant health threat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Xiaomei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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11
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Zou Y, Wei XM, Weng HW, Li HY, Liu JS, Yang WD. Expression profile of eight glutathione S-transferase genes in Crassostrea ariakensis after exposure to DSP toxins producing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Toxicon 2015; 105:45-55. [PMID: 26335360 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, changes in eight GSTs mRNA level including GST-α, GST-σ, GST-ω, GST-π, GST-μ, GST-ρ, GST-θ and microsomal GST (mGST) in the oyster Crassostrea ariakensis after exposure to Prorocentrum lima have been evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, the contents of five GST isoforms were detected by ELISA. After exposure to P. lima at density of 2 × 10(5) cells/L, mGST mRNA significantly increased in gill, while GST-σ was induced in digestive gland. After exposure to P. lima at density of 2 × 10(6) cells/L, GST-ω and mGST expressions increased in gill, whereas GST-α and GST-σ were induced in digestive gland. The GST content and activity in oysters exposed to P. lima also showed a different pattern when the different isoforms and organs were compared. After exposure to P. lima (2 × 10(6) cell/L), GST-π increased in gill but decreased in digestive gland. The total GST enzyme activity increased in gill, while remained unchanged in digestive gland. These various regulation of GST gene expressions indicated that the GSTs isoenzymes might play divergent physiological roles in the detoxification of DSP toxins in C. ariakensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui-Wen Weng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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12
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Azevedo CC, Guzmán-Guillén R, Martins JC, Osório H, Vasconcelos V, da Fonseca RR, Campos A. Proteomic profiling of gill GSTs in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the North of Portugal and Galicia evidences variations at protein isoform level with a possible relation with water quality. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 110:152-161. [PMID: 26364681 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are key for xenobiotic detoxification at the molecular level across phyla. These enzymes are therefore likely to be part of the defence mechanisms used by marine organisms, such as mussels, that thrive in highly polluted environments. Taking this hypothesis into account, we used proteomics to characterize the profile of GSTs from the gills of marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in order to discriminate natural mussel populations exposed to different levels of pollution. Samples were collected between Cabo Home (Spain) and Matosinhos (Portugal) covering a north-south transect of approximately 122 Km of the Atlantic Ocean along the Western Coast of the Iberian Peninsula. GSTs from mussel gills were extracted and purified by affinity chromatography with glutathione as the binding substrate to the solid medium. We studied the abundance of GST isoforms by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and assessed total activity. Eleven putative individual GSTs from classes Mu, Pi and Sigma were identified by proteomics. Few variations were observed in total GST activity of post-mitochondrial samples between sampling sites, with animals from Matosinhos (polluted site) showing highest GST activity and Cabo Home (clean site) showing lowest. This contrasts with the increased number of differences in the individual GST isoforms. Each mussel population showed unique GST proteomic profiles. Based on the results we conclude that proteomics surpasses the conventional GST enzymatic activity method to discriminate natural mussel populations and has potential application in environmental monitoring. It is reasonable to suggest that the GST proteomic profiles observed may reflect differences in contamination levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - José C Martins
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute R da Fonseca
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Porto, Portugal.
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Glutathione Transferases Responses Induced by Microcystin-LR in the Gills and Hepatopancreas of the Clam Venerupis philippinarum. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2096-120. [PMID: 26067368 PMCID: PMC4488691 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A multi-method approach was employed to compare the responses of Glutatione Transferases (GSTs) in the gills and hepatopancreas of Venerupis philippinarum to microcystins (MCs) toxicity. In this way, using the cytosolic fraction, the enzymatic activity of GSTs, superoxide dismutase (SOD), serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPP2) along with the gene expression levels of four GST isoforms (pi, mu, sigma1, sigma2) were investigated in both organs of the clams exposed for 24 h to 10, 50 and 100 μg L−1 of MC-LR. Cytosolic GSTs (cGSTs) from both organs of the high dose exposed clams were purified by glutathione-agarose affinity chromatography, characterized kinetically and the changes in the expression of cGSTs of the gills identified using a proteomic approach. MC-LR caused an increase in GST enzyme activity, involved in conjugation reactions, in both gills and hepatopancreas (100 μg L−1 exposure). SOD activity, an indicator of oxidative stress, showed significantly elevated levels in the hepatopancreas only (50 and 100 μg L−1 exposure). No significant changes were found in PPP2 activity, the main target of MCs, for both organs. Transcription responses revealed an up-regulation of sigma2 in the hepatopancreas at the high dose, but no significant changes were detected in the gills. Kinetic analysis evidenced differences between gills of exposed and non-exposed extracts. Using proteomics, qualitative and quantitative differences were found between the basal and inducible cGSTs. Overall, results suggest a distinct role of GST system in counteracting MCs toxicity between the gills and the hepatopancreas of V. philippinarum, revealing different roles between GST isoforms within and among both organs.
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Reis B, Carneiro M, Machado J, Azevedo J, Vasconcelos V, Martins JC. Transcriptional responses of glutathione transferase genes in Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to microcystin-LR. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8397-414. [PMID: 25884330 PMCID: PMC4425088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione Transferases (GSTs) are phase II detoxification enzymes known to be involved in the molecular response against microcystins (MCs) induced toxicity. However, the individual role of the several GST isoforms in the MC detoxification process is still unknown. In this study, the time-dependent changes on gene expression of several GST isoforms (pi, mu, sigma 1, sigma 2) in parallel with enzymatic activity of total GST were investigated in gills and hepatopancreas of the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to pure MC-LR (10 and 100 µg/L). No significant changes in GST enzyme activities were found on both organs. In contrast, MC-LR affected the transcriptional activities of these detoxification enzymes both in gills and hepatopancreas. GST transcriptional changes in gills promoted by MC-LR were characterized by an early (12 h) induction of mu and sigma 1 transcripts. On the other hand, the GST transcriptional changes in hepatopancreas were characterized by a later induction (48 h) of mu transcript, but also by an early inhibition (6 h) of the four transcripts. The different transcription patterns obtained for the tested GST isoforms in this study highlight the potential divergent physiological roles played by these isoenzymes during the detoxification of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Reis
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Carneiro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Machado
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Azevedo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Carlos Martins
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Pham TL, Shimizu K, Dao TS, Hong-Do LC, Utsumi M. Microcystin uptake and biochemical responses in the freshwater clam Corbicula leana P. exposed to toxic and non-toxic Microcystis aeruginosa: Evidence of tolerance to cyanotoxins. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:88-98. [PMID: 28962341 PMCID: PMC5598480 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the accumulation and adverse effects of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis in the edible clam Corbicula leana. Treated clams were exposed to toxic Microcystis at 100 μg of MC (microcystin)-LReq L-1 for 10 days. The experimental organism was then placed in toxin-free water and fed on non-toxic Microcystis for the following 10 days for depuration. Filtering rates (FRs) by C. leana of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis and of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris as a control were estimated. Adverse effects were evaluated though the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Clam accumulated MCs (up to 12.7 ± 2.5 μg g-1 dry weight (DW) of free MC and 4.2 ± 0.6 μg g-1 DW of covalently bound MC). Our results suggest that although both toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria caused adverse effects by inducing the detoxification and antioxidant defense system, the clam was quite resistant to cyanotoxins. The estimated MC concentration in C. leana was far beyond the World Health Organization's (WHO) provisional tolerable daily intake (0.04 μg kg-1 day-1), suggesting that consuming clams harvested during cyanobacterial blooms carries a high health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Luu Pham
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Institute of Tropical Biology, 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Thanh-Son Dao
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Lan-Chi Hong-Do
- Vietnam National University–Ho Chi Minh City, 6 Quarter, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 29 853 4656; fax: +81 29 853 7198.
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Downing S, Contardo-Jara V, Pflugmacher S, Downing TG. The fate of the cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine in freshwater mussels. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 101:51-8. [PMID: 24507126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial neurotoxin, β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has been suggested as a causative agent for certain neurodegenerative diseases. This cyanotoxin bioaccumulates in an array of aquatic organisms, in which it occurs as both a free amino acid and in a protein-associated form. This study was intended to investigate the environmental fate of BMAA by examining the metabolism of isotopically labeled BMAA in four freshwater mussel species. All species showed substantial uptake of BMAA from the culture media. Data showed no significant evidence for BMAA catabolism in any of the animals but did suggest metabolism via the reversible covalent modification of BMAA in freshwater mussels, a process that appears to be variable in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoné Downing
- Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 1600, Summerstrand, 6013 Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
| | - Valeska Contardo-Jara
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Ecology, Department Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Ecology, Department Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Timothy Grant Downing
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Ecology, Department Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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Turja R, Guimarães L, Nevala A, Kankaanpää H, Korpinen S, Lehtonen KK. Cumulative effects of exposure to cyanobacteria bloom extracts and benzo[a]pyrene on antioxidant defence biomarkers in Gammarus oceanicus (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Toxicon 2014; 78:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Martins JC, Campos A, Osório H, da Fonseca R, Vasconcelos V. Proteomic profiling of cytosolic glutathione transferases from three bivalve species: Corbicula fluminea, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Anodonta cygnea. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1887-900. [PMID: 24473139 PMCID: PMC3958827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15021887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspension-feeding bivalves are considered efficient toxin vectors with a relative insensitivity to toxicants compared to other aquatic organisms. This fact highlights the potential role of detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione transferases (GSTs), in this bivalve resistance. Nevertheless, the GST system has not been extensively described in these organisms. In the present study, cytosolic GSTs isoforms (cGST) were surveyed in three bivalves with different habitats and life strategies: Corbicula fluminea, Anodonta cygnea and Mytilus galloprovincialis. GSTs were purified by glutathione-agarose affinity chromatography, and the collection of expressed cGST classes of each bivalve were identified using a proteomic approach. All the purified extracts were also characterized kinetically. Results reveal variations in cGST subunits collection (diversity and properties) between the three tested bivalves. Using proteomics, four pi-class and two sigma-class GST subunits were identified in M. galloprovincialis. C. fluminea also yielded four pi-class and one sigma-class GST subunits. For A. cygnea, two mu-class and one pi-class GST subunits were identified, these being the first record of GSTs from these freshwater mussels. The affinity purified extracts also show differences regarding enzymatic behavior among species. The variations found in cGST collection and kinetics might justify diverse selective advantages for each bivalve organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Martins
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Hugo Osório
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rute da Fonseca
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Microcystin Contamination in Sea Mussel Farms from the Italian Southern Adriatic Coast following Cyanobacterial Blooms in an Artificial Reservoir. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/374027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study was performed in 2009-2010 to investigate the polluting effect of eutrophic inland waters communicating with the sea coast. The study was planned after a heavy and long-lasting Planktothrix rubescens bloom occurred in the Lake Occhito, an artificial reservoir. The waters of the reservoir flow into the southern Adriatic Sea, near several marine breeding of Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels, a typical seafood from the Apulia region (Southern Italy). A monitoring study of water and mussels from the sea coast of northern Apulia region and on the Occhito reservoir was carried out over twelve months, to get more information regarding the contamination by cyanobacteria and related cyanotoxins. Elisa immunoassay analyses estimated total microcystin amounts from 1.73 to 256 ng/g in mussels, up to 0.61 μg/L in sea water and up to 298.7 μg/L in lake water. Analyses of some samples of free-living marine clams as well as of marine and freshwater fish proved microcystin contamination. Selective confirmatory analyses by LC/ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS on some mussel samples identified the microcystin desMe-MC-RR as the major toxin; this compound has been reported in the literature as a specific marker toxin of Planktothrix rubescens blooms. Our study describes for the first time the direct relationship between environmental pollution and food safety, caused by seafood contamination from freshwater toxic blooms.
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Meneely JP, Elliott CT. Microcystins: measuring human exposure and the impact on human health. Biomarkers 2013; 18:639-49. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.841756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zhu J, Lu K, Zhang C, Liang J, Hu Z. Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in the hepatopancreas of Bellamya aeruginosa (Gastropoda) fed with toxic cyanobacteria. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:2091-105. [PMID: 22125458 PMCID: PMC3217598 DOI: 10.1100/2011/402326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate ultrastructural alterations and biochemical responses in the hepatopancreas of the freshwater snail Bellamya aeruginosa after exposure to two treatments: toxic cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa) and toxic cyanobacterial cells mixed with a non-toxic green alga (Scendesmus quadricauda) for a period of 15 days of intoxication, followed by a 15-day detoxification period. The toxic algal suspension induced a very pronounced increase of the activities of acid phosphatases, alkaline phosphatases and glutathione S-transferases (ACP, ALP and GST) in the liver at the later stage of intoxication. During the depuration, enzymatic activity tended to return to the levels close to those in the control. The activity of GST displayed the most pronounced response among different algal suspensions. Severe cytoplasmic vacuolization, condensation and deformation of nucleus, dilation and myeloid-like in mitochondria, disruption of rough endoplasmic reticulum, proliferation of lysosome, telolysosomes and apoptotic body were observed in the tissues. All cellular organelles began recovery after the snails were transferred to the S. quadricauda. The occurrence of a large amount of activated lysosomes and heterolysosomes and augment in activity of detoxification enzyme GST might be an adaptive mechanism to eliminate or lessen cell damage caused by hepatotoxicity to B. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Whalen KE, Lane AL, Kubanek J, Hahn ME. Biochemical warfare on the reef: the role of glutathione transferases in consumer tolerance of dietary prostaglandins. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8537. [PMID: 20052279 PMCID: PMC2796389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the profound variation among marine consumers in tolerance for allelochemically-rich foods, few studies have examined the biochemical adaptations underlying diet choice. Here we examine the role of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in the detoxification of dietary allelochemicals in the digestive gland of the predatory gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum, a generalist consumer of gorgonian corals. Controlled laboratory feeding experiments were used to investigate the influence of gorgonian diet on Cyphoma GST activity and isoform expression. Gorgonian extracts and semi-purified fractions were also screened to identify inhibitors and possible substrates of Cyphoma GSTs. In addition, we investigated the inhibitory properties of prostaglandins (PGs) structurally similar to antipredatory PGs found in high concentrations in the Caribbean gorgonian Plexaura homomalla. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cyphoma GST subunit composition was invariant and activity was constitutively high regardless of gorgonian diet. Bioassay-guided fractionation of gorgonian extracts revealed that moderately hydrophobic fractions from all eight gorgonian species examined contained putative GST substrates/inhibitors. LC-MS and NMR spectral analysis of the most inhibitory fraction from P. homomalla subsequently identified prostaglandin A(2) (PGA(2)) as the dominant component. A similar screening of commercially available prostaglandins in series A, E, and F revealed that those prostaglandins most abundant in gorgonian tissues (e.g., PGA(2)) were also the most potent inhibitors. In vivo estimates of PGA(2) concentration in digestive gland tissues calculated from snail grazing rates revealed that Cyphoma GSTs would be saturated with respect to PGA(2) and operating at or near physiological capacity. SIGNIFICANCE The high, constitutive activity of Cyphoma GSTs is likely necessitated by the ubiquitous presence of GST substrates and/or inhibitors in this consumer's gorgonian diet. This generalist's GSTs may operate as 'all-purpose' detoxification enzymes, capable of conjugating or sequestering a broad range of lipophilic gorgonian compounds, thereby allowing this predator to exploit a range of chemically-defended prey, resulting in a competitive dietary advantage for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Whalen
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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