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Ya'ar Bar S, Pintel N, Abd Alghne H, Khattib H, Avni D. The therapeutic potential of sphingolipids for cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1224743. [PMID: 37608809 PMCID: PMC10440740 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1224743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and Inflammation plays a critical role in the development of CVD. Despite considerable progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms and various treatment options available, significant gaps in therapy necessitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Sphingolipids are a family of lipids that have gained attention in recent years as important players in CVDs and the inflammatory processes that underlie their development. As preclinical studies have shown that targeting sphingolipids can modulate inflammation and ameliorate CVDs, targeting sphingolipids has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. This review discusses the current understanding of sphingolipids' involvement in inflammation and cardiovascular diseases, the existing therapeutic approaches and gaps in therapy, and explores the potential of sphingolipids-based drugs as a future avenue for CVD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapir Ya'ar Bar
- Department of Natural Compound, Nutrition, and Health, MIGAL, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Noam Pintel
- Department of Natural Compound, Nutrition, and Health, MIGAL, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Hesen Abd Alghne
- Department of Natural Compound, Nutrition, and Health, MIGAL, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College Department of Biotechnology, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Hamdan Khattib
- Department of Natural Compound, Nutrition, and Health, MIGAL, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Avni
- Department of Natural Compound, Nutrition, and Health, MIGAL, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College Department of Biotechnology, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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Acid sphingomyelinase promotes SGK1-dependent vascular calcification. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:515-534. [PMID: 33479769 PMCID: PMC7859357 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperphosphatemia is a key factor promoting medial vascular calcification, a common complication associated with cardiovascular events and high mortality. Vascular calcification involves osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), but the complex signaling events inducing pro-calcific pathways are incompletely understood. The present study investigated the role of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)/ceramide as regulator of VSMC calcification. In vitro, both, bacterial sphingomyelinase and phosphate increased ceramide levels in VSMCs. Bacterial sphingomyelinase as well as ceramide supplementation stimulated osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation during control and high phosphate conditions and augmented phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs. Silencing of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) blunted the pro-calcific effects of bacterial sphingomyelinase or ceramide. Asm deficiency blunted vascular calcification in a cholecalciferol-overload mouse model and ex vivo isolated-perfused arteries. In addition, Asm deficiency suppressed phosphate-induced osteo-/chondrogenic signaling and calcification of cultured VSMCs. Treatment with the functional ASM inhibitors amitriptyline or fendiline strongly blunted pro-calcific signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, ASM/ceramide is a critical upstream regulator of vascular calcification, at least partly, through SGK1-dependent signaling. Thus, ASM inhibition by repurposing functional ASM inhibitors to reduce the progression of vascular calcification during CKD warrants further study.
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Potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis in sphingolipid metabolism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:763-776. [PMID: 30890654 PMCID: PMC6422862 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelins, ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphates (S1P) are a large group of structurally and functionally diverse molecules. Some specific species are found associated with atherogenesis and provide novel therapeutic targets. Herein, we briefly review how sphingolipids are implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis and related diseases, and then we discuss the potential therapy options by targetting several key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism.
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Contribution of acid sphingomyelinase to angiotensin II-induced vascular adventitial remodeling via membrane rafts/Nox2 signal pathway. Life Sci 2019; 219:303-310. [PMID: 30677425 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) in the vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis are increasing arousing attention. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a soluble glycoprotein which is involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. However, it remains unknown if ASM is expressed in vascular AFs and regulates vascular adventitial remodeling and underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS AND KEY FINDINGS ASM downregulation with gene silencing was used in the rat AFs treated with angiotensin (Ang) II, which is universally demonstrated to induce vascular adventitia remodeling. It was showed that ASM was indeed expressed in vascular AFs and ASM downregulation resulted in a significant decrease in the protein level of PCNA and collagen I and cell migration under Ang II stimulation. Such improvement of adventitial remodeling was not further augmented by Ang-(1-7), which is deemed as an endogenous Ang II blocker. We further found that ASM downregulation blocked the Nox2-dependent superoxide (O2-) generation, which regulated vascular remodeling in AFs under Ang II. ASM siRNA decreased the aggregation of membrane rafts (MRs) and the consequent recruiting of ceramide and Nox2 in MRs. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, these results suggested that ASM downregulation could improve vascular adventitial remodeling which was attributed to inhibiting MRs/Nox2 redox signaling pathway in AFs. Thus, these data supported the idea that ASM is a potential therapeutic target for diabetic vascular complication.
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Contribution of p62/SQSTM1 to PDGF-BB-induced myofibroblast-like phenotypic transition in vascular smooth muscle cells lacking Smpd1 gene. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1145. [PMID: 30451833 PMCID: PMC6242941 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates a critical role of autophagy in regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) homeostasis in atherogenesis. However, little is known about the modulatory role of autophagy in PDGF-BB-induced SMC transition towards the synthetic phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling. We recently demonstrated that acid sphingomyelinase (ASM, encoded by Smpd1 gene) controls autophagy maturation in coronary arterial SMCs. Here, we demonstrate that PDGF-BB stimulation causes a myofibroblast-like non-canonical synthetic phenotype transition in Smpd1−/− SMCs. These non-canonical phenotypic changes induced by PDGF-BB in Smpd1−/− SMCs were characterized by increased expression of fibroblast-specific protein (FSP-1), massive deposition of collagen type I, decreased cell size, elevated inflammatory status with enhanced cytokine release and adhesion molecule expression. Mechanistically, PDGF-BB induces prolonged Akt activation that causes decreased autophagosome biogenesis and thereby exaggerates p62/SQSTM1 accumulation in Smpd1−/− SMCs. More importantly, Akt inhibition or p62/SQSTM1 gene silencing attenuates PDGF-BB-induced phenotypic changes in Smpd1−/− SMCs. This first demonstration of a p62/SQSTM1-dependent myofibroblast-like phenotypic transition in Smpd1−/− SMCs suggests that ASM-mediated autophagy pathway contributes to maintaining the arterial smooth muscle homeostasis in situation of vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis.
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Lallemand T, Rouahi M, Swiader A, Grazide MH, Geoffre N, Alayrac P, Recazens E, Coste A, Salvayre R, Nègre-Salvayre A, Augé N. nSMase2 (Type 2-Neutral Sphingomyelinase) Deficiency or Inhibition by GW4869 Reduces Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Apoe -/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1479-1492. [PMID: 29794115 PMCID: PMC6039418 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a chronic multifactorial and inflammatory disease of large and medium arteries and the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how the nSMase2 (type 2-neutral sphingomyelinase), a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism, may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. APPROACH AND RESULTS The role of nSMase2 in atherosclerosis was investigated in Apoe-/-;Smpd3fro/fro mice, mutant for nSMase2, and in Apoe-/-;Smpd3+/+ mice intraperitoneally injected with GW4869, a pharmacological nSMase2 inhibitor. The defect or inhibition of nSMase2 resulted in a reduction of atherosclerotic lesions and a decrease in macrophage infiltration and lipid deposition, although cholesterolemia remained unchanged. nSMase2 inhibition decreased the inflammatory response of murine endothelial cells to oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein), as assessed by the significant reduction of MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1), and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) mRNA expressions and macrophage recruitment. Likewise, in RAW264.7 or in macrophages isolated from Apoe-/-/Smpd3fro/fro or Apoe-/-/Smpd3+/+ mice stimulated by lipopolysaccharides, nSMase2 inhibition resulted in a decrease in the expression of inflammatory molecules. Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory response resulting from nSMase2 inhibition involves Nrf2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2 or NF-E2-related factor-2) activation in both endothelial cells and macrophages, as assessed by the lack of protective effect of GW4869 in endothelial cells silenced for Nrf2 by small interfering RNAs, and in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages issued from Nrf2-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS The genetic deficiency or inhibition of nSMase2 strongly decreases the development of atherosclerotic lesions in Apoe-/- mice, by reducing inflammatory responses through a mechanism involving the Nrf2 pathway. Inhibitors of nSMase2 may, therefore, constitute a novel approach to slow down atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lallemand
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Myriam Rouahi
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Audrey Swiader
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Marie-Hélène Grazide
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Nancy Geoffre
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Paul Alayrac
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Emeline Recazens
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Agnès Coste
- PHARMA-DEV, IRD UMR 152, Toulouse, France (A.C.)
| | - Robert Salvayre
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Anne Nègre-Salvayre
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.).,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
| | - Nathalie Augé
- From the INSERM U-1048 Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.) .,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (T.L., M.R., A.S., M.-H.G., N.G., P.A., E.R., R.S., A.N.-S., N.A.)
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Feng T, Liu P, Wang X, Luo J, Zuo X, Jiang X, Liu C, Li Y, Li N, Chen M, Zhu N, Han X, Liu C, Xu Y, Si S. SIRT1 activator E1231 protects from experimental atherosclerosis and lowers plasma cholesterol and triglycerides by enhancing ABCA1 expression. Atherosclerosis 2018; 274:172-181. [PMID: 29787963 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylase. Recent studies have demonstrated that enhancing SIRT1 expression or activity may modulate cholesterol and lipid metabolism. However, pharmacological and molecular regulators for SIRT1 are scarce. Here, we aimed to find novel small molecule modulators of SIRT1 to regulate cholesterol and lipid metabolism. METHODS A high-throughput screening assay was established to identify SIRT1 activators. Surface plasmon resonance and immunoprecipitation were performed to confirm the interaction of E1231 with SIRT1. Cholesterol assay was performed to demonstrate the in vitro effect of E1231. The in vivo effect of E1231 was evaluated in experimental models. RESULTS E1231, a piperazine 1,4-diamide compound, was identified as a SIRT1 activator with EC50 value of 0.83 μM. E1231 interacted with recombinant human SIRT1 protein and deacetylated liver X receptor-alpha (LXRα). E1231 increased ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression in RAW 264.7 cells dependent on SIRT1 and LXRα. E1231 promoted cholesterol efflux and inhibited lipid accumulation in RAW 264.7 cells via SIRT1 and ABCA1. In the golden hamster hyperlipidemia model, E1231 treatment decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both serum and the liver, while increased cholesterol content in feces. Moreover, E1231 increased ABCA1 and SIRT1 protein expression in the liver. In ApoE-/- mice, E1231 treatment reduced atherosclerotic plaque development compared with untreated ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel SIRT1 activator E1231 and elucidated its beneficial effects on lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Our study suggests that E1231 might be developed as a novel drug for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peng Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinque Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xuan Zuo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xinhai Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ni Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Minghua Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ningyu Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaowan Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chao Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanni Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shuyi Si
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China.
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Gorelik A, Illes K, Heinz LX, Superti-Furga G, Nagar B. Crystal structure of mammalian acid sphingomyelinase. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12196. [PMID: 27435900 PMCID: PMC4961792 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase, ASM, SMPD1) converts sphingomyelin into ceramide, modulating membrane properties and signal transduction. Inactivating mutations in ASMase cause Niemann-Pick disease, and its inhibition is also beneficial in models of depression and cancer. To gain a better understanding of this critical therapeutic target, we determined crystal structures of mammalian ASMase in various conformations. The catalytic domain adopts a calcineurin-like fold with two zinc ions and a hydrophobic track leading to the active site. Strikingly, the membrane interacting saposin domain assumes either a closed globular conformation independent from the catalytic domain, or an open conformation, which establishes an interface with the catalytic domain essential for activity. Structural mapping of Niemann-Pick mutations reveals that most of them likely destabilize the protein's fold. This study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of ASMase function, and provides a platform for the rational development of ASMase inhibitors and therapeutic use of recombinant ASMase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Gorelik
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 0B1,Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 0B1
| | - Katalin Illes
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 0B1,Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 0B1
| | - Leonhard X. Heinz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bhushan Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 0B1,Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 0B1,
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Kornhuber J, Rhein C, Müller CP, Mühle C. Secretory sphingomyelinase in health and disease. Biol Chem 2016; 396:707-36. [PMID: 25803076 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism, hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine. In mammals, the expression of a single gene, SMPD1, results in two forms of the enzyme that differ in several characteristics. Lysosomal ASM (L-ASM) is located within the lysosome, requires no additional Zn2+ ions for activation and is glycosylated mainly with high-mannose oligosaccharides. By contrast, the secretory ASM (S-ASM) is located extracellularly, requires Zn2+ ions for activation, has a complex glycosylation pattern and has a longer in vivo half-life. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the physiology and pathophysiology of S-ASM, including its sources and distribution, molecular and cellular mechanisms of generation and regulation and relevant in vitro and in vivo studies. Polymorphisms or mutations of SMPD1 lead to decreased S-ASM activity, as detected in patients with Niemann-Pick disease B. Thus, lower serum/plasma activities of S-ASM are trait markers. No genetic causes of increased S-ASM activity have been identified. Instead, elevated activity is the result of enhanced release (e.g., induced by lipopolysaccharide and cytokine stimulation) or increased enzyme activation (e.g., induced by oxidative stress). Increased S-ASM activity in serum or plasma is a state marker of a wide range of diseases. In particular, high S-ASM activity occurs in inflammation of the endothelium and liver. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between S-ASM activity and mortality induced by severe inflammatory diseases. Serial measurements of S-ASM reveal prolonged activation and, therefore, the measurement of this enzyme may also provide information on past inflammatory processes. Thus, S-ASM may be both a promising clinical chemistry marker and a therapeutic target.
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10
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Perrotta C, Cervia D, De Palma C, Assi E, Pellegrino P, Bassi MT, Clementi E. The emerging role of acid sphingomyelinase in autophagy. Apoptosis 2015; 20:635-44. [PMID: 25666706 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, the main intracellular process of cytoplasmic material degradation, is involved in cell survival and death. Autophagy is regulated at various levels and novel modulators of its function are being continuously identified. An intriguing recent observation is that among these modulators is the sphingolipid metabolising enzyme, Acid Sphingomyelinase (A-SMase), already known to play a fundamental role in apoptotic cell death participating in several pathophysiological conditions. In this review we analyse and discuss the relationship between autophagy and A-SMase describing how A-SMase may regulate it and defining, for the first time, the existence of an A-SMase-autophagy axis. The imbalance of this axis plays a role in cancer, nervous system, cardiovascular, and hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), National Research Council-Institute of Neuroscience, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Autophagy is a reparative, life-sustaining process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in double-membrane vesicles and degraded on fusion with lysosomal compartments. Growing evidence reveals that basal autophagy is an essential in vivo process mediating proper vascular function. Moreover, autophagy is stimulated by many stress-related stimuli in the arterial wall to protect endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells against cell death and the initiation of vascular disease, in particular atherosclerosis. Basal autophagy is atheroprotective during early atherosclerosis but becomes dysfunctional in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Little is known about autophagy in other vascular disorders, such as aneurysm formation, arterial aging, vascular stiffness, and chronic venous disease, even though autophagy is often impaired. This finding highlights the need for pharmacological interventions with compounds that stimulate the prosurvival effects of autophagy in the vasculature. A large number of animal studies and clinical trials have indicated that oral or stent-based delivery of the autophagy inducer rapamycin or derivatives thereof, collectively known as rapalogs, effectively inhibit the basic mechanisms that control growth and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. Other autophagy-inducing drugs, such as spermidine or add-on therapy with widely used antiatherogenic compounds, including statins and metformin, are potentially useful to prevent vascular disease with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido R.Y. De Meyer
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mandy O.J. Grootaert
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cédéric F. Michiels
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ammar Kurdi
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dorien M. Schrijvers
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Zhu H, Cao M, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Uretsky BF, Chiriva-Internati M, Hermonat PL. AAV2/8-hSMAD3 gene delivery attenuates aortic atherogenesis, enhances Th2 response without fibrosis, in LDLR-KO mice on high cholesterol diet. J Transl Med 2014; 12:252. [PMID: 25236373 PMCID: PMC4189750 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a key etiologic component in atherogenesis and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is a well known anti-inflammatory cytokine which potentially might be used to limit it. Yet TGFβ1 is pleiomorphic, causing fibrosis, cell taxis, and under certain circumstances, can even worsen inflammation. SMAD3 is an important member of TGFβ1′s signal transduction pathway, but is a fully intracellular protein. Objectives With the hope of attenuating TGFβ1′s adverse systemic effects (eg. fibrosis) and accentuating its anti-inflammatory activity, we proposed the use of human (h)SMAD3 as an intracellular substitute for TGFβ1. Study design To test this hypothesis adeno-associated virus type 2/8 (AAV)/hSMAD3 or AAV/Neo (control) was tail vein injected into the low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) mice, then placed on a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Results The hSMAD3 delivery was associated with significantly lower atherogenesis as measured by larger aortic cross sectional area, thinner aortic wall thickness, and lower aortic systolic blood velocity compared with Neo gene-treated controls. HSMAD3 delivery also resulted in fewer aortic macrophages by immunohistochemistry for CD68 and ITGAM, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of EMR and ITGAM. Overall, aortic cytokine expression showed an enhancement of Th2 response (higher IL-4 and IL-10); while Th1 response (IL-12) was lower with hSMAD3 delivery. While TGFβ1 is often associated with increased fibrosis, AAV/hSMAD3 delivery exhibited no increase of collagen 1A2 or significantly lower 2A1 expression in the aorta compared with Neo-delivery. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a mediator of TGFβ1/SMAD3-induced fibrosis, was unchanged in hSMAD3-delivered aortas. In the liver, all three of these genes were down-regulated by hSMAD3 gene delivery. Conclusion These data strongly suggest that AAV/hSMAD3 delivery gave anti-atherosclerosis therapeutic effect without the expected undesirable effect of TGFβ1-associated fibrosis.
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Xu Y, Liu Q, Xu Y, Liu C, Wang X, He X, Zhu N, Liu J, Wu Y, Li Y, Li N, Feng T, Lai F, Zhang M, Hong B, Jiang JD, Si S. Rutaecarpine suppresses atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice through upregulating ABCA1 and SR-BI within RCT. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1634-47. [PMID: 24908654 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m044198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCA1 and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)/CD36 and lysosomal integral membrane protein II analogous 1 (CLA-1) are the key transporter and receptor in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Increasing the expression level of ABCA1 and SR-BI/CLA-1 is antiatherogenic. The aim of the study was to find novel antiatherosclerotic agents upregulating expression of ABCA1 and SR-BI/CLA-1 from natural compounds. Using the ABCA1p-LUC and CLA-1p-LUC HepG2 cell lines, we found that rutaecarpine (RUT) triggered promoters of ABCA1 and CLA-1 genes. RUT increased ABCA1 and SR-BI/CLA-1 expression in vitro related to liver X receptor alpha and liver X receptor beta. RUT induced cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 cells. ApoE-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice treated with RUT for 8 weeks showed ∼68.43, 70.23, and 85.56% less en face lesions for RUT (L), RUT (M), and RUT (H) groups, respectively, compared with the model group. Mouse macrophage-specific antibody and filipin staining indicated that RUT attenuated macrophages and cholesterol accumulations in atherosclerotic lesions, respectively. Additionally, ABCA1 and SR-BI expression was highly induced by RUT in livers of ApoE(-/-) mice. Meanwhile, RUT treatment significantly increased the fecal (3)H-cholesterol excretion, which demonstrated that RUT could promote RCT in vivo. RUT was identified to be a candidate that protected ApoE(-/-) mice from developing atherosclerosis through preferentially promoting activities of ABCA1 and SR-BI within RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaobo He
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ningyu Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jikai Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yexiang Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ni Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fangfang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Murui Zhang
- Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310016, China
| | - Bin Hong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuyi Si
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Li X, Xu M, Pitzer AL, Xia M, Boini KM, Li PL, Zhang Y. Control of autophagy maturation by acid sphingomyelinase in mouse coronary arterial smooth muscle cells: protective role in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:473-85. [PMID: 24463558 PMCID: PMC4211081 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent studies have indicated a protective role of autophagy in regulating vascular smooth muscle cells homeostasis in atherogenesis, but the mechanisms controlling autophagy, particularly autophagy maturation, are poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-regulated lysosome function is involved in autophagy maturation in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In coronary arterial wall of ASM-deficient (Smpd1⁻/⁻) mice on Western diet, there were high expression levels of both LC3B, a robust marker of autophagosomes (APs), and p62, a selective autophagy substrate, compared with those in wild-type (Smpd1⁺/⁺) mice. By Western blotting and flow cytometry, atherogenic stimulation of Smpd1⁺/⁺ CASMCs with 7-ketocholesterol was found to significantly enhance LC3B expression and increase the content of both APs and autophagolysosomes (APLs). In Smpd1⁻/⁻ CASMCs, such 7-ketocholesterol-induced increases in LC3B and p62 expression and APs were further augmented, but APLs formation was abolished. Analysis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fluorescence-labeled LC3B and Lamp1 (lysosome marker) showed that 7-ketocholesterol markedly induced fusion of APs with lysosomes in Smpd1⁺/⁺ CASMCs, which was abolished in Smpd1⁻/⁻ CASMCs. Moreover, 7-ketocholesterol-induced expression of cell dedifferentiation marker vimentin and proliferation was enhanced in Smpd1⁻/⁻ CASMCs compared with those in Smpd1⁺/⁺ CASMCs. Lastly, overexpression of ASM further increased APLs formation in Smpd1⁺/⁺ CASMCs and restored APLs formation in Smpd1⁻/⁻ CASMCs indicating that increased ASM expression is highly correlated with enhanced APLs formation. Taken together, our data suggest that the control of lysosome trafficking and fusion by ASM is essential to a normal autophagic flux in CASMCs, which implicates that the deficiency of ASM-mediated regulation of autophagy maturation may result in imbalance of arterial smooth muscle cell homeostasis and thus serve as an important atherogenic mechanism in coronary arteries. KEY MESSAGES Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) controls autophagy maturation in smooth muscle cells. ASM maintains smooth muscle cell homeostasis and its contractile phenotype. ASM plays a protective role in smooth muscle dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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Hornemann T, Worgall TS. Sphingolipids and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2012; 226:16-28. [PMID: 23075523 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The atherosclerotic lesion contains a high amount of sphingolipids, a large group of structurally diverse lipids that regulate distinct biological functions beyond their role as structural membrane components. Assessment of their role in atherogenesis has been enabled after genes that regulate their metabolism had been identified and facilitated by the more wide availability of mass spectrometry. Here we discuss recent mechanistic insights obtained in animal and epidemiological studies that have greatly enhanced our understanding of mechanisms how sphingolipids affect the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hornemann
- Inst. for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland.
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