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Li Y, He C, Liu R, Xiao Z, Sun B. Stem cells therapy for diabetes: from past to future. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:1125-1138. [PMID: 37256240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia due to the body's impaired ability to produce or respond to insulin. Oral or injectable exogenous insulin and its analogs cannot mimic endogenous insulin secreted by healthy individuals, and pancreatic and islet transplants face a severe shortage of sources and transplant complications, all of which limit the widespread use of traditional strategies in diabetes treatment. We are now in the era of stem cells and their potential in ameliorating human disease. At the same time, the rapid development of gene editing and cell-encapsulation technologies has added to the wings of stem cell therapy. However, there are still many unanswered questions before stem cell therapy can be applied clinically to patients with diabetes. In this review, we discuss the progress of strategies to obtain insulin-producing cells from different types of stem cells, the application of gene editing in stem cell therapy for diabetes, as well as summarize the current advanced cell encapsulation technologies in diabetes therapy and look forward to the future development of stem cell therapy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital,The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Natural Science, University of Suwon, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhongdang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Srinivasan M, Thangaraj SR, Arzoun H. Gene Therapy - Can it Cure Type 1 Diabetes? Cureus 2021; 13:e20516. [PMID: 35004071 PMCID: PMC8723777 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most prevalent early-onset autoimmune diseases, and numerous treatment regimens have been developed over the years with a mainstay focus on insulin injections, infusions, and pumps. However, with the evolution of modern medicine in the recent decade, can gene therapy be a possible solution to prevent and even cure this autoimmune diabetes? In this review, the authors discuss the present-day advancements around the globe where gene therapy is implemented in different techniques to halt and even reverse T1D. The main focus of the final included studies for this review was to regenerate or preserve pancreatic β cells from other cell types in order to optimize insulin secretions in non-obese autoimmune diabetic patients. A literature search was done in various databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, and a final of eight studies were included. On the whole, the studies reviewed suggested favorable results of gene therapy, although these researches were done mainly in vitro or as animal studies. The application of different virus vector encoding gene transfer through transcription factors, mRNA electroporation, insulin-like growth factor gene expression as well as combination gene transfer concluded beneficial effects on normalizing insulin production, which could pave the path to perfecting gene therapy, and may even find a permanent cure for T1D in the near future.
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3
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Huang Q, Huang Y, Liu J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An Excellent Candidate for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:9938658. [PMID: 34135959 PMCID: PMC8178013 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9938658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells (ASCs) known for repairing damaged cells, exerting anti-inflammatory responses and producing immunoregulatory effects that can be significantly induced into insulin-producing cells (IPCs), providing an inexhaustible supply of functional β cells for cell replacement therapy and disease modeling for diabetes. MSC therapy may be the most promising strategy for diabetes mellitus because of these significant merits. In this paper, we focused on MSC therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanting Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Alhaji SY, Nordin N, Ngai SC, Al Abbar A, Mei L, Abdullah S. Lack of methylation on transgene leads to high level and persistent transgene expression in induced pluripotent stem cells. Gene 2020; 758:144958. [PMID: 32683073 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Short-lived therapeutic gene expression in mammalian cells by DNA methylation is one of the major challenges in gene therapy. In this study, we assessed the implication of DNA methylation on the duration of GFP expression in mouse embryonic stem (ES) and mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The cells were transduced with lentivirus (LV) carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by either human elongation factor (EF1α) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Transduced iPS cells exhibited higher percentage of GFP+ cells with persistent mean fluorescent intensity than transduced ES cells. Analysis on the integrated copy of transgene in the population of the transduced cells demonstrated similar copy number. However, significant increase in GFP intensity following 5-azaC treatment was observed in transduced ES cells only, suggesting the influence of DNA methylation in transgene silencing. Subsequent DNA methylation analysis showed that the promoter and the GFP region of the provirus in iPS cells had negligible methylation profile compared to transduced ES cells. Interestingly, sustained transgene expression was observed upon directed differentiation of transduced iPS cells towards CD34+ CD45+ cells. Hence, this study has shown that favourable transgene activity from lentiviral transduced iPS cells was due to the lack of methylation at the proviral regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Yusuf Alhaji
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, 740272 ATBU, Nigeria; Molecular Genetics and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, College of Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, 740272 ATBU, Nigeria
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Selangor, Malaysia; Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Akram Al Abbar
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Mei
- Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syahril Abdullah
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Selangor, Malaysia; Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Selangor, Malaysia; UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Selangor, Malaysia.
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Gugjoo MB, Amarpal A, Sharma GT. Mesenchymal stem cell basic research and applications in dog medicine. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16779-16811. [PMID: 30790282 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stem cells, owing to their special characteristics like self-renewal, multiplication, homing, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and dedifferentiation are considered to carry an "all-in-one-solution" for diverse clinical problems. However, the limited understanding of cellular physiology currently limits their definitive therapeutic use. Among various stem cell types, currently mesenchymal stem cells are extensively studied for dog clinical applications owing to their readily available sources, easy harvesting, and ability to differentiate both into mesodermal, as well as extramesodermal tissues. The isolated, culture expanded, and characterized cells have been applied both at preclinical as well as clinical settings in dogs with variable but mostly positive results. The results, though positive, are currently inconclusive and demands further intensive research on the properties and their dependence on the applications. Further, numerous clinical conditions of dog resemble to that of human counterparts and thus, if proved rewarding in the former may act as basis of therapy for the latter. The current review throws some light on dog mesenchymal stem cell properties and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Amarpal Amarpal
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Gutulla Taru Sharma
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Recino A, Gan SU, Sia KC, Sawyer Y, Trendell J, Kay R, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Foale R, Notaridou M, Holmes N, Lever A, Lee KO, Nathwani A, Cooke A, Calne R, Wallberg M. Immunosuppression overcomes insulin- and vector-specific immune responses that limit efficacy of AAV2/8-mediated insulin gene therapy in NOD mice. Gene Ther 2019; 26:40-56. [PMID: 30514969 PMCID: PMC6514884 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the restoration of euglycaemia in chemically induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice and spontaneously diabetic Non Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice by intravenous systemic administration of a single-stranded adeno-associated virus (ssAAV2/8) codon optimised (co) vector encoding furin cleavable human proinsulin under a liver-specific promoter. There were no immunological barriers to efficacy of insulin gene therapy in chemically induced C57BL/6 mice, which enjoyed long-lasting correction of hyperglycaemia after therapy, up to 250 days. Euglycaemia was also restored in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice, although these mice required a 7-10-fold higher dose of vector to achieve similar efficacy as the C57BL/6 mice and the immunodeficient NODscid mice. We detected CD8+ T cell reactivity to insulin and mild inflammatory infiltration in the livers of gene therapy recipient NOD mice, neither of which were observed in the treated C57BL/6 mice. Efficacy of the gene therapy in NOD mice was partially improved by targeting the immune system with anti-CD4 antibody treatment, while transfer of NOD mouse AAV2/8-reactive serum to recipients prevented successful restoration of euglycaemia in AAV2/8-HLP-hINSco-treated NODscid mice. Our data indicate that both immune cells and antibodies form a barrier to successful restoration of euglycaemia in autoimmune diabetic recipient mice with insulin gene therapy, but that this barrier can be overcome by increasing the dose of vector and by suppressing immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Recino
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Shu Uin Gan
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kian Chuan Sia
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yvonne Sawyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Jenny Trendell
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Richard Kay
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rob Foale
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom, Suffolk, UK
| | | | - Nick Holmes
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Andrew Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Onn Lee
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amit Nathwani
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Roy Calne
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maja Wallberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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Chellappan DK, Sivam NS, Teoh KX, Leong WP, Fui TZ, Chooi K, Khoo N, Yi FJ, Chellian J, Cheng LL, Dahiya R, Gupta G, Singhvi G, Nammi S, Hansbro PM, Dua K. Gene therapy and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1188-1200. [PMID: 30372820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by T cell-mediated self-destruction of insulin-secreting islet β cells. Management of T1DM is challenging and complicated especially with conventional medications. Gene therapy has emerged as one of the potential therapeutic alternatives to treat T1DM. This review primarily focuses on the current status and the future perspectives of gene therapy in the management of T1DM. A vast number of the studies which are reported on gene therapy for the management of T1DM are done in animal models and in preclinical studies. In addition, the safety of such therapies is yet to be established in humans. Currently, there are several gene level interventions that are being investigated, notably, overexpression of genes and proteins needed against T1DM, transplantation of cells that express the genes against T1DM, stem-cells mediated gene therapy, genetic vaccination, immunological precursor cell-mediated gene therapy and vectors. METHODS We searched the current literature through searchable online databases, journals and other library sources using relevant keywords and search parameters. Only relevant publications in English, between the years 2000 and 2018, with evidences and proper citations, were considered. The publications were then analyzed and segregated into several subtopics based on common words and content. A total of 126 studies were found suitable for this review. FINDINGS Generally, the pros and cons of each of the gene-based therapies have been discussed based on the results collected from the literature. However, there are certain interventions that require further detailed studies to ensure their effectiveness. We have also highlighted the future direction and perspectives in gene therapy, which, researchers could benefit from.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Nandhini S Sivam
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kai Xiang Teoh
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Wai Pan Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Tai Zhen Fui
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chooi
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Nico Khoo
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Fam Jia Yi
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Jestin Chellian
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Lim Lay Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Rajiv Dahiya
- Laboratory of Peptide Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, 302017, Jaipur, India.
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srinivas Nammi
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, NSW, 2751, Australia; NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Philip Michael Hansbro
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia & Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia & Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
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Sun Y, Shi H, Yin S, Ji C, Zhang X, Zhang B, Wu P, Shi Y, Mao F, Yan Y, Xu W, Qian H. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes Alleviate Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Reversing Peripheral Insulin Resistance and Relieving β-Cell Destruction. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7613-7628. [PMID: 30052036 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs) that show great promise in tissue regeneration and injury repair as mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). MSC has been shown to alleviate diabetes mellitus (DM) in both animal models and clinical trials. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether exosomes from human umbilical cord MSC (hucMSC-ex) have a therapeutic effect on type 2 DM (T2DM). We established a rat model of T2DM using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ). We found that the intravenous injection of hucMSC-ex reduced blood glucose levels as a main paracrine approach of MSC. HucMSC-ex partially reversed insulin resistance in T2DM indirectly to accelerate glucose metabolism. HucMSC-ex restored the phosphorylation (tyrosine site) of the insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase B in T2DM, promoted expression and membrane translocation of glucose transporter 4 in muscle, and increased storage of glycogen in the liver to maintain glucose homeostasis. HucMSC-ex inhibited STZ-induced β-cell apoptosis to restore the insulin-secreting function of T2DM. Taken together, exosomes from hucMSC can alleviate T2DM by reversing peripheral insulin resistance and relieving β-cell destruction, providing an alternative approach for T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxiang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory , The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University , Yixing , Jiangsu 214200 , China
| | - Hui Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Siqi Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Cheng Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Yinghong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Fei Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212013 , China
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