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Liu Y, Xie X, Li J, Xiao Q, He S, Fu H, Zhang X, Liu Y. Immune Characteristics and Immunotherapy of HIV-Associated Lymphoma. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:9984-9997. [PMID: 39329948 PMCID: PMC11429793 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), mortality among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has significantly decreased, yet the population of people living with HIV remains substantial. Among people living with HIV (PLWH), HIV-associated lymphoma (HAL) has surpassed Kaposi's sarcoma to become the most common tumor in this population in developed countries. However, there remains a dearth of comprehensive and systematic understanding regarding HIV-associated lymphomas. This review aims to shed light on the changes in the immune system among PLWH and the characteristics of the immune microenvironment in HIV-associated lymphoma, with a specific focus on the immune system's role in these individuals. Additionally, it seeks to explore recent advancements in immunotherapy for the treatment of HIV-associated lymphoma, intending to enhance strategies for immunotherapy in this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xie
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Sanxiu He
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Huihui Fu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
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Bratosiewicz-Wąsik J, Miklasińska-Majdanik M, Wąsik TJ. The effect of TRIM5 variants on the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease progression in the Polish population. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:154-170. [PMID: 37942942 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Tripartite motif containing 5α protein is a factor contributing to intracellular defense mechanisms against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. The studies of TRIM5 variants effects on the risk of HIV-1 infection and the clinical course of disease provided inconclusive results in different ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of TRIM5 variants on susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and clinical parameters among Polish HIV-1-infected patients. MATERIALS & METHODS In our study, we investigated 301 HIV-1-infected patients and 186 age-matched seronegative controls. Seven variants of the TRIM5 gene (rs7127617, rs3824949, rs3740996, rs11601507, rs10838525, rs11038628, and rs28381981) were genotyped using both sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The frequencies of rs7127617 TT genotype and T allele occurrence were lower in HIV-1-infected subjects compared to controls (0.14 vs. 0.26 for T/T genotype and 0.45 vs. 0.54 for T allele), suggesting their possible protective effect (p = 0.005 and p = 0.007, respectively). Heterozygosity and presence of the T allele at rs3740996 were enriched in controls compared to HIV-1-infected group (0.19 vs. 0.12 for C/T genotype and 0.11 vs. 0.07 for T allele; p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). Moreover, rs3824949 CC genotype carriers had a lower viral load than patients bearing rs3824949 GG/CG genotypes (4.0 vs. 4.6 log copies/mL; p = 0.049); however, none of the variants affected CD4+ cell count. In conclusion, our data confirm the role of TRIM5 variants in the HIV-1 transmission and the clinical course of HIV-1 infection. The presence of rs7127617 TT genotype and T allele seems to protect against HIV-1 transmission in examined population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Bratosiewicz-Wąsik
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Miklasińska-Majdanik
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Wąsik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Pawar P, Gokavi J, Wakhare S, Bagul R, Ghule U, Khan I, Ganu V, Mukherjee A, Shete A, Rao A, Saxena V. MiR-155 Negatively Regulates Anti-Viral Innate Responses among HIV-Infected Progressors. Viruses 2023; 15:2206. [PMID: 38005883 PMCID: PMC10675553 DOI: 10.3390/v15112206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection impairs host immunity, leading to progressive disease. An anti-retroviral treatment efficiently controls viremia but cannot completely restore the immune dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals. Both host and viral factors determine the rate of disease progression. Among the host factors, innate immunity plays a critical role; however, the mechanism(s) associated with dysfunctional innate responses are poorly understood among HIV disease progressors, which was investigated here. The gene expression profiles of TLRs and innate cytokines in HIV-infected (LTNPs and progressors) and HIV-uninfected individuals were examined. Since the progressors showed a dysregulated TLR-mediated innate response, we investigated the role of TLR agonists in restoring the innate functions of the progressors. The stimulation of PBMCs with TLR3 agonist-poly:(I:C), TLR7 agonist-GS-9620 and TLR9 agonist-ODN 2216 resulted in an increased expression of IFN-α, IFN-β and IL-6. Interestingly, the expression of IFITM3, BST-2, IFITM-3, IFI-16 was also increased upon stimulation with TLR3 and TLR7 agonists, respectively. To further understand the molecular mechanism involved, the role of miR-155 was explored. Increased miR-155 expression was noted among the progressors. MiR-155 inhibition upregulated the expression of TLR3, NF-κB, IRF-3, TNF-α and the APOBEC-3G, IFITM-3, IFI-16 and BST-2 genes in the PBMCs of the progressors. To conclude, miR-155 negatively regulates TLR-mediated cytokines as wel l as the expression of host restriction factors, which play an important role in mounting anti-HIV responses; hence, targeting miR-155 might be helpful in devising strategic approaches towards alleviating HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Pawar
- Division of Immunology and Serology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (P.P.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (V.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Jyotsna Gokavi
- Division of Immunology and Serology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (P.P.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (V.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Shilpa Wakhare
- Division of Immunology and Serology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (P.P.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (V.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Rajani Bagul
- Division of Clinical Sciences, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (R.B.); (U.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Ujjwala Ghule
- Division of Clinical Sciences, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (R.B.); (U.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Ishrat Khan
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (I.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Varada Ganu
- Division of Immunology and Serology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (P.P.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (V.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (I.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Ashwini Shete
- Division of Immunology and Serology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (P.P.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (V.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Amrita Rao
- Division of Clinical Sciences, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (R.B.); (U.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Vandana Saxena
- Division of Immunology and Serology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India; (P.P.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (V.G.); (A.S.)
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Mechanism of Viral Suppression among HIV Elite Controllers and Long-Term Nonprogressors in Nigeria and South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061270. [PMID: 35746741 PMCID: PMC9228396 DOI: 10.3390/v14061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A subgroup among people living with HIV (PLHIV) experience viral suppression, sometimes to an undetectable level in the blood and/or are able to maintain a healthy CD4+ T-cell count without the influence of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. One out of three hundred PLHIV fall into this category, and a large sample of this group can be found in areas with a high prevalence of HIV infection such as Nigeria and South Africa. Understanding the mechanism underpinning the nonprogressive phenotype in this subgroup may provide insights into the control of the global HIV epidemic. This work provides mechanisms of the elite control and nonprogressive phenotype among PLHIV in Nigeria and South Africa and identifies research gaps that will contribute to a better understanding on HIV controllers among PLHIV.
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Human TRIM5α: Autophagy Connects Cell-Intrinsic HIV-1 Restriction and Innate Immune Sensor Functioning. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020320. [PMID: 33669846 PMCID: PMC7923229 DOI: 10.3390/v13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) persists as a global health concern, with an incidence rate of approximately 2 million, and estimated global prevalence of over 35 million. Combination antiretroviral treatment is highly effective, but HIV-1 patients that have been treated still suffer from chronic inflammation and residual viral replication. It is therefore paramount to identify therapeutically efficacious strategies to eradicate viral reservoirs and ultimately develop a cure for HIV-1. It has been long accepted that the restriction factor tripartite motif protein 5 isoform alpha (TRIM5α) restricts HIV-1 infection in a species-specific manner, with rhesus macaque TRIM5α strongly restricting HIV-1, and human TRIM5α having a minimal restriction capacity. However, several recent studies underscore human TRIM5α as a cell-dependent HIV-1 restriction factor. Here, we present an overview of the latest research on human TRIM5α and propose a novel conceptualization of TRIM5α as a restriction factor with a varied portfolio of antiviral functions, including mediating HIV-1 degradation through autophagy- and proteasome-mediated mechanisms, and acting as a viral sensor and effector of antiviral signaling. We have also expanded on the protective antiviral roles of autophagy and outline the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulation to intervene in chronic HIV-1 infection.
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Amanya SB, Nyiro B, Waswa F, Obura B, Nakaziba R, Nabulime E, Katabazi AF, Nabatanzi R, Bayiyana A, Mboowa G, Kayongo A, Wayengera M, Sande OJ. Variations in Trim5α and Cyclophilin A genes among HIV-1 elite controllers and non controllers in Uganda: a laboratory-based cross-sectional study. Retrovirology 2020; 17:19. [PMID: 32631377 PMCID: PMC7339491 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tripartite Motif Containing 5 alpha (TRIM5α), a restriction factor produced ubiquitously in cells and tissues of the body plays an important role in the immune response against HIV. TRIM5α targets the HIV capsid for proteosomal destruction. Cyclophilin A, an intracellular protein has also been reported to influence HIV infectivity in a cell-specific manner. Accordingly, variations in TRIM5α and Cyclophilin A genes have been documented to influence HIV-1 disease progression. However, these variations have not been documented among Elite controllers in Uganda and whether they play a role in viral suppression remains largely undocumented. Our study focused on identifying the variations in TRIM5α and Cyclophilin A genes among HIV-1 Elite controllers and non-controllers in Uganda. RESULTS From the sequence analysis, the rs10838525 G > A mutation in exon 2 of TRIM5α was only found among elite controllers (30%) while the rs3824949 in the 5'UTR was seen among 25% of the non-controllers. In the Cyclophilin A promoter, rs6850 was seen among 62.5% of the non-controllers and only among 10% elite controllers. Furthermore, rs17860048 in the Cyclophillin A promoter was predominantly seen among elite controllers (30%) and 12.5% non-controllers. From gene expression analysis, we noted that the respective genes were generally elevated among elite controllers, however, this difference was not statistically significant (TRIM5α p = 0.6095; Cyclophilin A p = 0.6389). CONCLUSION Variations in TRIM5α and Cyclophillin A promoter may influence HIV viral suppression. The rs10838525 SNP in TRIM5α may contribute to viral suppression among HIV-1 elite controllers. The rs6850 in the cyclophillin A gene may be responsible for HIV-1 rapid progression among HIV-1 non-controllers. These SNPs should be investigated mechanistically to determine their precise role in HIV-1 viral suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Bright Amanya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lira University, Lira, Uganda ,grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brian Nyiro
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Waswa
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Eva Nabulime
- grid.436163.50000 0004 0648 1108Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Lab, Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ashaba Fred Katabazi
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rose Nabatanzi
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alice Bayiyana
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda ,grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, the Infectious Diseases Institute, McKinnell Knowledge Centre, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Kayongo
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Makerere University Lung Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Misaki Wayengera
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Obondo J. Sande
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Dias BDC, Paximadis M, Martinson N, Chaisson RE, Ebrahim O, Tiemessen CT. The impact of bone marrow stromal antigen-2 (BST2) gene variants on HIV-1 control in black South African individuals. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104216. [PMID: 32006707 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2 or tetherin) is a host-encoded, interferon-inducible antiviral restriction factor which blocks the release of enveloped viruses. Few studies have assessed the role of BST2 polymorphisms on HIV-1 acquisition or disease progression in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the frequency of four HIV-1-associated BST2 variants rs3217318, rs12609479, rs10415893 and rs113189798 in uninfected and HIV-1 infected black South Africans. Homozygosity for the rs12609479-A minor allele, previously associated with decreased HIV-1 acquisition risk, was underrepresented in HIV-1 uninfected black South Africans (2%) compared to reference African (9%) and in particular European populations (61%) (p = .047 and p < .0001, respectively). To determine if any of these gene variants influenced HIV-1 control in the absence of antiretroviral treatment (ART), we compared HIV-1 infected ART-naïve progressors [n = 72] and controllers [n = 71], the latter includes elite controllers [EC: n = 23; VL < 50 RNA copies/ml]. Heterozygosity for the rs12609479 SNP (G/A) was enriched in progressors compared to ECs (47.2% vs 21.7%, OR = 3.50 [1.16-10.59], p = .03), while rs113189798 heterozygosity (A/G) showed a strong trend of overrepresentation in ECs compared to progressors (47.8% vs 26.4%, OR = 0.39 [0.14-1.04], p = .07). Heterozygosity for the promoter indel rs3217318 (i19/Δ19) was associated with a faster rate of CD4+ T-cell decline in progressors (p = .0134). Carriage of the rs3217318 (i19/Δ19), rs12609479 (G/G), rs10415893(G/A) and rs113189798 (A/G) combined genotype, denoted as i19Δ19 GG GA AG, was associated with significantly higher CD4+ T-cell counts in progressors (p = .03), a finding predominantly driven by the _GG_AG combination. Our data suggest that the possession of select BST2 genotype combinations may be implicated in HIV-1 disease progression and natural spontaneous control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Da Costa Dias
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Paximadis
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Neil Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), SA MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for TB Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Osman Ebrahim
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Borrajo A, Ranazzi A, Pollicita M, Bellocchi MC, Salpini R, Mauro MV, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Perno CF, Svicher V, Aquaro S. Different Patterns of HIV-1 Replication in MACROPHAGES is Led by Co-Receptor Usage. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E297. [PMID: 31234437 PMCID: PMC6630780 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: To enter the target cell, HIV-1 binds not only CD4 but also a co-receptor β-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) or α chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Limited information is available on the impact of co-receptor usage on HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and on the homeostasis of this important cellular reservoir. Materials and Methods: Replication (measured by p24 production) of the CCR5-tropic 81A strain increased up to 10 days post-infection and then reached a plateau. Conversely, the replication of the CXCR4-tropic NL4.3 strain (after an initial increase up to day 7) underwent a drastic decrease becoming almost undetectable after 10 days post-infection. The ability of CCR5-tropic and CXCR4-tropic strains to induce cell death in MDM was then evaluated. While for CCR5-tropic 81A the rate of apoptosis in MDM was comparable to uninfected MDM, the infection of CXCR4-tropic NL4.3 in MDM was associated with a rate of 14.3% of apoptotic cells at day 6 reaching a peak of 43.5% at day 10 post-infection. Results: This suggests that the decrease in CXCR4-tropic strain replication in MDM can be due to their ability to induce cell death in MDM. The increase in apoptosis was paralleled with a 2-fold increase in the phosphorylated form of p38 compared to WT. Furthermore, microarray analysis showed modulation of proapoptotic and cancer-related genes induced by CXCR4-tropic strains starting from 24 h after infection, whereas CCR5 viruses modulated the expression of genes not correlated with apoptotic-pathways. Conclusions: In conclusion, CXCR4-tropic strains can induce a remarkable depletion of MDM. Conversely, MDM can represent an important cellular reservoir for CCR5-tropic strains supporting the role of CCR5-usage in HIV-1 pathogenesis and as a pharmacological target to contribute to an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Borrajo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
- Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Alessandro Ranazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - Michela Pollicita
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Bellocchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - Romina Salpini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria Vittoria Mauro
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Complex Operative Unit (UOC), Hospital of Cosenza, 87100 Cosenza, Italy.
| | | | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Microbiology and Clinic Microbiology, University of Milan, 20162 Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Svicher
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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D Urbano V, De Crignis E, Re MC. Host Restriction Factors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1): A Dynamic Interplay Involving All Phases of the Viral Life Cycle. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:184-207. [PMID: 30117396 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180817115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved several mechanisms to prevent or block lentiviral infection and spread. Among the innate immune mechanisms, the signaling cascade triggered by type I interferon (IFN) plays a pivotal role in limiting the burden of HIV-1. In the presence of IFN, human cells upregulate the expression of a number of genes, referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), many of them acting as antiviral restriction factors (RFs). RFs are dominant proteins that target different essential steps of the viral cycle, thereby providing an early line of defense against the virus. The identification and characterization of RFs have provided unique insights into the molecular biology of HIV-1, further revealing the complex host-pathogen interplay that characterizes the infection. The presence of RFs drove viral evolution, forcing the virus to develop specific proteins to counteract their activity. The knowledge of the mechanisms that prevent viral infection and their viral counterparts may offer new insights to improve current antiviral strategies. This review provides an overview of the RFs targeting HIV-1 replication and the mechanisms that regulate their expression as well as their impact on viral replication and the clinical course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Urbano
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Colomer-Lluch M, Ruiz A, Moris A, Prado JG. Restriction Factors: From Intrinsic Viral Restriction to Shaping Cellular Immunity Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2876. [PMID: 30574147 PMCID: PMC6291751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the viral replication cycle, some restriction factors also act as innate sensors triggering innate responses against infections. Accumulating evidence suggests an additional role for restriction factors in promoting antiviral cellular immunity to combat viruses. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding on how restriction factors, particularly APOBEC3G, SAMHD1, Tetherin, and TRIM5α have the cell-autonomous potential to induce cellular resistance against HIV-1 while promoting antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses. Also, we provide an overview of how these restriction factors may connect with protein degradation pathways to modulate anti-HIV-1 cellular immune responses, and we summarize the potential of restriction factors-based therapeutics. This review brings a global perspective on the influence of restrictions factors in intrinsic, innate, and also adaptive antiviral immunity opening up novel research avenues for therapeutic strategies in the fields of drug discovery, gene therapy, and vaccines to control viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alba Ruiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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