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Monga J, Ghosh NS, Rani I, Singh R, Deswal G, Dhingra AK, Grewal AS. Unlocking the Pharmacological Potential of Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Pathway to Drug Development. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:437-485. [PMID: 38311918 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266283641240109080047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Heterocyclic molecules have fascinated a massive interest in medicinal chemistry. They are heterocyclic compounds that have gained significance due to their diverse variety of pharmacological activities. Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic compound consisting of benzene and imidazole rings. The ease of synthesis and the structural versatility of benzimidazole make it a promising scaffold for drug development. Many biological actions of benzimidazole derivatives have been well documented, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, and anthelmintic properties. The mechanism of action of benzimidazole derivatives varies with their chemical structure and target enzyme. This review has explored numerous methods for producing benzimidazole derivatives as well as a broad range of pharmacological activities. SAR investigations are also discussed in this review as they provide crucial details regarding the essential structural qualities that benzimidazole derivatives must have in order to be biologically active, which could aid in the rational design of new drug candidates. Benzimidazole scaffold is an exclusive structure in drug design and discovery. Many new pharmaceutical drugs containing benzimidazole are anticipated to be available within the next ten years as a result of the extensive therapeutic applications of benzimidazole and its derivatives. This review inspired many researchers to develop more biologically active compounds bearing benzimidazole, expanding the scope of finding a remedy for other diseases. From this study, we concluded that 2-substituted benzimidazole was considered more extensively by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Monga
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, Jagadhri, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
| | - Niladry S Ghosh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Isha Rani
- Spurthy College of Pharmacy, Marasur Gate, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranjit Singh
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Geeta Deswal
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
| | | | - Ajmer S Grewal
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
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Patel M, Avashthi G, Gacem A, Alqahtani MS, Park HK, Jeon BH. A Review of Approaches to the Metallic and Non-Metallic Synthesis of Benzimidazole (BnZ) and Their Derivatives for Biological Efficacy. Molecules 2023; 28:5490. [PMID: 37513362 PMCID: PMC10384041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are significant lead drug candidates based on their various structure-activity relationships (SAR), and their use in pharmaceutics is constantly developing. Benzimidazole (BnZ) is synthesized by a condensation reaction between benzene and imidazole. The BnZ structure consists of two nitrogen atoms embedded in a five-membered imide ring which is fused with a benzene ring. This review examines the conventional and green synthesis of metallic and non-metallic BnZ and their derivatives, which have several potential SARs, along with a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-tubercular, and anti-protozoal properties. These compounds have been proven by pharmacological investigations to be efficient against different strains of microbes. Therefore, in this review, the structural variations of BnZ are listed along with various applications, predominantly related to their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Patel
- School of Sciences, P P Savani University, NH 8, GETCO, Near Biltech, Dhamdod, Kosamba, Surat 394125, Gujarat, India
| | - Gopal Avashthi
- School of Sciences, P P Savani University, NH 8, GETCO, Near Biltech, Dhamdod, Kosamba, Surat 394125, Gujarat, India
| | - Amel Gacem
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 Août 1955 Skikda, Skikda 21000, Algeria;
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Bioimaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Murai Y, Hashimoto M. Heteroaromatic Diazirines Are Essential Building Blocks for Material and Medicinal Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031408. [PMID: 36771073 PMCID: PMC9921084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In materials (polymer) science and medicinal chemistry, heteroaromatic derivatives play the role of the central skeleton in development of novel devices and discovery of new drugs. On the other hand, (3-trifluoromethyl)phenyldiazirine (TPD) is a crucial chemical method for understanding biological processes such as ligand-receptor, nucleic acid-protein, lipid-protein, and protein-protein interactions. In particular, use of TPD has increased in recent materials science to create novel electric and polymer devices with comparative ease and reduced costs. Therefore, a combination of heteroaromatics and (3-trifluoromethyl)diazirine is a promising option for creating better materials and elucidating the unknown mechanisms of action of bioactive heteroaromatic compounds. In this review, a comprehensive synthesis of (3-trifluoromethyl)diazirine-substituted heteroaromatics is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Murai
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (M.H.); Tel.: +81-11-706-9030 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-3849 (M.H.)
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (M.H.); Tel.: +81-11-706-9030 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-3849 (M.H.)
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Singh H, Lonare MK, Sharma M, Udehiya R, Singla S, Saini SP, Dumka VK. Interactive effect of carbendazim and imidacloprid on buffalo bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells: oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:35-49. [PMID: 34844488 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.2007023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a combination of two pesticides, carbendazim (CBZ) and imidacloprid (IMI), was investigated on mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow of buffalo (bMSCs). The bMSCs were exposed to the CBZ (2.25 µM, 4.49 µM, and 8.98 µM) and IMI (0.81 mM, 1.61 mM, and 3.22 mM) alone as well as in combinations. The bMSCs were found to be positive for the stem cell markers, AP, CD73, and OCT4. The bMSCs showed a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in cell viability, and status of anti-oxidants while a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the level of LDH, ALP, and CK-MB in CBZ and IMI-treated groups. A significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) was noticed in LPO, O2─ radical, total ROS, loss of ΔΨm, apoptotic index, and DNA damage in CBZ and IMI-treated groups. A low-dose combination group showed an elevated effect compared to the groups treated with the single pesticide. The interaction index was calculated for CBZ-IMI combined treatment groups on various parameters that showed the majority of antagonist effects. Present findings confirmed that CBZ and IMI-induced cytotoxicity in bMSCs was mediated via ROS production, altered ΔΨm and LPO along with depressed antioxidant status which was responsible for cell apoptosis and cell damage. This study suggested that CBZ and IMI had a dose-dependent toxic effect when the pesticides were used alone, while, co-exposure to both the pesticides simultaneously had an antagonist or non-additive effect on buffalo bMSCs at lower dose combinations and they induced a potentiating effect at high-dose combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rahul Udehiya
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Saloni Singla
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology
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Synthesis of Some 2-Substituted-5-(Benzothiazol-2-yl)-1H-Benzimidazole Derivatives and Investigation of Their Antiproliferative Effects. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Brishty SR, Hossain MJ, Khandaker MU, Faruque MRI, Osman H, Rahman SMA. A Comprehensive Account on Recent Progress in Pharmacological Activities of Benzimidazole Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762807. [PMID: 34803707 PMCID: PMC8597275 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules have attracted a great deal of interest among medicinal chemists. Among these potential heterocyclic drugs, benzimidazole scaffolds are considerably prevalent. Due to their isostructural pharmacophore of naturally occurring active biomolecules, benzimidazole derivatives have significant importance as chemotherapeutic agents in diverse clinical conditions. Researchers have synthesized plenty of benzimidazole derivatives in the last decades, amidst a large share of these compounds exerted excellent bioactivity against many ailments with outstanding bioavailability, safety, and stability profiles. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the bioactivity of the benzimidazole derivatives reported in recent literature (2012-2021) with their available structure-activity relationship. Compounds bearing benzimidazole nucleus possess broad-spectrum pharmacological properties ranging from common antibacterial effects to the world's most virulent diseases. Several promising therapeutic candidates are undergoing human trials, and some of these are going to be approved for clinical use. However, notable challenges, such as drug resistance, costly and tedious synthetic methods, little structural information of receptors, lack of advanced software, and so on, are still viable to be overcome for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shejuti Rahman Brishty
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamid Osman
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. M. Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Cobalt(II) complexes derived from a 2-aminobenzimidazole-thiazoline ligand: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structures and antimicrobial activity studies. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bhavsar ZA, Acharya PT, Jethava DJ, Patel DB, Vasava MS, Rajani DP, Pithawala E, Patel HD. Microwave assisted synthesis, biological activities, and in silico investigation of some benzimidazole derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeel A. Bhavsar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Prachi T. Acharya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Divya J. Jethava
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Dhaval B. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Mahesh S. Vasava
- Institute of Research and Development Gujarat Forensic Science University Sector‐9 Gandhinagar India
| | - Dhanji P. Rajani
- Microcare Laboratory and Tuberculosis Research Center Surat India
| | - Edwin Pithawala
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Khyati Institute of Science Ahmedabad India
| | - Hitesh D. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
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Acar Çevik U, Sağlık BN, Osmaniye D, Levent S, Kaya Çavuşoğlu B, Karaduman AB, Atlıd Ö, Atlı Eklioğlu Ö, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis, anticancer evaluation and molecular docking studies of new benzimidazole- 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as human topoisomerase types I poison. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1657-1673. [PMID: 32811204 PMCID: PMC7470102 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1806831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, some benzimidazole-oxadiazole derivatives were synthesised and tested for their in vitro anticancer activities on five cancer cell lines, including HeLa, MCF7, A549, HepG2 and C6. Their structures were elucidated by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2 D-NMR and HRMS spectroscopic methods. Among all screened compounds; 5a, 5b, 5d, 5e, 5k, 5l, 5n and 5o exhibited potent selective cytotoxic activities against various tested cancer cell lines. Especially, compounds 5l and 5n exhibited the most antiproliferative activity than Hoechst 33342 and doxorubicin against HeLa cell line, with IC50 of 0.224 ± 0.011 µM and 0.205 ± 0.010 µM, respectively. Furthermore, these potent lead cytotoxic agents were evaluated in terms of their inhibition potency against Topoisomerase I and it was determined that selected compounds inhibited the Topoisomerase I. Docking studies were performed and probable interactions in the DNA-Topo I enzyme complex was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulviye Acar Çevik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Derya Osmaniye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Betül Kaya Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Burak Karaduman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Atlıd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Atlı Eklioğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Morcoss MM, Abdelhafez ESMN, Ibrahem RA, Abdel-Rahman HM, Abdel-Aziz M, Abou El-Ella DA. Design, synthesis, mechanistic studies and in silico ADME predictions of benzimidazole derivatives as novel antifungal agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103956. [PMID: 32512267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, novel three series of benzimidazole scaffold bearing hydrazone, 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties 1-3, 4a-j, 6a-c and 7 derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. The structures of the prepared compounds were assigned using different spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. Compounds 3, 4a, 4e and 4f exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. neoformans var. grubii with MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 μg/mL. Furthermore, they were not cytotoxic against red blood cells and human embryonic kidney cells at concentration up to 32 μg/mL. The study was expanded to forecast the mechanism of action of the prepared compounds and determine sterol quantitation method (SQM) by spectrophotometric assay. On the other hand, compound 4e showed the highest inhibitory activity against lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) with IC50 value = 0.19 μg/mL compared to fluconazole as reference IC50 value = 0.62 μg/mL. Also, compounds 4d and 4f exhibited mild to moderate antibacterial activity. Moreover, molecular docking of the active target compound 4e in active site of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) revealed that docking scores and binding mode are comparable to that of co-crystallized ligand confirming their antifungal activity. In silico ADME prediction investigations also forecasting the drug-like characters of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Morcoss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, 62513 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | - Reham A Ibrahem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Hamdy M Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, 62513 Beni-Suef, Egypt; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Dalal A Abou El-Ella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Altıntop MD, Sever B, Özdemir A, Ilgın S, Atlı Ö, Turan-Zitouni G, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Series of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 18:1606-1616. [PMID: 29745341 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666180509111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS In an attempt to develop potent antitumor agents, the synthesis of a series of N-(6-substituted benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-[(5-(arylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]acetamides (1-14) was described and their cytotoxic effects on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma, HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma and NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines were investigated using MTT assay. RESULTS Phenyl-substituted compounds (8-14) were found to be more effective than naphthyl-substituted compounds (1-7) on cancer cells. Compounds 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14 were identified as the most potent anticancer agents on MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines and therefore their effects on DNA synthesis and apoptosis/necrosis in MCF-7 cell line were evaluated. Among these compounds, N-(6-methoxybenzothiazol-2-yl)-2-[(5- (phenylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]acetamide (13) was the most selective anticancer agent against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines with a SI value of 100. On the other hand, compounds 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14 inhibited DNA synthesis in MCF-7 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analyses clearly indicated that the compounds showed significant anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell line via the induction of apoptosis dose dependently. CONCLUSION According to in vitro assays, compounds 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14 stand out as promising candidates for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika D Altıntop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Ilgın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Atlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Gülhan Turan-Zitouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Zafer A Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
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