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Ge S, Zha L, Tanaka A, Narii N, Shimomura Y, Komatsu M, Komukai S, Murata F, Maeda M, Kiyohara K, Kitamura T, Fukuda H. Post-discharge functional outcomes in older patients with sepsis. Crit Care 2024; 28:281. [PMID: 39210369 PMCID: PMC11363546 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-05080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The post-discharge prognosis of patients with sepsis remains a crucial issue; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between pre-sepsis health status and subsequent prognosis in a large population. This study aimed to examine the effect of the pre-sepsis care needs level on changes in care needs and mortality in patients with sepsis 1 year post-discharge. METHODS This was a population-based retrospective cohort study including twelve municipalities in Japan that participated in the Longevity Improvement & Fair Evidence study between April 2014 and March 2022, with a total of 1,491,608 persons. The pre-hospitalization levels of care needs (baseline) were classified from low to high, as no care needs, support level and care needs level 1, care needs levels 2-3, and care needs levels 4-5 (fully dependent). The outcomes were changes in care needs level and mortality 1 year post-discharge, assessed by baseline care needs level using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS The care needs levels of 17,648 patients analyzed at baseline were as follows: no care needs, 7982 (45.2%); support level and care needs level 1, 3736 (21.2%); care needs levels 2-3, 3089 (17.5%); and care needs levels 4-5, 2841 (16.1%). At 1 year post-discharge, the distribution of care needs were as follows: no care needs, 4791 (27.1%); support level and care needs level 1, 2390 (13.5%); care needs levels 2-3, 2629 (14.9%); care needs levels 4-5, 3373 (19.1%); and death, 4465 (25.3%). Patients with higher levels of care needs exhibited an increased association of all-cause mortality 1 year post-discharge after adjusting for confounders [hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals: support level and care needs level 1, 1.05 (0.96, 1.15); care needs levels 2-3, 1.46 (1.33, 1.60); and care needs levels 4-5, 1.92 (1.75, 2.10); P for trend < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS Elevated care needs and mortality were observed in patients with sepsis within 1 year post-discharge. Older patients with sepsis and higher baseline levels of care needs had a high association of all-cause mortality 1 year post-discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyu Ge
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ling Zha
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Intensive Care, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Narii
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Shimomura
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayo Komatsu
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sho Komukai
- Biomedical Statistics, Department of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiko Murata
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Megumi Maeda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kiyohara
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Otsuma Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Kitamura
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Haruhisa Fukuda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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2
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Stinehart KR, Hyer JM, Joshi S, Brummel NE. Healthcare Use and Expenditures in Rural Survivors of Hospitalization for Sepsis. Crit Care Med 2024:00003246-990000000-00363. [PMID: 39137035 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sepsis survivors have greater healthcare use than those surviving hospitalizations for other reasons, yet factors associated with greater healthcare use in this population remain ill-defined. Rural Americans are older, have more chronic illnesses, and face unique barriers to healthcare access, which could affect postsepsis healthcare use. Therefore, we compared healthcare use and expenditures among rural and urban sepsis survivors. We hypothesized that rural survivors would have greater healthcare use and expenditures. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS To test this hypothesis, we used data from 106,189 adult survivors of a sepsis hospitalization included in the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database and Medicare Supplemental database between 2013 and 2018. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified hospitalizations for severe sepsis and septic shock using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition (ICD-9) or 1CD-10 codes. We used Metropolitan Statistical Area classifications to categorize rurality. We measured emergency department (ED) visits, inpatient hospitalizations, skilled nursing facility admissions, primary care visits, physical therapy visits, occupational therapy visits, and home healthcare visits for the year following sepsis hospitalizations. We calculated the total expenditures for each of these categories. We compared outcomes between rural and urban patients using multivariable regression and adjusted for covariates. After adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, admission type, insurance type, U.S. Census Bureau region, employment status, and sepsis severity, those living in rural areas had 17% greater odds of having an ED visit (odds ratio [OR] 1.17; 95% CI, 1.13-1.22; p < 0.001), 9% lower odds of having a primary care visit (OR 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.94; p < 0.001), and 12% lower odds of receiving home healthcare (OR 0.88; 95% CI, 0.84-0.93; p < 0.001). Despite higher levels of ED use and equivalent levels of hospital readmissions, expenditures in these areas were 14% (OR 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80-0.91; p < 0.001) and 9% (OR 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.96; p < 0.001) lower among rural survivors, respectively, suggesting these services may be used for lower-acuity conditions. CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort study, we report important differences in healthcare use and expenditures between rural and urban sepsis survivors. Future research and policy work is needed to understand how best to optimize sepsis survivorship across the urban-rural continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Stinehart
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Health Outcomes in Medicine Scholarship and Service (HOMES), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - J Madison Hyer
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
- Secondary Data Core, The Ohio State University Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Columbus, OH
| | - Shivam Joshi
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
- Secondary Data Core, The Ohio State University Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Columbus, OH
| | - Nathan E Brummel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
- Center for the Advancement of Team Science, Analytics, and Systems Thinking in Health Services and Implementation Science Research (CATALYST), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
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Amrollahi F, Kennis BD, Shashikumar SP, Malhotra A, Taylor SP, Ford J, Rodriguez A, Weston J, Maheshwary R, Nemati S, Wardi G, Meier A. Prediction of Readmission Following Sepsis Using Social Determinants of Health. Crit Care Explor 2024; 6:e1099. [PMID: 38787299 PMCID: PMC11132367 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the predictive value of social determinants of health (SDoH) variables on 30-day readmission following a sepsis hospitalization as compared with traditional clinical variables. DESIGN Multicenter retrospective cohort study using patient-level data, including demographic, clinical, and survey data. SETTINGS Thirty-five hospitals across the United States from 2017 to 2021. PATIENTS Two hundred seventy-one thousand four hundred twenty-eight individuals in the AllofUs initiative, of which 8909 had an index sepsis hospitalization. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Unplanned 30-day readmission to the hospital. Multinomial logistic regression models were constructed to account for survival in determination of variables associate with 30-day readmission and are presented as adjusted odds rations (aORs). Of the 8909 sepsis patients in our cohort, 21% had an unplanned hospital readmission within 30 days. Median age (interquartile range) was 54 years (41-65 yr), 4762 (53.4%) were female, and there were self-reported 1612 (18.09%) Black, 2271 (25.49%) Hispanic, and 4642 (52.1%) White individuals. In multinomial logistic regression models accounting for survival, we identified that change to nonphysician provider type due to economic reasons (aOR, 2.55 [2.35-2.74]), delay of receiving medical care due to lack of transportation (aOR, 1.68 [1.62-1.74]), and inability to afford flow-up care (aOR, 1.59 [1.52-1.66]) were strongly and independently associated with a 30-day readmission when adjusting for survival. Patients who lived in a ZIP code with a high percentage of patients in poverty and without health insurance were also more likely to be readmitted within 30 days (aOR, 1.26 [1.22-1.29] and aOR, 1.28 [1.26-1.29], respectively). Finally, we found that having a primary care provider and health insurance were associated with low odds of an unplanned 30-day readmission. CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter retrospective cohort, several SDoH variables were strongly associated with unplanned 30-day readmission. Models predicting readmission following sepsis hospitalization may benefit from the addition of SDoH factors to traditional clinical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amrollahi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Brent D Kennis
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Atul Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - James Ford
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Arianna Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Julia Weston
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Romir Maheshwary
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shamim Nemati
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gabriel Wardi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Angela Meier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Romijn ASC, Proaño-Zamudio JA, Rastogi V, Yadavalli SD, Lagazzi E, Giannakopoulos GF, Schermerhorn ML, Saillant NN. Readmission after thoracic endovascular aortic repair following blunt thoracic aortic injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2024; 50:551-559. [PMID: 38224357 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-023-02432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is increasingly utilized to treat blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI), but post-discharge outcomes remain underexplored. We examined 90-day readmission in patients treated with TEVAR following BTAI. METHODS Adult patients discharged alive after TEVAR for BTAI in the Nationwide Readmissions Database between 2016 and 2019 were included. Outcomes examined were 90-day non-elective readmission, primary readmission reasons, and 90-day mortality. As a complementary analysis, 90-day outcomes following TEVAR for BTAI were compared with those following TEVAR for acute type B aortic dissection (TBAD). RESULTS We identified 2085 patients who underwent TEVAR for BTAI. The median age was 43 years (IQR, 29-58), 65% of all patients had an ISS ≥ 25, and 13% were readmitted within 90 days. The main primary causes for readmission were sepsis (8.8%), wound complications (6.7%), and neurological complications (6.5%). Two patients developed graft thrombosis as primary readmission reasons. Compared with acute TBAD patients, BTAI patients had a significantly lower rate of readmission within 90 days (BTAI vs. TBAD; 13% vs. 29%; p < .001). CONCLUSION We found a significant proportion of readmission in patients treated with TEVAR for BTAI. However, the 90-day readmission rate after TEVAR for BTAI was significantly lower compared with acute TBAD, and the common cause for readmission was not related to residual aortic disease or vascular devices. This represents an important distinction from other patient populations treated with TEVAR for acute vascular conditions. Elucidating differences between trauma-related TEVAR readmissions and non-traumatic indications better informs both the clinician and patients of expected post-discharge course. Level of evidence/study type: IV, Therapeutic/care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie C Romijn
- Division of Trauma & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., White Building, Suite 506, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Division of Trauma & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jefferson A Proaño-Zamudio
- Division of Trauma & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., White Building, Suite 506, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vinamr Rastogi
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sai Divya Yadavalli
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emanuele Lagazzi
- Division of Trauma & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., White Building, Suite 506, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Georgios F Giannakopoulos
- Division of Trauma & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc L Schermerhorn
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noelle N Saillant
- Division of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Kumar NR, Balraj TA, Kempegowda SN, Prashant A. Multidrug-Resistant Sepsis: A Critical Healthcare Challenge. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:46. [PMID: 38247605 PMCID: PMC10812490 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis globally accounts for an alarming annual toll of 48.9 million cases, resulting in 11 million deaths, and inflicts an economic burden of approximately USD 38 billion on the United States healthcare system. The rise of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) has elevated the urgency surrounding the management of multidrug-resistant (MDR) sepsis, evolving into a critical global health concern. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current epidemiology of (MDR) sepsis and its associated healthcare challenges, particularly in critically ill hospitalized patients. Highlighted findings demonstrated the complex nature of (MDR) sepsis pathophysiology and the resulting immune responses, which significantly hinder sepsis treatment. Studies also revealed that aging, antibiotic overuse or abuse, inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy, and underlying comorbidities contribute significantly to recurrent sepsis, thereby leading to septic shock, multi-organ failure, and ultimately immune paralysis, which all contribute to high mortality rates among sepsis patients. Moreover, studies confirmed a correlation between elevated readmission rates and an increased risk of cognitive and organ dysfunction among sepsis patients, amplifying hospital-associated costs. To mitigate the impact of sepsis burden, researchers have directed their efforts towards innovative diagnostic methods like point-of-care testing (POCT) devices for rapid, accurate, and particularly bedside detection of sepsis; however, these methods are currently limited to detecting only a few resistance biomarkers, thus warranting further exploration. Numerous interventions have also been introduced to treat MDR sepsis, including combination therapy with antibiotics from two different classes and precision therapy, which involves personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual needs. Finally, addressing MDR-associated healthcare challenges at regional levels based on local pathogen resistance patterns emerges as a critical strategy for effective sepsis treatment and minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishitha R. Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570004, India; (N.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Tejashree A. Balraj
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570004, India;
| | - Swetha N. Kempegowda
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570004, India; (N.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Akila Prashant
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570004, India; (N.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570004, India
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6
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Pandolfi F, Brun-Buisson C, Guillemot D, Watier L. Care pathways of sepsis survivors: sequelae, mortality and use of healthcare services in France, 2015-2018. Crit Care 2023; 27:438. [PMID: 37950254 PMCID: PMC10638811 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who survive sepsis are at high risk of chronic sequelae, resulting in significant health-economic costs. Several studies have focused on aspects of healthcare pathways of sepsis survivors but comprehensive, longitudinal overview of their pathways of care are scarce. The aim of this retrospective, longitudinal cohort study is to identify sepsis survivor profiles based on their healthcare pathways and describe their healthcare consumption and costs over the 3 years following their index hospitalization. METHODS The data were extracted from the French National Hospital Discharge Database. The study population included all patients above 15 years old, with bacterial sepsis, who survived an incident hospitalization in an acute care facility in 2015. To identify survivor profiles, state sequence and clustering analyses were conducted over the year following the index hospitalization. For each profile, patient characteristics and their index hospital stay and sequelae were described, as well as use of care and its associated monetary costs, both pre- and post-sepsis. RESULTS New medical (79.2%), psychological (26.9%) and cognitive (18.5%) impairments were identified post-sepsis, and 65.3% of survivors were rehospitalized in acute care. Cumulative mortality reached 36.6% by 3 years post-sepsis. The total medical cost increased by 856 million € in the year post-sepsis. Five patient clusters were identified: home (65.6% of patients), early death (12.9%), late death (6.8%), short-term rehabilitation (11.3%) and long-term rehabilitation (3.3%). Survivors with early and late death clusters had high rates of cancer and primary bacteremia and experienced more hospital-at-home care post-sepsis. Survivors in short- or long-term rehabilitation clusters were older, with higher percentage of septic shock than those coming back home, and had high rates of multiple site infections and higher rates of new psychological and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Over three years post-sepsis, different profiles of sepsis survivors were identified with different mortality rates, sequels and healthcare services usage and cost. This study confirmed the importance of sepsis burden and suggests that strategies of post-discharge care, in accordance with patient profile, should be further tested in order to reduce sepsis burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Pandolfi
- Epidemiology and Modeling of Bacterial Evasion to Antibacterials Unit (EMEA), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité,, Paris, France
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines/Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Christian Brun-Buisson
- Epidemiology and Modeling of Bacterial Evasion to Antibacterials Unit (EMEA), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité,, Paris, France
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines/Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Didier Guillemot
- Epidemiology and Modeling of Bacterial Evasion to Antibacterials Unit (EMEA), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité,, Paris, France
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines/Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Paris Saclay, Public Health, Medical Information, Clinical Research, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Watier
- Epidemiology and Modeling of Bacterial Evasion to Antibacterials Unit (EMEA), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité,, Paris, France.
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines/Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France.
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7
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van der Slikke EC, Beumeler LFE, Holmqvist M, Linder A, Mankowski RT, Bouma HR. Understanding Post-Sepsis Syndrome: How Can Clinicians Help? Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6493-6511. [PMID: 37795206 PMCID: PMC10546999 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s390947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a global health challenge, with over 49 million cases annually. Recent medical advancements have increased in-hospital survival rates to approximately 80%, but the escalating incidence of sepsis, owing to an ageing population, rise in chronic diseases, and antibiotic resistance, have also increased the number of sepsis survivors. Subsequently, there is a growing prevalence of "post-sepsis syndrome" (PSS). This syndrome includes long-term physical, medical, cognitive, and psychological issues after recovering from sepsis. PSS puts survivors at risk for hospital readmission and is associated with a reduction in health- and life span, both at short and long term, after hospital discharge. Comprehensive understanding of PSS symptoms and causative factors is vital for developing optimal care for sepsis survivors, a task of prime importance for clinicians. This review aims to elucidate our current knowledge of PSS and its relevance in enhancing post-sepsis care provided by clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C van der Slikke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Lise F E Beumeler
- Department of Intensive Care, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, 8934AD, the Netherlands
- Department of Sustainable Health, Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, 8911 CE, the Netherlands
| | - Madlene Holmqvist
- Department of Infection Medicine, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
| | - Adam Linder
- Department of Infection Medicine, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Hjalmar R Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713GZ, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713GZ, the Netherlands
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8
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Liou A, Schweickert WD, Files DC, Bakhru RN. A Survey to Assess Primary Care Physician Awareness of Complications Following Critical Illness. J Intensive Care Med 2023:8850666231164303. [PMID: 36972501 DOI: 10.1177/08850666231164303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Survivors of critical illness are at risk for post-intensive care syndrome (PICS, comprised of physical dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress). Their family members and caregivers are at risk for PICS-F (PICS-family, comprised of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress). PICS and PICS-F are increasingly recognized in critical care; however, the awareness among primary providers of the domains and the terms of PICS/PICS-F is unknown. Objectives: To determine current practice patterns and knowledge among primary care physicians in regards to patients recovering from critical illness; to determine barriers to care of post-critically ill patients. Methods: A paper and electronic survey were developed and randomly distributed to a subset of North Carolina primary care physicians. Survey questions consisted of the following domains: demographics, current practice, barriers to providing care, knowledge of common issues/complications following critical illness, and interest in changing care for survivors of critical illness. Results: One hundred and ninety-six surveys were delivered and 77 completed surveys (39% response rate) were analyzed. Respondents confirmed significant barriers to care of post-critically ill patients including lack of awareness of PICS/PICS-F terminology, insufficient time to spend with patients, and inadequate education of patients/families about recovery after critical illness. Fifty-seven percent of respondents thought a specialized transitional post-ICU clinic would be helpful. Sixty-two percent reported feeling comfortable caring for patients after a critical illness and 75% felt they were aware of common problems encountered after critical illness. However, 84% also thought more education about PICS/PICS-F would be helpful as would a list of common problems seen after critical illness (91%). Conclusions: Significant gaps and barriers to providing optimal post-ICU care by PCPs exist. Providers identified time constraints and educational gaps as domains needing attention. Dedicated post-ICU clinics might provide a bridge to transition care post-critical illness back to primary care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Liou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - William D Schweickert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - D Clark Files
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
- Critical Illness Injury and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Rita N Bakhru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
- Critical Illness Injury and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
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9
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Pandolfi F, Brun-Buisson C, Guillemot D, Watier L. One-year hospital readmission for recurrent sepsis: associated risk factors and impact on 1-year mortality-a French nationwide study. Crit Care 2022; 26:371. [PMID: 36447252 PMCID: PMC9710072 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a complex health condition, leading to long-term morbidity and mortality. Understanding the risk factors for recurrent sepsis, as well as its impact on mid- and long-term mortality among other risk factors, is essential to improve patient survival. METHODS A risk factor analysis, based on French nationwide medico-administrative data, was conducted on a cohort of patients above 15 years old, hospitalized with an incident sepsis in metropolitan France between 1st January 2018 and 31st December 2018 and who survived their index hospitalization. Two main analyses, focusing on outcomes occurring 1-year post-discharge, were conducted: a first one to assess risk factors for recurrent sepsis and a second to assess risk factors for mortality. RESULTS Of the 178017 patients surviving an incident sepsis episode in 2018 and included in this study, 22.3% died during the 1-year period from discharge and 73.8% had at least one hospital readmission in acute care, among which 18.1% were associated with recurrent sepsis. Patients aged between 56 and 75, patients with cancer and renal disease, with a long index hospital stay or with mediastinal or cardiac infection had the highest odds of recurrent sepsis. One-year mortality was higher for patients with hospital readmission for recurrent sepsis (aOR 2.93; 99% CI 2.78-3.09). Among all comorbidities, patients with cancer (aOR 4.35; 99% CI 4.19-4.52) and dementia (aOR 2.02; 99% CI 1.90-2.15) had the highest odds of 1-year mortality. CONCLUSION Hospital readmission for recurrent sepsis is one of the most important risk factors for 1-year mortality of septic patients, along with age and comorbidities. Our study suggests that recurrent sepsis, as well as modifiable or non-modifiable other risk factors identified, should be considered in order to improve patient care pathway and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Pandolfi
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Epidemiology and Modeling of Bacterial Evasion to Antibacterials Unit (EMEA), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France ,grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines/Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Christian Brun-Buisson
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Epidemiology and Modeling of Bacterial Evasion to Antibacterials Unit (EMEA), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France ,grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines/Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Didier Guillemot
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Epidemiology and Modeling of Bacterial Evasion to Antibacterials Unit (EMEA), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France ,grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines/Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109AP-HP, Paris Saclay, Public Health, Medical Information, Clinical Research, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Watier
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Epidemiology and Modeling of Bacterial Evasion to Antibacterials Unit (EMEA), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France ,grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines/Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
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10
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Shapiro LM, Graham LA, Hawn MT, Kamal RN. Quality Reporting Windows May Not Capture the Effects of Surgical Site Infections After Orthopaedic Surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2022; 104:1281-1291. [PMID: 35856929 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.21.01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs) and the associated complications impact morbidity and mortality and result in substantial burden to the health-care system. These complications are typically reported during the 90-day surveillance period, with implications for reimbursement and quality measurement; however, the long-term effects of SSI are not routinely assessed. We evaluated the long-term effects of SSI on health-care utilization and cost following orthopaedic surgery in an observational cohort study. METHODS Patients in the Veterans Affairs health-care system who underwent an orthopaedic surgical procedure were included. The exposure of interest was an SSI within 90 days after the index procedure. The primary outcome was health-care utilization in the 2 years after discharge. Data for inpatient admission, inpatient days, outpatient visits, emergency room visits, total costs, and subsequent surgeries were also obtained. After adjusting for factors affecting SSI, we examined differences in each health-care utilization outcome by postoperative SSI occurrence and across time with use of differences-in-differences analysis. Cost differences were modeled with use of a gamma distribution with a log link. RESULTS A total of 96,983 patients were included, of whom 4,056 (4.2%) had an SSI within 90 days of surgery. After adjusting for factors known to impact SSI and preoperative health-care utilization, SSI was associated with a greater risk of outpatient visits (relative risk [RR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26 to 1.32), emergency room visits (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.21), and inpatient admission (RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.38) at 2 years postoperatively. The average cost among patients with an SSI was $148,824 ± $268,358 compared with $42,125 ± $124,914 among those without an SSI (p < 0.001). In the adjusted analysis, costs for patients with an SSI were 64% greater at 2 years compared with those without an SSI (RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.57 to 1.70). Overall, of all subsequent surgeries conducted within the 2-year postoperative period, 37% occurred within the first 90 days. CONCLUSIONS The reported effects of a postoperative SSI on health-care utilization and cost are sustained at 2 years post-surgery-a long-term impact that is not recognized in quality-measurement models. Efforts, including preoperative care pathways and optimization, and policies, including reimbursement models and risk-adjustment, should be made to reduce SSI and to account for these long-term effects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Economic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Laura A Graham
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mary T Hawn
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robin N Kamal
- VOICES Health Policy Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
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11
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Liu K, Kotani T, Nakamura K, Chihiro T, Morita Y, Ishii K, Fujizuka K, Yasumura D, Taniguchi D, Hamagami T, Shimojo N, Nitta M, Hongo T, Akieda K, Atsuo M, Kaneko T, Sakuda Y, Andoh K, Nagatomi A, Tanaka Y, Irie Y, Kamijo H, Hanazawa M, Kasugai D, Ayaka M, Oike K, Lefor AK, Takahashi K, Katsukawa H, Ogura T. Effects of evidence-based ICU care on long-term outcomes of patients with sepsis or septic shock (ILOSS): protocol for a multicentre prospective observational cohort study in Japan. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054478. [PMID: 35351710 PMCID: PMC8961143 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is not only the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU) but also a major risk factor for physical and cognitive impairment and mental disorders, known as postintensive care syndrome (PICS), reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and even mental health disorders in patient families (PICS-family; PICS-F). The ABCDEF bundle is strongly recommended to overcome them, while the association between implementing the bundle and the long-term outcomes is also unknown. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a multicentre prospective observational study at 26 ICUs. All consecutive patients between 1 November 2020 and 30 April 2022, who are 18 years old or older and expected to stay in an ICU for more than 48 hours due to sepsis or septic shock, are enrolled. Follow-up to evaluate survival and PICS/ PICS-F will be performed at 3, 6 and 12 months and additionally every 6 months up to 5 years after hospital discharge. Primary outcomes include survival at 12 months, which is the primary outcome, and the incidence of PICS defined as the presence of any physical impairment, cognitive impairment or mental disorders. PICS assessment scores, HRQoL and employment status are evaluated. The association between the implementation rate for the ABCDEF bundle and for each of the individual elements and long-term outcomes will be evaluated. The PICS-F, defined as the presence of mental disorders, and HRQoL of the family is also assessed. Additional analyses with data up to 5 years follow-up are planned. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study received ethics approvals from Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital (2020-42) and all other participating institutions and was registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry. Informed consent will be obtained from all patients. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UMIN000041433.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keibun Liu
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Toru Kotani
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takai Chihiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Tochigi prefectural emergency and critical care center, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasunari Morita
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenzo Ishii
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Unit, Fukuyama City Hospital, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Fujizuka
- Advanced Medical Emergency Department and Critical Care Center, Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Daisetsu Yasumura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Naha City Hospital, Naha, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taniguchi
- Tajima Emergency & Critical Care Medical Center, Toyooka Public Hospital, Toyooka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hamagami
- Tajima Emergency & Critical Care Medical Center, Toyooka Public Hospital, Toyooka, Japan
| | - Nobutake Shimojo
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nitta
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Hongo
- Emergency Department, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Akieda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, SUBARU Health Insurance Society Ota Memorial Hospital, Ota, Japan
| | - Maeda Atsuo
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kaneko
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakuda
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Okinawa Kyodo Hospital, Naha, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kohkichi Andoh
- Division of Anesthesiology, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nagatomi
- Department of Emergency medicine and Critical Care, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama-City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tanaka
- Department of emergency, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuhei Irie
- Department of Emergency and Critical care medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamijo
- Intensive Care Unit, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Manabu Hanazawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Japan Red Cross Narita Hospital, Narita, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kasugai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Matsuoka Ayaka
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Faculty, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Saga, Japan
| | - Kenji Oike
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | | | - Kunihiko Takahashi
- M & D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Ogura
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Tochigi prefectural emergency and critical care center, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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12
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Walsh TS, Pauley E, Donaghy E, Thompson J, Barclay L, Parker RA, Weir C, Marple J. Does a screening checklist for complex health and social care needs have potential clinical usefulness for predicting unplanned hospital readmissions in intensive care survivors: development and prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056524. [PMID: 35321894 PMCID: PMC8943772 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intensive care (ICU) survivors are at high risk of long-term physical and psychosocial problems. Unplanned hospital readmission rates are high, but the best way to triage patients for interventions is uncertain. We aimed to develop and evaluate a screening checklist to help predict subsequent readmissions or deaths. DESIGN A checklist for complex health and social care needs (CHSCNs) was developed based on previous research, comprising six items: multimorbidity; polypharmacy; frequent previous hospitalisations; mental health issues; fragile social circumstances and impaired activities of daily living. Patients were considered to have CHSCNs if two or more were present. We prospectively screened all ICU discharges for CHSCNs for 12 months. SETTING ICU, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK. PARTICIPANTS ICU survivors over a 12-month period (1 June 2018 and 31 May 2019). INTERVENTIONS None. OUTCOME MEASURE Readmission or death in the community within 3 months postindex hospital discharge. RESULTS Of 1174 ICU survivors, 937 were discharged alive from the hospital. Of these 253 (27%) were classified as having CHSCNs. In total 28% (266/937) patients were readmitted (N=238) or died (N=28) within 3 months. Among CHSCNs patients 45% (n=115) patients were readmitted (N=105) or died (N=10). Patients without CHSCNs had a 22% readmission (N=133) or death (N=18) rate. The checklist had: sensitivity 43% (95% CI 37% to 49%), specificity 79% (95% CI 76% to 82%), positive predictive value 45% (95% CI 41% to 51%), and negative predictive value 78% (95% CI 76% to 80%). Relative risk of readmission/death for patients with CHSCNs was 2.06 (95% CI 1.69 to 2.50), indicating a pretest to post-test probability change of 28%-45%. The checklist demonstrated high inter-rater reliability (percentage agreement ≥87% for all domains; overall kappa, 0.84). CONCLUSIONS Early evaluation of a screening checklist for CHSCNs at ICU discharge suggests potential clinical usefulness, but this requires further evaluation as part of a care pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Simon Walsh
- Critical Care Medicine; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ellen Pauley
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eddie Donaghy
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanne Thompson
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy Barclay
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Christopher Weir
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James Marple
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Cost of postoperative sepsis in Vietnam. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4876. [PMID: 35319021 PMCID: PMC8941147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in medical care, the burden of sepsis remains high. In this study, we evaluated the incremental cost associated with postoperative sepsis and the impact of postoperative sepsis on clinical outcomes among surgical patients in Vietnam. We used the national database that contained 1,241,893 surgical patients undergoing seven types of surgery. We controlled the balance between the groups of patients using propensity score matching method. Generalized gamma regression and logistic regression were utilized to estimate incremental cost, readmission, and reexamination associated with postoperative sepsis. The average incremental cost associated with postoperative sepsis was 724.1 USD (95% CI 553.7-891.7) for the 30 days after surgery, which is equivalent to 28.2% of the per capita GDP in Vietnam in 2018. The highest incremental cost was found in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, at 2,897 USD (95% CI 530.7-5263.2). Postoperative sepsis increased patient odds of readmission (OR = 6.40; 95% CI 6.06-6.76), reexamination (OR = 1.67; 95% CI 1.58-1.76), and also associated with 4.9 days longer of hospital length of stay among surgical patients. Creating appropriate prevention strategies for postoperative sepsis is extremely important, not only to improve the quality of health care but also to save health financial resources each year.
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14
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Brown SM, Dinglas VD, Akhlaghi N, Bose S, Banner-Goodspeed V, Beesley S, Groat D, Greene T, Hopkins RO, Mir-Kasimov M, Sevin CM, Turnbull AE, Jackson JC, Needham DM. Association between unmet medication needs after hospital discharge and readmission or death among acute respiratory failure survivors: the addressing post-intensive care syndrome (APICS-01) multicenter prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2022; 26:6. [PMID: 34991660 PMCID: PMC8738999 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Survivors of acute respiratory failure (ARF) commonly experience long-lasting physical, cognitive, and/or mental health impairments. Unmet medication needs occurring immediately after hospital discharge may have an important effect on subsequent recovery. Methods and analysis In this multicenter prospective cohort study, we enrolled ARF survivors who were discharged directly home from their acute care hospitalization. The primary exposure was unmet medication needs. The primary outcome was hospital readmission or death within 3 months after discharge. We performed a propensity score analysis, using inverse probability weighting for the primary exposure, to evaluate the exposure–outcome association, with an a priori sample size of 200 ARF survivors. Results We enrolled 200 ARF survivors, of whom 107 (53%) were female and 77 (39%) were people of color. Median (IQR) age was 55 (43–66) years, APACHE II score 20 (15–26) points, and hospital length of stay 14 (9–21) days. Of the 200 participants, 195 (98%) were in the analytic cohort. One hundred fourteen (57%) patients had at least one unmet medication need; the proportion of medication needs that were unmet was 6% (0–15%). Fifty-six (29%) patients were readmitted or died by 3 months; 10 (5%) died within 3 months. Unmet needs were not associated (risk ratio 1.25; 95% CI 0.75–2.1) with hospital readmission or death, although a higher proportion of unmet needs may have been associated with increased hospital readmission (risk ratio 1.7; 95% CI 0.96–3.1) and decreased mortality (risk ratio 0.13; 95% CI 0.02–0.99). Discussion Unmet medication needs are common among survivors of acute respiratory failure shortly after discharge home. The association of unmet medication needs with 3-month readmission and mortality is complex and requires additional investigation to inform clinical trials of interventions to reduce unmet medication needs. Study registration number: NCT03738774. The study was prospectively registered before enrollment of the first patient. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-021-03848-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Brown
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Center for Humanizing Critical Care, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Shock Trauma ICU, Intermountain Medical Center, 5121 S. Cottonwood Street, Murray, UT, 84107, USA.
| | - Victor D Dinglas
- Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Group and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Narjes Akhlaghi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Somnath Bose
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Beesley
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Center for Humanizing Critical Care, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Danielle Groat
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Center for Humanizing Critical Care, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tom Greene
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ramona O Hopkins
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Psychology Department and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Mustafa Mir-Kasimov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Salt Lake City Veterans Administration, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carla M Sevin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alison E Turnbull
- Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Group and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Dale M Needham
- Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Group and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Akgün KM, Krishnan S, Butt AA, Gibert CL, Graber CJ, Huang L, Pisani MA, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Hoo GWS, Justice AC, Crothers K, Tate JP. CD4+ cell count and outcomes among HIV-infected compared with uninfected medical ICU survivors in a national cohort. AIDS 2021; 35:2355-2365. [PMID: 34261095 PMCID: PMC8563390 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with HIV (PWH) with access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) experience excess morbidity and mortality compared with uninfected patients, particularly those with persistent viremia and without CD4+ cell recovery. We compared outcomes for medical intensive care unit (MICU) survivors with unsuppressed (>500 copies/ml) and suppressed (≤500 copies/ml) HIV-1 RNA and HIV-uninfected survivors, adjusting for CD4+ cell count. SETTING We studied 4537 PWH [unsuppressed = 38%; suppressed = 62%; 72% Veterans Affairs-based (VA) and 10 531 (64% VA) uninfected Veterans who survived MICU admission after entering the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) between fiscal years 2001 and 2015. METHODS Primary outcomes were all-cause 30-day and 6-month readmission and mortality, adjusted for demographics, CD4+ cell category (≥350 (reference); 200-349; 50-199; <50), comorbidity and prior healthcare utilization using proportional hazards models. We also adjusted for severity of illness using discharge VACS Index (VI) 2.0 among VA-based survivors. RESULTS In adjusted models, CD4+ categories <350 cells/μl were associated with increased risk for both outcomes up to 6 months, and risk increased with lower CD4+ categories (e.g. 6-month mortality CD4+ 200-349 hazard ratio [HR] = 1.35 [1.12-1.63]; CD4+ <50 HR = 2.14 [1.72-2.66]); unsuppressed status was not associated with outcomes. After adjusting for VI in models stratified by HIV, VI quintiles were strongly associated with both outcomes at both time points. CONCLUSION PWH who survive MICU admissions are at increased risk for worse outcomes compared with uninfected, especially those without CD4+ cell recovery. Severity of illness at discharge is the strongest predictor for outcomes regardless of HIV status. Strategies including intensive case management for HIV-specific and general organ dysfunction may improve outcomes for MICU survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Akgün
- Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - Supriya Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adeel A Butt
- Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Quatar and New York, New York, USA
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Christopher J Graber
- Infectious Diseases Section, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and the Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Laurence Huang
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco, General Hospital and University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Margaret A Pisani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas
- Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey VAMC and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Guy W Soo Hoo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy C Justice
- Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kristina Crothers
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet P Tate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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16
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Taylor SP, Kowalkowski MA, Courtright KR, Burke HL, Patel S, Hicks S, Hurley C, Mitchell S, Halpern SD. Deficits in Identification of Goals and Goal-Concordant Care After Sepsis Hospitalization. J Hosp Med 2021; 16:667-670. [PMID: 34730507 PMCID: PMC8577698 DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, identifying and supporting patients' care goals was named the highest priority in hospital medicine. Although sepsis is one of the leading causes of death and postdischarge morbidity among hospitalized patients, little is known about how frequently care goals are assessed prior to discharge and adhered to in the 90 days after sepsis hospitalization. Evaluating a cohort of 679 high-risk sepsis survivors enrolled in a clinical trial, we found that care goals were documented explicitly in a standardized tool in 130 patients; an additional 139 patients were identified using all available clinical documentation, resulting in only 269 (40%) patients with goals that could be ascertained from the electronic health record (EHR). Among those categorized, goals were classified as prioritizing longevity (35%), function (52%), and comfort (12%). Based on expert review of the care provided during the 90 days subsequent to discharge, goal-concordant care was identified in 184 (68%) cases for which goals were specified. Documentation of goals in a standardized EHR tool was associated with increased likelihood of receiving goal-concordant care (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.4-5.5). Hospitalization and peridischarge time points represent important opportunities to address deficits in the documentation of goals and provision of goal-concordant care for sepsis survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc A Kowalkowski
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Katherine R Courtright
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Henry L Burke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
- Atrium Health, Division of Palliative Care, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Sangnya Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
- Atrium Health, Division of Palliative Care, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Samantha Hicks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
- Atrium Health, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Cristina Hurley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Stephen Mitchell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Scott D Halpern
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Evaluation of Incident 7-Day Infection and Sepsis Hospitalizations in an Integrated Health System. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 19:781-789. [PMID: 34699730 PMCID: PMC9116341 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202104-451oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pre-hospital opportunities to predict infection and sepsis hospitalization may exist, but little is known about their incidence following common healthcare encounters. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the incidence and timing of infection and sepsis hospitalization within 7 days of living hospital discharge, emergency department discharge, and ambulatory visit settings. METHODS In each setting, we identified patients in clinical strata based on the presence of infection and severity of illness. We estimated number needed to evaluate values with hypothetical predictive model operating characteristics. RESULTS We identified 97,614,228 encounters including 1,117,702 (1.1 %) hospital discharges, 4,635,517 (4.7%) emergency department discharges, and 91,861,009 (94.1 %) ambulatory visits between 2012 and 2017. The incidence of 7-day infection hospitalization varied from 37,140 (3.3%) following inpatient discharge, 50,315 (1.1%) following emergency department discharge, and 277,034 (0.3%) following ambulatory visits. The incidence of 7-day infection hospitalization was increased for inpatient discharges with high readmission risk (10.0%), emergency department discharges with increased acute or chronic severity of illness (3.5% and 4.7%, respectively), and ambulatory visits with acute infection (0.7%). The timing of 7-day infection and sepsis hospitalizations differed across settings with an early rise following ambulatory visits, a later peak following emergency department discharges, and a delayed peak following inpatient discharge. Theoretical number needed to evaluate values varied by strata, but following hospital and emergency department discharge, were as low as 15 to 25. CONCLUSIONS Incident 7-day infection and sepsis hospitalizations following encounters in routine healthcare settings were surprisingly common and may be amenable to clinical predictive models.
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Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Schorr CA, Townsend SR. 50 Years of Sepsis Investigation/Enlightenment Among Adults-The Long and Winding Road. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:1606-1625. [PMID: 34342304 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Phillip Dellinger
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University and Cooper University Health, Camden, NJ
| | | | - Christa A Schorr
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University and Cooper University Health, Camden, NJ
| | - Sean R Townsend
- University of California Pacific Medical Center, (Sutter Health), San Francisco, CA
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Barr J, Paulson SS, Kamdar B, Ervin JN, Lane-Fall M, Liu V, Kleinpell R. The Coming of Age of Implementation Science and Research in Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:1254-1275. [PMID: 34261925 PMCID: PMC8549627 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Barr
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Shirley S Paulson
- Regional Adult Patient Care Services, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Biren Kamdar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jennifer N Ervin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Meghan Lane-Fall
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Penn Implementation Science Center at the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vincent Liu
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Regional Adult Patient Care Services, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, CA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Penn Implementation Science Center at the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Santa Clara, CA
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Hospital Advanced Analytics, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Santa Clara, CA
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, TN
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20
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Yoo MS, Zhu S, Lu Y, Greene JD, Hammer HL, Iberti CT, Nemazie S, Ananias MP, McCarthy CM, O’Malley RM, Young KL, Reed KO, Martinez RA, Cheung K, Liu VX. Association of Positive Fluid Balance at Discharge After Sepsis Management With 30-Day Readmission. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e216105. [PMID: 34086036 PMCID: PMC8178709 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although early fluid administration has been shown to lower sepsis mortality, positive fluid balance has been associated with adverse outcomes. Little is known about associations in non-intensive care unit settings, with growing concern about readmission from excess fluid accumulation in patients with sepsis. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether positive fluid balance among non-critically ill patients with sepsis was associated with increased readmission risk, including readmission for heart failure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2017, among 57 032 non-critically ill adults hospitalized for sepsis at 21 hospitals across Northern California. Kaiser Permanente Northern California is an integrated health care system with a community-based population of more than 4.4 million members. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1 to December 31, 2019. EXPOSURES Intake and output net fluid balance (I/O) measured daily and cumulatively at discharge (positive vs negative). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was 30-day readmission. The secondary outcomes were readmission stratified by category and mortality after living discharge. RESULTS The cohort included 57 032 patients who were hospitalized for sepsis (28 779 women [50.5%]; mean [SD] age, 73.7 [15.5] years). Compared with patients with positive I/O (40 940 [71.8%]), those with negative I/O (16 092 [28.2%]) were older, with increased comorbidity, acute illness severity, preexisting heart failure or chronic kidney disease, diuretic use, and decreased fluid administration volume. During 30-day follow-up, 8719 patients (15.3%) were readmitted and 3639 patients (6.4%) died. There was no difference in readmission between patients with positive vs negative I/O (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.95-1.05). No association was detected between readmission and I/O using continuous, splined, and quadratic function transformations. Positive I/O was associated with decreased heart failure-related readmission (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.71-0.91]) and increased 30-day mortality (HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.15-1.31]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this large observational study of non-critically ill patients hospitalized with sepsis, there was no association between positive fluid balance at the time of discharge and readmission. However, these findings may have been limited by variable recording and documentation of fluid intake and output; additional studies are needed to examine the association of fluid status with outcomes in patients with sepsis to reduce readmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Yoo
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Shiyun Zhu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
| | - Yun Lu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
| | - John D. Greene
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
| | - Helen L. Hammer
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Colin T. Iberti
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Siamack Nemazie
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Nephrology, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Martin P. Ananias
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Caitlin M. McCarthy
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Robert M. O’Malley
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Karlyn L. Young
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Karolin O. Reed
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Robert A. Martinez
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Adult and Family Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Kawai Cheung
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Adult and Family Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Vincent X. Liu
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
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21
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Stenholt POO, Abdullah SMOB, Sørensen RH, Nielsen FE. Independent predictors for 90-day readmission of emergency department patients admitted with sepsis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:315. [PMID: 33794801 PMCID: PMC8017866 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary objective of our study was to examine predictors for readmission in a prospective cohort of sepsis patients admitted to an emergency department (ED) and identified by the new Sepsis-3 criteria. Method A single-center observational population-based cohort study among all adult (≥18 years) patients with sepsis admitted to the emergency department of Slagelse Hospital during 1.10.2017–31.03.2018. Sepsis was defined as an increase in the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score of ≥2. The primary outcome was 90-day readmission. We followed patients from the date of discharge from the index admission until the end of the follow-up period or until the time of readmission to hospital, emigration or death, whichever came first. We used competing-risks regression to estimate adjusted subhazard ratios (aSHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for covariates in the regression models. Results A total of 2110 patients were admitted with infections, whereas 714 (33.8%) suffered sepsis. A total of 52 patients had died during admission and were excluded leaving 662 patients (44.1% female) with a median age of 74.8 (interquartile range: 66.0–84.2) years for further analysis. A total of 237 (35,8%; 95% CI 32.1–39.6) patients were readmitted within 90 days, and 54(8.2%) had died after discharge without being readmitted. We found that a history of malignant disease (aSHR 1,61; 1.16–2.23), if previously admitted with sepsis within 1 year before the index admission (aSHR; 1.41; 1.08–1.84), and treatment with diuretics (aSHR 1.51; 1.17–1.94) were independent predictors for readmission. aSHR (1.49, 1.13–1.96) for diuretic treatment was almost unchanged after exclusion of patients with heart failure, while aSHR (1.47, 0.96–2.25) for malignant disease was slightly attenuated after exclusion of patients with metastatic tumors. Conclusions More than one third of patients admitted with sepsis, and discharged alive, were readmitted within 90 days. A history of malignant disease, if previously admitted with sepsis, and diuretic treatment were independent predictors for 90-day readmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Oscar Overgaard Stenholt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Ebba Lunds Vej 40A, Entrance 67, 2400 NV, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Rune Husås Sørensen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Finn Erland Nielsen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Ebba Lunds Vej 40A, Entrance 67, 2400 NV, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Babich T, Eliakim-Raz N, Turjeman A, Pujol M, Carratalà J, Shaw E, Gomila Grange A, Vuong C, Addy I, Wiegand I, Grier S, MacGowan A, Vank C, van den Heuvel L, Leibovici L. Risk factors for hospital readmission following complicated urinary tract infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6926. [PMID: 33767321 PMCID: PMC7994309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital readmissions following severe infections are a major economic burden on the health care system and have a negative influence on patients' quality of life. Understanding the risk factors for readmission, particularly the extent to which they could be prevented, is of a great importance. In this study we evaluated potentially preventable risk factors for 60-day readmission in patients surviving hospitalization for complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI). This was a multinational, multicentre retrospective cohort study conducted in Europe and the Middle East. Our cohort included survivors of hospitalization due to cUTI during the years 2013-2014. The primary outcome was 60-day readmission following index hospitalization. Patient characteristics that could have influenced readmission: demographics, infection presentation and management, microbiological and clinical data; were collected via computerized medical records from infection onset up to 60 days after hospital discharge. Overall, 742 patients were included. The cohort median age was 68 years (interquartile range, (IQR) 55-80) and 43.3% (321/742) of patients were males. The all-cause 60-day readmission rate was 20.1% (149/742) and more than half were readmitted for infection [57.1%, (80/140)]. Recurrent cUTI was the most frequent cause for readmission [46.4% (65/140)]. Statistically significant risk factors associated with 60-day readmission in multivariable analysis were: older age (odds ratio (OR) 1.02 for an one-year increment, confidence interval (CI) 1.005-1.03), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.04-2.55), cancer (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.05-2.77), previous urinary tract infection (UTI) in the last year (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.14-2.83), insertion of an indwelling bladder catheter (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.07-2.45) and insertion of percutaneous nephrostomy (OR 3.68, 95% CI 1.67-8.13). In conclusion, patients surviving hospitalization for cUTI are frequently re-hospitalized, mostly for recurrent urinary infections associated with a medical condition that necessitated urinary interventions. Interventions to avoid re-admissions should target these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Babich
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Noa Eliakim-Raz
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Turjeman
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Miquel Pujol
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Carratalà
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Evelyn Shaw
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina Gomila Grange
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cuong Vuong
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ibironke Addy
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Irith Wiegand
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sally Grier
- Department of Infection Sciences, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Alasdair MacGowan
- Department of Infection Sciences, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Leo van den Heuvel
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard Leibovici
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Sambare TD, Graham LA, Itani KMF, Morris MS, Moshrefi S, Hawn MT. Impact of Gastrointestinal Surgical Site Wound Complications on Long-term Healthcare Utilization. J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 25:503-511. [PMID: 31993964 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Wound complication following gastrointestinal surgery substantially impacts the quality and costs of surgical care. The impact of wound complication on subsequent long-term healthcare utilization has not been fully studied. OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of surgical wound complication on inpatient and outpatient healthcare utilization in the 2 years after gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. DESIGN An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted on Veterans Affairs health system patients who underwent an inpatient GI surgical procedure, were assessed by the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP), and were discharged alive from Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals between October 1, 2007 and September 30, 2014. SETTING Population-based PARTICIPANTS: A total of 64,351 patients underwent a GI surgical procedure in the VA system between 2007 and 2014. The cohort was 93.5% male, with a median age of 63.0 years (interquartile range (IQR) 57.0-70.0). A total of 7880 patients (12.2%) had at least one reported wound complication, 5460 of which had their postoperative wound complication classified by a VASQIP nurse. EXPOSURE VASQIP-assessed or ICD-9-coded wound complication in the 30 days after surgery MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Inpatient visits, total inpatient days, outpatient visits, and emergency department visits, and operative interventions up to 2 years after discharge from index admission RESULTS: Patients with a postoperative wound complication had greater inpatient healthcare utilization compared with no-wound complication for up to 2 years after surgery: inpatient admissions (mean number 3.5 vs. 2.8; P < .001), inpatient bed days (mean 41.0 vs. 25.0; P < .001). Patients with a postoperative wound complication also had greater 2-year outpatient utilization than the no-wound complication cohort: outpatient visits (mean number 92.7 vs. 75.9; P < .001) and emergency department visits (mean 3.5 vs. 2.7; P < .001). The same relationship held for wound-related parameters; inpatient admissions (2.2 vs. 0.4; P < .001); inpatient bed days (21.4 vs. 3.7; P < .001); and outpatient visits (56.2 vs. 9.7; P < .001). A greater proportion of patients in the wound complication cohort had an operative intervention for all time intervals examined (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Surgical wound complications impact healthcare utilization patterns for up to 2 years after the index procedure including hospital readmissions and operative interventions; efforts to reduce postoperative wound complications will have substantial effects on patient outcomes and healthcare expenditures well beyond the 30-day postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya D Sambare
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Alway Building, Room M121, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5115, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Laura A Graham
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Alway Building, Room M121, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5115, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Shawn Moshrefi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Alway Building, Room M121, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5115, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mary T Hawn
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Alway Building, Room M121, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5115, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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24
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Association between Adherence to Recommended Care and Outcomes for Adult Survivors of Sepsis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 17:89-97. [PMID: 31644304 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201907-514oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Postsepsis care recommendations target specific deficits experienced by sepsis survivors in elements such as optimization of medications, screening for functional impairments, monitoring for common and preventable causes of health deterioration, and consideration of palliative care. However, few data are available regarding the application of these elements in clinical practice.Objectives: To quantify the delivery of postsepsis care for patients discharged after hospital admission for sepsis and evaluate the association between receipt of postsepsis care elements and reduced mortality and hospital readmission within 90 days.Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of a random sample of patients who were discharged alive after an admission for sepsis (identified from International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision discharge codes) at 10 hospitals during 2017. We used a structured chart abstraction to determine whether four elements of postsepsis care were provided within 90 days of hospital discharge, per expert recommendations. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between receipt of care elements and 90-day hospital readmission and mortality, adjusted for age, comorbidity, length of stay, and discharge disposition.Results: Among 189 sepsis survivors, 117 (62%) had medications optimized, 123 (65%) had screening for functional or mental health impairments, 86 (46%) were monitored for common and preventable causes of health deterioration, and 110 (58%) had care alignment processes documented (i.e., assessed for palliative care or goals of care). Only 20 (11%) received all four care elements within 90 days. Within 90 days of discharge, 66 (35%) patients were readmitted and 33 (17%) died (total patients readmitted or died, n = 82). Receipt of two (odds ratio [OR], 0.26; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.10-0.69) or more (three OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11-0.72; four OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03-0.50) care elements was associated with lower odds of 90-day readmission or 90-day mortality compared with zero or one element documented. Optimization of medications (no medication errors vs. one or more errors; OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.21-0.92), documented functional or mental health assessments (physical function plus swallowing/mental health assessments vs. no assessments; OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.05-0.40), and documented goals of care or palliative care screening (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.25-1.05; not statistically significant) were associated with lower odds of 90-day readmission or 90-day mortality.Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort study of data from a single health system, we found variable delivery of recommended postsepsis care elements that were associated with reduced morbidity and mortality after hospitalization for sepsis. Implementation strategies to efficiently overcome barriers to adopting recommended postsepsis care may help improve outcomes for sepsis survivors.
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25
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Akhlaghi N, Needham DM, Bose S, Banner-Goodspeed VM, Beesley SJ, Dinglas VD, Groat D, Greene T, Hopkins RO, Jackson J, Mir-Kasimov M, Sevin CM, Wilson E, Brown SM. Evaluating the association between unmet healthcare needs and subsequent clinical outcomes: protocol for the Addressing Post-Intensive Care Syndrome-01 (APICS-01) multicentre cohort study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040830. [PMID: 33099499 PMCID: PMC7590359 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As short-term mortality declines for critically ill patients, a growing number of survivors face long-term physical, cognitive and/or mental health impairments. After hospital discharge, many critical illness survivors require an in-depth plan to address their healthcare needs. Early after hospital discharge, numerous survivors experience inadequate care or a mismatch between their healthcare needs and what is provided. Many patients are readmitted to the hospital, have substantial healthcare resource use and experience long-lasting morbidity. The objective of this study is to investigate the gap in healthcare needs occurring immediately after hospital discharge and its association with hospital readmissions or death for survivors of acute respiratory failure (ARF). METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this multicentre prospective cohort study, we will enrol 200 survivors of ARF in the intensive care unit (ICU) who are discharged directly home from their acute care hospital stay. Unmet healthcare needs, the primary exposure of interest, will be evaluated as soon as possible within 1 to 4 weeks after hospital discharge, via a standardised telephone assessment. The primary outcome, death or hospital readmission, will be measured at 3 months after discharge. Secondary outcomes (eg, quality of life, cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder) will be measured as part of 3-month and 6-month telephone-based follow-up assessments. Descriptive statistics will be reported for the exposure and outcome variables along with a propensity score analysis, using inverse probability weighting for the primary exposure, to evaluate the relationship between the primary exposure and outcome. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study received ethics approval from Vanderbilt University Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the University of Utah IRB (for the Veterans Affairs site). These results will inform both clinical practice and future interventional trials in the field. We plan to disseminate the results in peer-reviewed journals, and via national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03738774). Registered before enrollment of the first patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Akhlaghi
- Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dale M Needham
- Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Somnath Bose
- Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valerie M Banner-Goodspeed
- Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah J Beesley
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care and Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Victor D Dinglas
- Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danielle Groat
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care and Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
| | - Tom Greene
- Division of Epidemiology Biostatistics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ramona O Hopkins
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care and Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
- Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - James Jackson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mustafa Mir-Kasimov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carla M Sevin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emily Wilson
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care and Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
| | - Samuel M Brown
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care and Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Approaches to Addressing Post-Intensive Care Syndrome among Intensive Care Unit Survivors. A Narrative Review. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2020; 16:947-956. [PMID: 31162935 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201812-913fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical illness can be lethal and devastating to survivors. Improvements in acute care have increased the number of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. These survivors confront a range of new or worsened health states that collectively are commonly denominated post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). These problems include physical, cognitive, psychological, and existential aspects, among others. Burgeoning interest in improving long-term outcomes for ICU survivors has driven an array of potential interventions to improve outcomes associated with PICS. To date, the most promising interventions appear to relate to very early physical rehabilitation. Late interventions within aftercare and recovery clinics have yielded mixed results, although experience in heart failure programs suggests the possibility that very early case management interventions may help improve intermediate-term outcomes, including mortality and hospital readmission. Predictive models have tended to underperform, complicating study design and clinical referral. The complexity of the health states associated with PICS suggests that careful and rigorous evaluation of multidisciplinary, multimodality interventions-tied to the specific conditions of interest-will be required to address these important problems.
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Shankar-Hari M, Rubenfeld GD, Ferrando-Vivas P, Harrison DA, Rowan K. Development, Validation, and Clinical Utility Assessment of a Prognostic Score for 1-Year Unplanned Rehospitalization or Death of Adult Sepsis Survivors. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2013580. [PMID: 32926114 PMCID: PMC7490647 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The longer-term risk of rehospitalizations and death of adult sepsis survivors is associated with index sepsis illness characteristics. OBJECTIVE To derive and validate a parsimonious prognostic score for unplanned rehospitalizations or death in the first year after hospital discharge of adult sepsis survivors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used data from the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre Case Mix Programme database on adult sepsis survivors identified from consecutive critical care admissions to 192 adult general critical care units in England, United Kingdom, between April 1, 2009, and March 31, 2014 (94 748 patients in the derivation cohort), and between April 1, 2014, and March 31, 2015 (24 669 patients in the validation cohort). Statistical analysis was performed from July 5 to October 31, 2019. Generic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, 2015 Index of Multiple Deprivation [IMD2015] in England quintiles, preadmission dependence, previous hospitalizations in the year preceding index sepsis admission, comorbidity, admission type, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II physiology score, hospital length of stay, worst blood lactate and blood hemoglobin concentrations, and type of hospital) and sepsis-specific characteristics (site of infection, numbers of organ dysfunctions, and organ support) at the index sepsis admission were used as predictors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prognostic score derived and validated using multivariable logistic regression for the outcome of unplanned rehospitalization or death in the first year after hospital discharge of adult sepsis survivors, as well as clinical usefulness assessed using decision curve analysis. Prognostic score validation was performed for internal validation with bootstrapping and temporal cohort external validation. RESULTS This cohort study included 94 748 patients (51 164 men [54.0%]; mean [SD] age, 61.3 [17.0] years) in the derivation cohort and 24 669 patients (13 255 men [53.7%]; mean [SD] age, 62.1 [16.8%]) in the validation cohort. Unplanned rehospitalization or death in the first year after hospital discharge occurred for 48 594 patients (51.3%) in the derivation cohort and 13 129 patients (53.2%) in the validation cohort. Eight independent predictors were identified and weighted to generate a prognostic score for every patient: previous hospitalizations, age in 10-year increments, IMD2015 in England quintiles, preadmission dependence, comorbidities, admission type, blood hemoglobin level, and site of infection. The total prognostic score ranged from 0 to 22 points, with lower scores indicating a lower risk of the outcome. The derivation and validation cohorts had similar rates of prognostic scores of 0 to 4 points (5088 of 16 684 patients [30.5%] and 471 of 1725 patients [27.3%]) and prognostic scores of 11 points or more (15 732 of 21 641 patients [72.7%] and 5753 of 7952 patients [72.3%]). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the prognostic score was 0.675 (95% CI, 0.672-0.679). The decision curve analysis highlighted an optimal score cutoff of 7 points or more. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The prognostic score reported in this study uses 8 internationally feasible predictors measured during the index sepsis admission and provides clinically useful information on sepsis survivors' risk of unplanned rehospitalization or death in the first year after hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Shankar-Hari
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, ICU Support Offices, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Rubenfeld
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Associate Editor, JAMA Network Open
| | - Paloma Ferrando-Vivas
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, Napier House, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Harrison
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, Napier House, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, Napier House, London, United Kingdom
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Horton DJ, Graves KK, Kukhareva PV, Johnson SA, Cedillo M, Sanford M, Dunson WA, White M, Roach D, Arego JJ, Kawamoto K. Modified early warning score-based clinical decision support: cost impact and clinical outcomes in sepsis. JAMIA Open 2020; 3:261-268. [PMID: 32734167 PMCID: PMC7382614 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the clinical and financial impact of a quality improvement project that utilized a modified Early Warning Score (mEWS)-based clinical decision support intervention targeting early recognition of sepsis decompensation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective, interrupted time series study on all adult patients who received a diagnosis of sepsis and were exposed to an acute care floor with the intervention. Primary outcomes (total direct cost, length of stay [LOS], and mortality) were aggregated for each study month for the post-intervention period (March 1, 2016-February 28, 2017, n = 2118 visits) and compared to the pre-intervention period (November 1, 2014-October 31, 2015, n = 1546 visits). RESULTS The intervention was associated with a decrease in median total direct cost and hospital LOS by 23% (P = .047) and .63 days (P = .059), respectively. There was no significant change in mortality. DISCUSSION The implementation of an mEWS-based clinical decision support system in eight acute care floors at an academic medical center was associated with reduced total direct cost and LOS for patients hospitalized with sepsis. This was seen without an associated increase in intensive care unit utilization or broad-spectrum antibiotic use. CONCLUSION An automated sepsis decompensation detection system has the potential to improve clinical and financial outcomes such as LOS and total direct cost. Further evaluation is needed to validate generalizability and to understand the relative importance of individual elements of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin J Horton
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kencee K Graves
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Polina V Kukhareva
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stacy A Johnson
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Maribel Cedillo
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew Sanford
- Department of Strategic Initiatives, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William A Dunson
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael White
- Enterprise Data Warehouse, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dave Roach
- Information Technology Services, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John J Arego
- System Quality, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kensaku Kawamoto
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Impact of Critical Illness on Resource Utilization: A Comparison of Use in the Year Before and After ICU Admission. Crit Care Med 2020; 47:1497-1504. [PMID: 31517693 PMCID: PMC6798747 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Increasingly, patients admitted to an ICU survive to hospital discharge; many with ongoing medical needs. The full impact of an ICU admission on an individual’s resource utilization and survivorship trajectory in the United States is not clear. We sought to compare healthcare utilization among ICU survivors in each year surrounding an ICU admission.
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Secombe P, Chiang PY, Pawar B. Resource use and outcomes in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease admitted to intensive care. Intern Med J 2020; 49:1252-1261. [PMID: 30667144 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central Australia (CA) has a high prevalence of haemodialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD5D). CKD5D is associated with an increased need for critical care services. AIMS To describe the demographic features, critical care resource use and outcomes of patients with CKD5D requiring intensive care admission in CA. METHODS Retrospective matched cohort database study. Patients with CKD5D who required admission for critical illness between 1 July 2015 and 30 June 2016 were identified using the Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation Outcome Measurement and Evaluation Tool (CORE COMET) and matched with patients without CKD5D. The primary outcome was all cause mortality. Secondary outcomes explored use of critical care and other ongoing healthcare use. RESULTS There were 621 critical care admissions during the study period. Of these, CKD5D patients comprised 88 admissions (14%), representing 63 patients. Compared to matched controls, these patients had a similar mortality at a median follow up of 463 days (17% vs 22%, P = 0.50) which did not change when patients with an intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LoS) less than 4 days were excluded. CKD5D patients had a shorter median ICU LoS (1.3 vs 2.9). Although those with CKD5D had higher healthcare resource use, the rate of utilisation remained unchanged by their ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective observational matched cohort study examining the burden of disease amongst CKD5D patients in CA suggests that there is no additional mortality burden in this group, nor do they require significantly higher critical care resources compared to a matched cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Secombe
- Department of Intensive Care, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia.,School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pei-Ying Chiang
- Department of Intensive Care, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Basant Pawar
- Department of Renal Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
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Shankar-Hari M, Saha R, Wilson J, Prescott HC, Harrison D, Rowan K, Rubenfeld GD, Adhikari NKJ. Rate and risk factors for rehospitalisation in sepsis survivors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46:619-636. [PMID: 31974919 PMCID: PMC7222906 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sepsis survivors have a higher risk of rehospitalisation and of long-term mortality. We assessed the rate, diagnosis, and independent predictors for rehospitalisation in adult sepsis survivors. METHODS We searched for non-randomized studies and randomized clinical trials in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE (OVID interface, 1992-October 2019). The search strategy used controlled vocabulary terms and text words for sepsis and hospital readmission, limited to humans, and English language. Two authors independently selected studies and extracted data using predefined criteria and data extraction forms. RESULTS The literature search identified 12,544 records. Among 56 studies (36 full and 20 conference abstracts) that met our inclusion criteria, all were non-randomised studies. Studies most often report 30-day rehospitalisation rate (mean 21.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 17.6-25.4%; N = 36 studies reporting 6,729,617 patients). The mean (95%CI) rehospitalisation rates increased from 9.3% (8.3-10.3%) by 7 days to 39.0% (22.0-59.4%) by 365 days. Infection was the most common rehospitalisation diagnosis. Risk factors that increased the rehospitalisation risk in sepsis survivors were generic characteristics such as older age, male, comorbidities, non-elective admissions, hospitalisation prior to index sepsis admission, and sepsis characteristics such as infection and illness severity, with hospital characteristics showing inconsistent associations. The overall certainty of evidence was moderate for rehospitalisation rates and low for risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Rehospitalisation events are common in sepsis survivors, with one in five rehospitalisation events occurring within 30 days of hospital discharge following an index sepsis admission. The generic and sepsis-specific characteristics at index sepsis admission are commonly reported risk factors for rehospitalisation. REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD 42016039257, registered on 14-06-2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Shankar-Hari
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, ICU Support Offices, 1st Floor, East Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, SE1 7EH, UK.
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, Napier House, 24 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6AZ, UK.
| | - Rohit Saha
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Julie Wilson
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, ICU Support Offices, 1st Floor, East Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Hallie C Prescott
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Harrison
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, Napier House, 24 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6AZ, UK
| | - Kathryn Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, Napier House, 24 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6AZ, UK
| | - Gordon D Rubenfeld
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, D1.08, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Neill K J Adhikari
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, D1.08, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
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Frequency and Cause of Readmissions in Sepsis Patients Presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital in a Low Middle Income Country. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2:e0080. [PMID: 32211612 PMCID: PMC7069593 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital readmissions are known to be common after sepsis but unfortunately, in a developing country like Pakistan, very little is known of the frequency or cause of these readmissions in sepsis patients and even less about how they can be prevented. To our knowledge, this is the first-ever long-term follow-up study in a developing country in which frequency and cause of readmissions are being evaluated in sepsis patients.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe sepsis is a significant cause of healthcare use and morbidity among pediatric patients, but little is known about readmission diagnoses. We sought to determine the most common readmission diagnoses after pediatric severe sepsis, the extent to which post-sepsis readmissions may be potentially preventable, and whether patterns of readmission diagnoses differ compared with readmissions after other common acute medical hospitalizations. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING National Readmission Database (2013-2014), including all-payer hospitalizations from 22 states. PATIENTS Four-thousand five-hundred twenty-eight pediatric severe sepsis hospitalizations, matched by age, gender, comorbidities, and length of stay to 4,528 pediatric hospitalizations for other common acute medical conditions. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We compared rates of 30-day all cause, diagnosis-specific, and potentially preventable hospital readmissions using McNemar's chi-square tests for paired data. Among 5,841 eligible pediatric severe sepsis hospitalizations with live discharge, 4,528 (77.5%) were matched 1:1 to 4,528 pediatric hospitalizations for other acute medical conditions. Of 4,528 matched sepsis hospitalizations, 851 (18.8% [95% CI, 16.0-18.2]) were rehospitalized within 30 days, compared with 775 (17.1% [95% CI, 17.1-20.0]) of matched hospitalizations for other causes (p = 0.02). The most common readmission diagnoses were chemotherapy, device complications, and sepsis, all of which were several-fold higher after sepsis versus after matched nonsepsis hospitalization. Only 11.5% of readmissions were for ambulatory care sensitive conditions compared with 23% of rehospitalizations after common acute medical conditions. CONCLUSIONS More than one in six children surviving severe sepsis were rehospitalized within 30 days, most commonly for maintenance chemotherapy, medical device complications, or recurrent sepsis. Only a small proportion of readmissions were for ambulatory care sensitive conditions.
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Gadre SK, Shah M, Mireles-Cabodevila E, Patel B, Duggal A. Epidemiology and Predictors of 30-Day Readmission in Patients With Sepsis. Chest 2019; 155:483-490. [PMID: 30846065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with sepsis are particularly vulnerable to readmissions. We describe the associated etiology and risk factors for readmission in patients with sepsis using a large administrative database inclusive of patients of all ages and insurance status. METHODS Our study cohort was derived from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Readmission Data from 2013 to 2014 by identifying patients admitted with sepsis. The primary outcome was 30-day readmission with etiology identified by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes. RESULTS From a total 1,030,335 index admissions; mean age, 66.8 ± 17.4 years (60% age ≥65 years), 898,257 patients (87.2%) survived to discharge. A total of 157,235 (17.5%) patients had a 30-day readmission; median time to readmission was 11 days (interquartile range, 5-19). Infectious etiology (42.16%; including sepsis, 22.86%) was the most commonly associated cause for 30-day readmission followed by gastrointestinal (9.6%), cardiovascular (8.73%), pulmonary (7.82%), and renal causes (4.99%). Significant predictors associated with increased 30-day readmission included diabetes (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.06-1.08; P < .001), chronic kidney disease (1.12;1.10-1.14, P < .001), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.14-1.18; P < .001), discharge to short-/long-term facility (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.11-1.14; P < .001), Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 2, and length of stay ≥ 3 days during the index admission. The mean cost per readmission was $16,852; annual cost was > $3.5 billion within the United States. CONCLUSION We describe that readmission after a sepsis hospitalization is common and costly. The majority of readmissions were associated with infectious etiologies. The striking rate of readmission demands efforts to further clarify the determinants of readmission and develop strategies in terms of quality of care and care transitions to prevent this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti K Gadre
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Mahek Shah
- Department of Cardiology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA
| | - Eduardo Mireles-Cabodevila
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Brijesh Patel
- Department of Cardiology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA
| | - Abhijit Duggal
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Levin N, Horton D, Sanford M, Horne B, Saseendran M, Graves K, White M, Tonna JE. Failure of vital sign normalization is more strongly associated than single measures with mortality and outcomes. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 38:2516-2523. [PMID: 31864869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modified Early Warning Systems (MEWS) scores offer proxies for morbidity and mortality that are easily acquired, but there are limited data on what changing MEWS scores within the ED indicate. We examined the correlation of changing MEWS scores during resuscitation in the ED and in-hospital morbidity and mortality. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis on medical ED patients with simplified MEWS scores (without urine output or mental status) admitted to a single academic tertiary care center over one year. Triage-to-Last delta MEWS score and Triage-to-Max delta MEWS scores were calculated and correlated to in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, length of stay (LOS) and diagnosis of sepsis. RESULTS Our analysis included 8322 ED patients with an ICU admission rate of 17% and a mortality rate of 2%. Every point of worsened MEWS after triage was more strongly associated with all-cause mortality (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.96-2.97) than triage MEWS alone (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.23-1.44; p < 0.001). Likewise, each point of worsened MEWS was associated with increased odds of ICU admission (Triage-to-Last: OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.92-2.33 and Triage-to-Max: OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.45-1.60, respectively). Among patients with suspected infection, similar associations are found. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic vital signs in the emergency department, as categorized by delta MEWS, and failure to normalize abnormalities, were associated with increased mortality, ICU admission, LOS, and the diagnosis of sepsis. Our results suggest that MEWS scores that do not normalize, from triage onward, are more strongly associated with outcome than any single score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Levin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah Health, United States of America
| | - Devin Horton
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, United States of America
| | - Matthew Sanford
- Value Engineering, University of Utah Health, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Horne
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah Health, United States of America
| | - Mahima Saseendran
- System Quality Department, University of Utah Health, United States of America
| | - Kencee Graves
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, United States of America
| | | | - Joseph E Tonna
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah Health, United States of America; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health, United States of America.
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Structured, proactive care coordination versus usual care for Improving Morbidity during Post-Acute Care Transitions for Sepsis (IMPACTS): a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:660. [PMID: 31783900 PMCID: PMC6884908 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital mortality for patients with sepsis has recently declined, but sepsis survivors still suffer from significant long-term mortality and morbidity. There are limited data that support effective strategies to address post-discharge management of patients hospitalized with sepsis. Methods The Improving Morbidity during Post-Acute Care Transitions for Sepsis (IMPACTS) study is a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial at three hospitals within a single healthcare delivery system comparing clinical outcomes between sepsis survivors who receive usual care versus care delivered through the Sepsis Transition and Recovery (STAR) program. The STAR program includes a centrally located nurse navigator using telephone counseling and electronic health record-based support to facilitate best-practice post-sepsis care strategies for patients during hospitalization and the 30 days after hospital discharge, including post-discharge review of medications, evaluation for new impairments or symptoms, monitoring existing comorbidities, and palliative care referral when appropriate. Adults admitted through the Emergency Department with suspected infection (i.e., antibiotics initiated, bacterial cultures drawn) and deemed, by previously developed risk-stratification models, high risk for readmission or death are included. Eligible patients are randomly allocated 1:1 to either Arm 1, usual care or Arm 2, STAR. Planned enrollment is 708 patients during a 6-month period. The primary outcome is the composite of all-cause hospital readmissions and mortality assessed 30 days post discharge. Secondary outcomes include 30- and 90-day hospital readmissions, mortality, emergency department visits, acute care-free days alive, and acute care and total costs. Discussion This pragmatic evaluation provides the most comprehensive assessment to date of a strategy to improve delivery of recommended post-sepsis care. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03865602. Registered retrospectively on 6 March 2019.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the impact of each of six types of acute organ dysfunction (hepatic, renal, coagulation, neurologic, cardiac, and respiratory) on long-term mortality after surviving sepsis hospitalization. DESIGN Multicenter, retrospective study. SETTINGS Twenty-one hospitals within an integrated healthcare delivery system in Northern California. PATIENTS Thirty thousand one hundred sixty-three sepsis patients admitted through the emergency department between 2010 and 2013, with mortality follow-up through April 2015. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Acute organ dysfunction was quantified using modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores. The main outcome was long-term mortality among sepsis patients who survived hospitalization. The estimates of the impact of each type of acute organ dysfunction on long-term mortality were based on adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Sensitivity analyses were conducted based on propensity score-matching and adjusted logistic regression. Hospital mortality was 9.4% and mortality was 31.7% at 1 year. Median follow-up time among sepsis survivors was 797 days (interquartile range: 384-1,219 d). Acute neurologic (odds ratio, 1.86; p < 0.001), respiratory (odds ratio, 1.43; p < 0.001), and cardiac (odds ratio, 1.31; p < 0.001) dysfunction were most strongly associated with short-term hospital mortality, compared with sepsis patients without these organ dysfunctions. Evaluating only patients surviving their sepsis hospitalization, acute neurologic dysfunction was also most strongly associated with long-term mortality (odds ratio, 1.52; p < 0.001) corresponding to a marginal increase in predicted 1-year mortality of 6.0% for the presence of any neurologic dysfunction (p < 0.001). Liver dysfunction was also associated with long-term mortality in all models, whereas the association for other organ dysfunction subtypes was inconsistent between models. CONCLUSIONS Acute sepsis-related neurologic dysfunction was the organ dysfunction most strongly associated with short- and long-term mortality and represents a key mediator of long-term adverse outcomes following sepsis.
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Sepsis-The "Gift" That Keeps on Giving, Regardless of Age. Crit Care Med 2019; 46:1378-1380. [PMID: 30004971 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Seizure comorbidity boosts odds of 30-day readmission after an index hospitalization for sepsis. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 95:148-153. [PMID: 31055213 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between comorbid seizures and hospital readmissions within 30 days following an index hospitalization for sepsis. METHODS We analyzed data from 445,489 adult discharges derived from the 2014 National Readmission Database, to evaluate the association of an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis of seizure during an index hospitalization for sepsis and 30-day readmission rates. We excluded patients who died during hospitalization and those who had missing information on the length of stay or were discharged in December 2014. Prespecified groups were compared by their 30-day readmission and seizure status. We applied a multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the independent association between seizure and readmission. RESULTS Nearly one out of 15 patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of sepsis had comorbid seizures, of which 97% were status epilepticus. Patients with sepsis and comorbid seizures were 30% more likely to be readmitted within 30-days postdischarge, compared to those with sepsis and no comorbid seizures. Additional factors associated with a significantly higher risk for hospital readmission included male sex, age 45-84 years, increased length of stay and cost of primary admission, greater medical comorbidities, and discharge destination. Patients with seizures during their index hospitalization were significantly more likely to have also had a concurrent stroke or the central nervous system (CNS) infection compared with patients without seizures. CONCLUSIONS Seizures are not uncommon, and patients with sepsis and comorbid seizures are 30% more likely to be readmitted within 30-days postdischarge, compared to those with sepsis and no comorbid seizures.
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Hospital Readmissions in Sepsis Survivors: Are They Preventable? Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 14:170-171. [PMID: 28146387 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201611-836ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Marik PE. Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic Acid and Thiamine (HAT Therapy) for the Treatment of Sepsis. Focus on Ascorbic Acid. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111762. [PMID: 30441816 PMCID: PMC6265973 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a devastating disease that carries an enormous toll in terms of human suffering and lives lost. Over 100 novel pharmacologic agents that targeted specific molecules or pathways have failed to improve the outcome of sepsis. Preliminary data suggests that the combination of Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic Acid and Thiamine (HAT therapy) may reduce organ failure and mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock. HAT therapy is based on the concept that a combination of readily available, safe and cheap agents, which target multiple components of the host’s response to an infectious agent, will synergistically restore the dysregulated immune response and thereby prevent organ failure and death. This paper reviews the rationale for HAT therapy with a focus on vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Marik
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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Abstract
An estimated 14 million patients survive sepsis hospitalization each year. However, survivors commonly experience new functional disability, cognitive impairment, and a high rate of further medical setbacks, including hospital readmission and late death. One in 5 older survivors has a potentially preventable hospital admission with in 90 days, most commonly for infection. Treatment should focus on preventing the common sequelae of critical illness during the initial hospitalization, tailoring medical care to minimize the risk for common and potentially preventable causes of hospital readmission, and promoting functional recovery.
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Intermediate-term and long-term mortality among acute medical patients hospitalized with community-acquired sepsis: a population-based study. Eur J Emerg Med 2018; 24:404-410. [PMID: 26919223 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Admission with severe sepsis is associated with an increased short-term mortality, but it is unestablished whether sepsis severity has an impact on intermediate-term and long-term mortality following admission to an acute medical admission unit. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a population-based study of all adults admitted to an acute medical admission unit, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, from September 2010 to August 2011, identified by symptoms and clinical findings. We categorized the mortality periods into intermediate-term (31-180 days) and long-term (181-365, 366-730, and 731-1096 days). Mortality hazard ratios (HRs), comparing patients admitted with sepsis with those of a well-defined background population, were estimated using multivariable Cox regression. HRs were presented with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS In total, 621 (36.3%) presented with sepsis, 1071 (62.5%) presented with severe sepsis, and 21 (1.2%) presented with septic shock. Thirty-day all-cause mortality for patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock was 6.1, 18.8, and 38.1%, respectively. The adjusted HR among patients with sepsis of any severity within the time periods 31-180, 181-365, 366-720, and 721-1096 days was 7.1 (6.0-8.5), 2.8 (2.3-3.5), 2.1 (1.8-2.6), and 2.2 (1.7-2.9), respectively. Long-term mortality was unrelated to sepsis severity [721-1096 days: sepsis HR: 2.2 (1.5-3.2), severe sepsis HR: 2.1 (1.5-3.0)]. CONCLUSION Patients admitted with community-acquired sepsis showed high intermediate-term mortality, increasing with sepsis severity. Long-term mortality was increased two-fold compared with sepsis-free individuals, but might be explained by unmeasured confounding. Further, long-term mortality was unrelated to sepsis severity.
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Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A. Sepsis and septic shock. Lancet 2018; 392:75-87. [PMID: 29937192 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1144] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a common condition that is associated with unacceptably high mortality and, for many of those who survive, long-term morbidity. Increased awareness of the condition resulting from ongoing campaigns and the evidence arising from research in the past 10 years have increased understanding of this problem among clinicians and lay people, and have led to improved outcomes. The World Health Assembly and WHO made sepsis a global health priority in 2017 and have adopted a resolution to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and management of sepsis. In 2016, a new definition of sepsis (Sepsis-3) was developed. Sepsis is now defined as infection with organ dysfunction. This definition codifies organ dysfunction using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. Ongoing research aims to improve definition of patient populations to allow for individualised management strategies matched to a patient's molecular and biochemical profile. The search continues for improved diagnostic techniques that can facilitate this aim, and for a pharmacological agent that can improve outcomes by modifying the disease process. While waiting for this goal to be achieved, improved basic care driven by education and quality-improvement programmes offers the best hope of increasing favourable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cecconi
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Evans
- NYU School of Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell Levy
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Andrew Rhodes
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St George's University Hospitals Foundation Trust, London, UK
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45
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Talisa VB, Yende S, Seymour CW, Angus DC. Arguing for Adaptive Clinical Trials in Sepsis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1502. [PMID: 30002660 PMCID: PMC6031704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction due to dysregulated response to infection. Patients with sepsis exhibit wide heterogeneity stemming from genetic, molecular, and clinical factors as well as differences in pathogens, creating challenges for the development of effective treatments. Several gaps in knowledge also contribute: (i) biomarkers that identify patients likely to benefit from specific treatments are unknown; (ii) therapeutic dose and duration is often poorly understood; and (iii) short-term mortality, a common outcome measure, is frequently criticized for being insensitive. To date, the majority of sepsis trials use traditional design features, and have largely failed to identify new treatments with incremental benefit over standard of care. Traditional trials are also frequently conducted as part of a drug evaluation process that is segmented into several phases, each requiring separate trials, with a long time delay from inception through design and execution to incorporation of results into clinical practice. By contrast, adaptive clinical trial designs facilitate the evaluation of several candidate treatments simultaneously, learn from emergent discoveries during the course of the trial, and can be structured efficiently to lead to more timely conclusions compared to traditional trial designs. Adoption of new treatments in clinical practice can be accelerated if these trials are incorporated in electronic health records as part of a learning health system. In this review, we discuss challenges in the evaluation of treatments for sepsis, and explore potential benefits and weaknesses of recent advances in adaptive trial methodologies to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachin Yende
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Donaghy E, Salisbury L, Lone NI, Lee R, Ramsey P, Rattray JE, Walsh TS. Unplanned early hospital readmission among critical care survivors: a mixed methods study of patients and carers. BMJ Qual Saf 2018; 27:915-927. [PMID: 29853602 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2017-007513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many intensive care (ICU) survivors experience early unplanned hospital readmission, but the reasons and potential prevention strategies are poorly understood. We aimed to understand contributors to readmissions from the patient/carer perspective. METHODS This is a mixed methods study with qualitative data taking precedence. Fifty-eight ICU survivors and carers who experienced early unplanned rehospitalisation were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to identify factors contributing to readmissions, and supplemented with questionnaire data measuring patient comorbidity and carer strain, and importance rating scales for factors that contribute to readmissions in other patient groups. Data were integrated iteratively to identify patterns, which were discussed in five focus groups with different patients/carers who also experienced readmissions. Major patterns and contexts in which unplanned early rehospitalisation occurred in ICU survivors were described. RESULTS Interviews suggested 10 themes comprising patient-level and system-level issues. Integration with questionnaire data, pattern exploration and discussion at focus groups suggested two major readmission contexts. A 'complex health and psychosocial needs' context occurred in patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy, who frequently also had significant psychological problems, mobility issues, problems with specialist aids/equipment and fragile social support. These patients typically described inadequate preparation for hospital discharge, poor communication between secondary/primary care, and inadequate support with psychological care, medications and goal setting. This complex multidimensional situation contrasted markedly with the alternative 'medically unavoidable' readmission context. In these patients medical issues/complications primarily resulted in hospital readmission, and the other issues were absent or not considered important. CONCLUSIONS Although some readmissions are medically unavoidable, for many ICU survivors complex health and psychosocial issues contribute concurrently to early rehospitalisation. Care pathways that anticipate and institute anticipatory multifaceted support for these patients merit further development and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Donaghy
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa Salisbury
- School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh, Musselburgh, UK
| | - Nazir I Lone
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Lee
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela Ramsey
- School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janice E Rattray
- School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Timothy Simon Walsh
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
Hospital readmissions are common and result in increased mortality and cost while reducing quality of life. Readmission rates have been subjected to increasing scrutiny in recent years as part of a larger effort to improve the quality and value of healthcare in the United States. Emerging evidence suggests that sepsis survivors are at high risk for hospital readmission and experience readmission rates comparable to survivors of congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diseases whose readmission rates determine reimbursement penalties from the federal government. In this article, we review the unique challenges that sepsis survivors face as well as the patient-level and hospital-level risk factors that are known to be associated with hospital readmission after sepsis survival. Additionally, we identify the causes and outcomes of readmissions in this population before concluding with a discussion of readmission prevention strategies and future directions.
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Ohnuma T, Shinjo D, Brookhart AM, Fushimi K. Predictors associated with unplanned hospital readmission of medical and surgical intensive care unit survivors within 30 days of discharge. J Intensive Care 2018; 6:14. [PMID: 29507728 PMCID: PMC5831844 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-018-0284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing the 30-day unplanned hospital readmission rate is a goal for physicians and policymakers in order to improve quality of care. However, data on the readmission rate of critically ill patients in Japan and knowledge of the predictors associated with readmission are lacking. We investigated predictors associated with 30-day rehospitalization for medical and surgical adult patients separately. Methods Patient data from 502 acute care hospitals with intensive care unit (ICU) facilities in Japan were retrospectively extracted from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) database between April 2012 and February 2014. Factors associated with unplanned hospital readmission within 30 days of hospital discharge among medical and surgical ICU survivors were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Of 486,651 ICU survivors, we identified 5583 unplanned hospital readmissions within 30 days of discharge following 147,423 medical hospitalizations (3.8% readmitted) and 11,142 unplanned readmissions after 339,228 surgical hospitalizations (3.3% readmitted). The majority of unplanned hospital readmissions, 60.9% of medical and 63.1% of surgical case readmissions, occurred within 15 days of discharge. For both medical and surgical patients, the Charlson comorbidity index score; category of primary diagnosis during the index admission (respiratory, gastrointestinal, and metabolic and renal); hospital length of stay; discharge to skilled nursing facilities; and having received a packed red blood cell transfusion, low-dose steroids, or renal replacement therapy were significantly associated with higher unplanned hospital readmission rates. Conclusions From patient data extracted from a large Japanese national database, the 30-day unplanned hospital readmission rate after ICU stay was 3.4%. Further studies are required to improve readmission prediction models and to develop targeted interventions for high-risk patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40560-018-0284-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ohnuma
- 1Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138519 Japan.,2Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Daisuke Shinjo
- 1Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138519 Japan.,3The Database Center of the National University Hospital, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alan M Brookhart
- 2Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- 1Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138519 Japan
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Variation in Postsepsis Readmission Patterns: A Cohort Study of Veterans Affairs Beneficiaries. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 14:230-237. [PMID: 27854510 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201605-398oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Rehospitalization is common after sepsis, but little is known about the variation in readmission patterns across patient groups and care locations. OBJECTIVES To examine the variation in postsepsis readmission rates and diagnoses by patient age, nursing facility use, admission year, and hospital among U.S. Veterans Affairs (VA) beneficiaries. METHODS Observational cohort study of VA beneficiaries who survived a sepsis hospitalization (2009-2011) at 114 VA hospitals, stratified by age (<65 vs. ≥65 yr), nursing home usage (none, chronic, or acute), year of admission (2009, 2010, 2011), and hospital. In the primary analysis, sepsis hospitalizations were identified using a previously validated method. Sensitivity analyses were performed using alternative definitions with explicit International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes for sepsis, and separately for severe sepsis and septic shock. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary outcomes were rate of 90-day all-cause hospital readmission after sepsis hospitalization and proportion of readmissions resulting from specific diagnoses, including the proportion of "potentially preventable" readmissions. Readmission diagnoses were similar from 2009 to 2011, with little variation in readmission rates across hospitals. The top six readmission diagnoses (heart failure, pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infection, acute renal failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) accounted for 30% of all readmissions. Although about one in five readmissions had a principal diagnosis for infection, 58% of all readmissions received early systemic antibiotics. Infection accounted for a greater proportion of readmissions among patients discharged to nursing facilities compared with patients discharged to home (25.0-27.1% vs. 16.8%) and among older vs. younger patients (22.2% vs. 15.8%). Potentially preventable readmissions accounted for a quarter of readmissions overall and were more common among older patients and patients discharged to nursing facilities. CONCLUSIONS Hospital readmission rates after sepsis were similar by site and admission year. Heart failure, pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infection were common readmission diagnoses across all patient groups. Readmission for infection and potentially preventable diagnoses were more common in older patients and patients discharged to nursing facilities.
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Page DB, Drewry AM, Ablordeppey E, Mohr NM, Kollef MH, Fuller BM. Thirty-day hospital readmissions among mechanically ventilated emergency department patients. Emerg Med J 2018; 35:252-256. [PMID: 29305381 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2017-206651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unplanned 30-day readmissions have a negative impact on patients and healthcare systems. Mechanically ventilated ED patients are at high risk for complications, but factors associated with readmission are unknown. OBJECTIVE (1) Determine the rate of 30-day hospital readmission for ED patients receiving mechanical ventilation. (2) Identify associations between ED-based risk factors and readmission. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary-care, academic medical centre. PATIENTS Adult ED patients receiving mechanical ventilation. MEASUREMENTS Baseline demographics, comorbid conditions, illness severity and treatment variables were collected, as were clinical outcomes occurring during the index hospitalisation. The primary outcome was 30-day hospital readmission rate. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with the primary outcome. RESULTS A total of 1262 patients were studied. The primary outcome occurred in 287 (22.7%) patients. There was no association between care in the ED and readmission. During the index hospitalisation, readmitted patients had shorter ventilator, hospital and intensive care unit duration (P<0.05 for all). The primary outcome was associated with African-American race (adjusted OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.78)), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (adjusted OR 1.52 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.06)), diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.78)) and higher illness severity (adjusted OR 1.03 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.05)). CONCLUSIONS Almost one in four mechanically ventilated ED patients are readmitted within 30 days, and readmission is associated with patient-level and institutional-level factors. Strategies must be developed to identify, treat and coordinate care for the most at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Page
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anne M Drewry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Enyo Ablordeppey
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicholas M Mohr
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Marin H Kollef
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian M Fuller
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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