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You Y, Dunst J, Ye K, Sandoz PA, Reinhardt A, Sandrock I, Comet NR, Sarkar RD, Yang E, Duprez E, Agudo J, Brown BD, Utz PJ, Kastenmüller W, Gerlach C, Prinz I, Önfelt B, Kreslavsky T. Direct presentation of inflammation-associated self-antigens by thymic innate-like T cells induces elimination of autoreactive CD8 + thymocytes. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1367-1382. [PMID: 38992254 PMCID: PMC11291280 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Upregulation of diverse self-antigens that constitute components of the inflammatory response overlaps spatially and temporally with the emergence of pathogen-derived foreign antigens. Therefore, discrimination between these inflammation-associated self-antigens and pathogen-derived molecules represents a unique challenge for the adaptive immune system. Here, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cell tolerance to T cell-derived inflammation-associated self-antigens is efficiently induced in the thymus and supported by redundancy in cell types expressing these molecules. In addition to thymic epithelial cells, this included thymic eosinophils and innate-like T cells, a population that expressed molecules characteristic for all major activated T cell subsets. We show that direct T cell-to-T cell antigen presentation by minute numbers of innate-like T cells was sufficient to eliminate autoreactive CD8+ thymocytes. Tolerance to such effector molecules was of critical importance, as its breach caused by decreased thymic abundance of a single model inflammation-associated self-antigen resulted in autoimmune elimination of an entire class of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan You
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefine Dunst
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kewei Ye
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick A Sandoz
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Reinhardt
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia R Comet
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rupak Dey Sarkar
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emily Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Estelle Duprez
- Epigenetic Factors in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Judith Agudo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian D Brown
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Gerlach
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taras Kreslavsky
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mihai A, Lee SY, Shinton S, Parker MI, Contreras AV, Zhang B, Rhodes M, Dunbrack RL, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Ciofani M, Zhuang Y, Wiest DL. E proteins control the development of NKγδT cells through their invariant T cell receptor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5078. [PMID: 38871720 PMCID: PMC11176164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling regulates important developmental transitions, partly through induction of the E protein antagonist, Id3. Although normal γδ T cell development depends on Id3, Id3 deficiency produces different phenotypes in distinct γδ T cell subsets. Here, we show that Id3 deficiency impairs development of the Vγ3+ subset, while markedly enhancing development of NKγδT cells expressing the invariant Vγ1Vδ6.3 TCR. These effects result from Id3 regulating both the generation of the Vγ1Vδ6.3 TCR and its capacity to support development. Indeed, the Trav15 segment, which encodes the Vδ6.3 TCR subunit, is directly bound by E proteins that control its expression. Once expressed, the Vγ1Vδ6.3 TCR specifies the innate-like NKγδT cell fate, even in progenitors beyond the normally permissive perinatal window, and this is enhanced by Id3-deficiency. These data indicate that the paradoxical behavior of NKγδT cells in Id3-deficient mice is determined by its stereotypic Vγ1Vδ6.3 TCR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Mihai
- Immunology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Shinton
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell I Parker
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Baojun Zhang
- Immunology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michele Rhodes
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Maria Ciofani
- Immunology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Immunology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David L Wiest
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ignatov B, Sortebech D, Emmanuel T, Zhuravleva E, Eidsmo L. Method for high-plex analysis of immune cells in human skin using the GeoMx system. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13326. [PMID: 38441335 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Specific T cell populations in the skin have been demonstrated as important disease drivers in several dermatoses. Due to the unique skin architecture, these cells are not grouped together in structures but dispersedly spread out throughout the epidermis. Following tissue disruption and isolation, only about 10% of skin T cells are recovered and any in vitro expansion may alter their bona fide phenotype. The Nanostring GeoMx system was developed to address cellular phenotype and protein expression in a tissue spatial context. To do so, regions of interest (ROI) must exceed a certain area threshold (usually 100 μm in diameter) to generate a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we present an approach that allows for the pooling of numerous smaller ROIs within the skin, enabling T cell and melanocyte phenotyping. Skin samples from healthy individuals and vitiligo patients were analysed using the GeoMx system and several immune profiling panels. A sufficient signal-to-noise ratio was achieved by pooling smaller ROIs and analysing them as a single group. While this prevents spatial analysis, this method allows for detailed analysis of cells as a population in the context of their physiological environment, making it possible to investigate in situ phenotype of rare cells in different tissue compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borislav Ignatov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- PO Rheumatology/Dermatology/Gastroenterology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sortebech
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- PO Rheumatology/Dermatology/Gastroenterology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Emmanuel
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ekaterina Zhuravleva
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- PO Rheumatology/Dermatology/Gastroenterology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- PO Rheumatology/Dermatology/Gastroenterology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Born WK, O'Brien RL. Becoming aware of γδ T cells. Adv Immunol 2022; 153:91-117. [PMID: 35469596 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that B cells and αβ T cells exist was predictable: These cells gave themselves away through their products and biological effects. In contrast, there was no reason to anticipate the existence of γδ T cells. Even the accidental discovery of a novel TCR-like gene (later named γ) that did not encode TCR α or β proteins did not immediately change this. TCR-like γ had no obvious function, and its early expression in the thymus encouraged speculation about a possible role in αβ T cell development. However, the identification of human PBL-derived cell-lines which expressed CD3 in complex with the TCR-like γ protein, but not the αβ TCR, first indicated that a second T cell-type might exist, and the TCR-like γ chain was observed to co-precipitate with another protein. Amid speculation about a possible second TCR, this potential dimeric partner was named δ. To determine if the δ protein was indeed TCR-like, we undertook to sequence it. Meanwhile, a fourth TCR-like gene was discovered and provisionally named x. TCR-like x had revealed itself through genomic rearrangements early in T cell development, and was an attractive candidate for the gene encoding δ. The observation that δ protein sequences matched the predicted amino acid sequences encoded by the x gene, as well as serological cross-reactivity, confirmed that the TCR-like x gene indeed encoded the δ protein. Thus, the γδ heterodimer was established as a second TCR, and the cells that express it (the γδ T cells) consequently represented a third lymphocyte-population with the potential of recognizing diverse antigens. Soon, it became clear that γδ T cells are widely distributed and conserved among the vertebrate species, implying biological importance. Consistently, early functional studies revealed their roles in host resistance to pathogens, tissue repair, immune regulation, metabolism, organ physiology and more. Albeit discovered late, γδ T cells have repeatedly proven to play a distinct and often critical immunological role, and now generate much interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi K Born
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.
| | - Rebecca L O'Brien
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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Abbas M, Moradi F, Hu W, Regudo KL, Osborne M, Pettipas J, Atallah DS, Hachem R, Ott-Peron N, Stuart JA. Vertebrate cell culture as an experimental approach – limitations and solutions. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 254:110570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Deseke M, Prinz I. Ligand recognition by the γδ TCR and discrimination between homeostasis and stress conditions. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:914-924. [PMID: 32709926 PMCID: PMC7608190 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes comprise cells expressing either an αβ or a γδ TCR. The riddle how αβ TCRs are triggered by specific peptides presented in the context of MHC was elucidated some time ago. In contrast, the mechanisms that underlie antigen recognition by γδ TCRs are still baffling the scientific community. It is clear that activation of γδ TCRs does not necessarily depend on MHC antigen presentation. To date, diverse and largely host-cell-derived molecules have been identified as cognate antigens for the γδ TCR. However, for most γδ TCRs, the activating ligand is still unknown and many open questions with regard to physiological relevance and generalizable concepts remain. Especially the question of how γδ T cells can distinguish homeostatic from stress conditions via their TCR remains largely unresolved. Recent discoveries in the field might have paved the way towards a better understanding of antigen recognition by the γδ TCR and have made it conceivable to revise the current knowledge and contextualize the new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Deseke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Dunst J, Glaros V, Englmaier L, Sandoz PA, Önfelt B, Kisielow J, Kreslavsky T. Recognition of synthetic polyanionic ligands underlies "spontaneous" reactivity of Vγ1 γδTCRs. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1033-1044. [PMID: 31943366 PMCID: PMC7317387 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma1219-392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although γδTCRs were discovered more than 30 yr ago, principles of antigen recognition by these receptors remain unclear and the nature of these antigens is largely elusive. Numerous studies reported that T cell hybridomas expressing several Vγ1-containing TCRs, including the Vγ1Vδ6 TCR of γδNKT cells, spontaneously secrete cytokines. This property was interpreted as recognition of a self-ligand expressed on the hybridoma cells themselves. Here, we revisited this finding using a recently developed reporter system and live single cell imaging. We confirmed strong spontaneous signaling by Vγ1Vδ6 and related TCRs, but not by TCRs from several other γδ or innate-like αβ T cells, and demonstrated that both γ and δ chains contributed to this reactivity. Unexpectedly, live single cell imaging showed that activation of this signaling did not require any interaction between cells. Further investigation revealed that the signaling is instead activated by interaction with negatively charged surfaces abundantly present under regular cell culture conditions and was abrogated when noncharged cell culture vessels were used. This mode of TCR signaling activation was not restricted to the reporter cell lines, as interaction with negatively charged surfaces also triggered TCR signaling in ex vivo Vγ1 γδ T cells. Taken together, these results explain long-standing observations on the spontaneous reactivity of Vγ1Vδ6 TCR and demonstrate an unexpected antigen presentation-independent mode of TCR activation by a spectrum of chemically unrelated polyanionic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Dunst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Vassilis Glaros
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Lukas Englmaier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Patrick A. Sandoz
- Department of Applied PhysicsScience for Life LaboratoryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied PhysicsScience for Life LaboratoryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstituteSolnaSweden
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health SciencesETHZurichSwitzerland
| | - Taras Kreslavsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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White J, O'Brien RL, Born WK. BW5147 and Derivatives for the Study of T Cells and their Antigen Receptors. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:15. [PMID: 32419056 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Like B cells, T cells can be immortalized through hybridization with lymphoma cells, a technique that has been particularly useful in the study of the T cell receptors (TCR) for antigen. In T cell hybridizations, the AKR mouse strain-derived thymus lymphoma BW5147 is by far the most popular fusion line. However, the full potential of this technology had to await inactivation of the productively rearranged TCR-α and -β genes in the lymphoma. BWα-β-, the TCR-gene deficient variant of the original lymphoma, which has become the fusion line of choice for αβ T cells, is now available with numerous modifications, enabling the investigation of many aspects of TCR-mediated responses and TCR-structure. Unexpectedly, inactivating BW's functional TCR-α gene also rendered the lymphoma more permissive for the expression of TCR-γδ, facilitating the study of γδ T cells, their TCRs, and their TCR-mediated reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice White
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Rebecca L O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Willi K Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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