1
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Sandoz PA, Kuhnigk K, Szabo EK, Thunberg S, Erikson E, Sandström N, Verron Q, Brech A, Watzl C, Wagner AK, Alici E, Malmberg KJ, Uhlin M, Önfelt B. Modulation of lytic molecules restrain serial killing in γδ T lymphocytes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6035. [PMID: 37758698 PMCID: PMC10533871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play a pivotal role in protection against various types of infections and tumours, from early childhood on and throughout life. They consist of several subsets characterised by adaptive and innate-like functions, with Vγ9Vδ2 being the largest subset in human peripheral blood. Although these cells show signs of cytotoxicity, their modus operandi remains poorly understood. Here we explore, using live single-cell imaging, the cytotoxic functions of γδ T cells upon interactions with tumour target cells with high temporal and spatial resolution. While γδ T cell killing is dominated by degranulation, the availability of lytic molecules appears tightly regulated in time and space. In particular, the limited co-occurrence of granzyme B and perforin restrains serial killing of tumour cells by γδ T cells. Thus, our data provide new insights into the cytotoxic arsenal and functions of γδ T cells, which may guide the development of more efficient γδ T cell based adoptive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Sandoz
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kyra Kuhnigk
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edina K Szabo
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Thunberg
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elina Erikson
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Sandström
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Quentin Verron
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Brech
- Cancell, Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Department for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arnika K Wagner
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evren Alici
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Uhlin
- CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Sandoz PA, Denhardt-Eriksson RA, Abrami L, Abriata LA, Spreemann G, Maclachlan C, Ho S, Kunz B, Hess K, Knott G, S Mesquita F, Hatzimanikatis V, van der Goot FG. Dynamics of CLIMP-63 S-acylation control ER morphology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:264. [PMID: 36650170 PMCID: PMC9844198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) comprises distinct dynamic features, many at the nanoscale, that enable the coexistence of the nuclear envelope, regions of dense sheets and a branched tubular network that spans the cytoplasm. A key player in the formation of ER sheets is cytoskeleton-linking membrane protein 63 (CLIMP-63). The mechanisms by which CLIMP-63 coordinates ER structure remain elusive. Here, we address the impact of S-acylation, a reversible post-translational lipid modification, on CLIMP-63 cellular distribution and function. Combining native mass-spectrometry, with kinetic analysis of acylation and deacylation, and data-driven mathematical modelling, we obtain in-depth understanding of the CLIMP-63 life cycle. In the ER, it assembles into trimeric units. These occasionally exit the ER to reach the plasma membrane. However, the majority undergoes S-acylation by ZDHHC6 in the ER where they further assemble into highly stable super-complexes. Using super-resolution microscopy and focused ion beam electron microscopy, we show that CLIMP-63 acylation-deacylation controls the abundance and fenestration of ER sheets. Overall, this study uncovers a dynamic lipid post-translational regulation of ER architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano A Abriata
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sylvia Ho
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn Hess
- Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham Knott
- BioEM Facility, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Sandström N, Carannante V, Olofsson K, Sandoz PA, Moussaud-Lamodière EL, Seashore-Ludlow B, Van Ooijen H, Verron Q, Frisk T, Takai M, Wiklund M, Östling P, Önfelt B. Miniaturized and multiplexed high-content screening of drug and immune sensitivity in a multichambered microwell chip. Cell Rep Methods 2022; 2:100256. [PMID: 35880015 PMCID: PMC9308168 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a methodology based on multiplexed fluorescence screening of two- or three-dimensional cell cultures in a newly designed multichambered microwell chip, allowing direct assessment of drug or immune cell cytotoxic efficacy. We establish a framework for cell culture, formation of tumor spheroids, fluorescence labeling, and imaging of fixed or live cells at various magnifications directly in the chip together with data analysis and interpretation. The methodology is demonstrated by drug cytotoxicity screening using ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer cells and by cellular cytotoxicity screening targeting tumor spheroids of renal carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma with natural killer cells from healthy donors. The miniaturized format allowing long-term cell culture, efficient screening, and high-quality imaging of small sample volumes makes this methodology promising for individualized cytotoxicity tests for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Sandström
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Valentina Carannante
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Karl Olofsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Patrick A. Sandoz
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Brinton Seashore-Ludlow
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Hanna Van Ooijen
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Quentin Verron
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Frisk
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Päivi Östling
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
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4
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Sandström N, Brandt L, Sandoz PA, Zambarda C, Guldevall K, Schulz-Ruhtenberg M, Rösener B, Krüger RA, Önfelt B. Live single cell imaging assays in glass microwells produced by laser-induced deep etching. Lab Chip 2022; 22:2107-2121. [PMID: 35470832 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00090c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of cell culture substrates enables controlled analysis of living cells in confined micro-scale environments. This is particularly suitable for imaging individual cells over time, as they can be monitored without escaping the imaging field-of-view (FoV). Glass materials are ideal for most microscopy applications. However, with current methods used in life sciences, glass microfabrication is limited in terms of either freedom of design, quality, or throughput. In this work, we introduce laser-induced deep etching (LIDE) as a method for producing glass microwell arrays for live single cell imaging assays. We demonstrate novel microwell arrays with deep, high-aspect ratio wells that have rounded, dimpled or flat bottom profiles in either single-layer or double-layer glass chips. The microwells are evaluated for microscopy-based analysis of long-term cell culture, clonal expansion, laterally organized cell seeding, subcellular mechanics during migration and immune cell cytotoxicity assays of both adherent and suspension cells. It is shown that all types of microwells can support viable cell cultures and imaging with single cell resolution, and we highlight specific benefits of each microwell design for different applications. We believe that high-quality glass microwell arrays enabled by LIDE provide a great option for high-content and high-resolution imaging-based live cell assays with a broad range of potential applications within life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Sandström
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ludwig Brandt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Patrick A Sandoz
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Chiara Zambarda
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karolin Guldevall
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Abrami L, Audagnotto M, Ho S, Marcaida MJ, Mesquita FS, Anwar MU, Sandoz PA, Fonti G, Pojer F, Peraro MD, van der Goot FG. Palmitoylated acyl protein thioesterase APT2 deforms membranes to extract substrate acyl chains. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:438-447. [PMID: 33707782 PMCID: PMC7610442 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many biochemical reactions require controlled recruitment of proteins to membranes. This is largely regulated by posttranslational modifications. A frequent one is S-acylation, which consists of the addition of acyl chains and can be reversed by poorly understood acyl protein thioesterases (APTs). Using a panel of computational and experimental approaches, we dissect the mode of action of the major cellular thioesterase APT2 (LYPLA2). We show that soluble APT2 is vulnerable to proteasomal degradation, from which membrane binding protects it. Interaction with membranes requires three consecutive steps: electrostatic attraction, insertion of a hydrophobic loop and S-acylation by the palmitoyltransferases ZDHHC3 or ZDHHC7. Once bound, APT2 is predicted to deform the lipid bilayer to extract the acyl chain bound to its substrate and capture it in a hydrophobic pocket to allow hydrolysis. This molecular understanding of APT2 paves the way to understand the dynamics of APT2-mediated deacylation of substrates throughout the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Audagnotto
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Ho
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jose Marcaida
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A. Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Fonti
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding Authors: F. Gisou van der Goot () and Matteo Dal Peraro ()
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding Authors: F. Gisou van der Goot () and Matteo Dal Peraro ()
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6
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Dunst J, Glaros V, Englmaier L, Sandoz PA, Önfelt B, Kisielow J, Kreslavsky T. Recognition of synthetic polyanionic ligands underlies "spontaneous" reactivity of Vγ1 γδTCRs. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1033-1044. [PMID: 31943366 PMCID: PMC7317387 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma1219-392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although γδTCRs were discovered more than 30 yr ago, principles of antigen recognition by these receptors remain unclear and the nature of these antigens is largely elusive. Numerous studies reported that T cell hybridomas expressing several Vγ1-containing TCRs, including the Vγ1Vδ6 TCR of γδNKT cells, spontaneously secrete cytokines. This property was interpreted as recognition of a self-ligand expressed on the hybridoma cells themselves. Here, we revisited this finding using a recently developed reporter system and live single cell imaging. We confirmed strong spontaneous signaling by Vγ1Vδ6 and related TCRs, but not by TCRs from several other γδ or innate-like αβ T cells, and demonstrated that both γ and δ chains contributed to this reactivity. Unexpectedly, live single cell imaging showed that activation of this signaling did not require any interaction between cells. Further investigation revealed that the signaling is instead activated by interaction with negatively charged surfaces abundantly present under regular cell culture conditions and was abrogated when noncharged cell culture vessels were used. This mode of TCR signaling activation was not restricted to the reporter cell lines, as interaction with negatively charged surfaces also triggered TCR signaling in ex vivo Vγ1 γδ T cells. Taken together, these results explain long-standing observations on the spontaneous reactivity of Vγ1Vδ6 TCR and demonstrate an unexpected antigen presentation-independent mode of TCR activation by a spectrum of chemically unrelated polyanionic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Dunst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Vassilis Glaros
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Lukas Englmaier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Patrick A. Sandoz
- Department of Applied PhysicsScience for Life LaboratoryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied PhysicsScience for Life LaboratoryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstituteSolnaSweden
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health SciencesETHZurichSwitzerland
| | - Taras Kreslavsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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7
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Sandoz PA, Tremblay C, van der Goot FG, Frechin M. Image-based analysis of living mammalian cells using label-free 3D refractive index maps reveals new organelle dynamics and dry mass flux. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000553. [PMID: 31856161 PMCID: PMC6922317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Holo-tomographic microscopy (HTM) is a label-free microscopy method reporting the fine changes of a cell's refractive indices (RIs) in three dimensions at high spatial and temporal resolution. By combining HTM with epifluorescence, we demonstrate that mammalian cellular organelles such as lipid droplets (LDs) and mitochondria show specific RI 3D patterns. To go further, we developed a computer-vision strategy using FIJI, CellProfiler3 (CP3), and custom code that allows us to use the fine images obtained by HTM in quantitative approaches. We could observe the shape and dry mass dynamics of LDs, endocytic structures, and entire cells' division that have so far, to the best of our knowledge, been out of reach. We finally took advantage of the capacity of HTM to capture the motion of many organelles at the same time to report a multiorganelle spinning phenomenon and study its dynamic properties using pattern matching and homography analysis. This work demonstrates that HTM gives access to an uncharted field of biological dynamics and describes a unique set of simple computer-vision strategies that can be broadly used to quantify HTM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, Life Sciences Faculty, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Tremblay
- Global Health Institute, Life Sciences Faculty, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nanolive SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Ecublens, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Life Sciences Faculty, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GvdG); (MF)
| | - Mathieu Frechin
- Nanolive SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Ecublens, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GvdG); (MF)
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8
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Fleming CL, Sandoz PA, Inghardt T, Önfelt B, Grøtli M, Andréasson J. A Fluorescent Kinase Inhibitor that Exhibits Diagnostic Changes in Emission upon Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Physical Chemistry Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Göteborg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg 41296 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Patrick A. Sandoz
- Department of Applied Physics Science for Life Laboratory KTH Royal Institute of Technology 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tord Inghardt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics Science for Life Laboratory KTH Royal Institute of Technology 10691 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institute 17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg 41296 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Physical Chemistry Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Göteborg Sweden
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9
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Fleming CL, Sandoz PA, Inghardt T, Önfelt B, Grøtli M, Andréasson J. A Fluorescent Kinase Inhibitor that Exhibits Diagnostic Changes in Emission upon Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15000-15004. [PMID: 31411364 PMCID: PMC6851755 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of a fluorescent LCK inhibitor that exhibits favourable solvatochromic properties upon binding the kinase is described. Fluorescent properties were realised through the inclusion of a prodan‐derived fluorophore into the pharmacophore of an ATP‐competitive kinase inhibitor. Fluorescence titration experiments demonstrate the solvatochromic properties of the inhibitor, in which dramatic increase in emission intensity and hypsochromic shift in emission maxima are clearly observed upon binding LCK. Microscopy experiments in cellular contexts together with flow cytometry show that the fluorescence intensity of the inhibitor correlates with the LCK concentration. Furthermore, multiphoton microscopy experiments demonstrate both the rapid cellular uptake of the inhibitor and that the two‐photon cross section of the inhibitor is amenable for excitation at 700 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Patrick A Sandoz
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tord Inghardt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
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10
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Abrami L, Dallavilla T, Sandoz PA, Demir M, Kunz B, Savoglidis G, Hatzimanikatis V, van der Goot FG. Identification and dynamics of the human ZDHHC16-ZDHHC6 palmitoylation cascade. eLife 2017; 6:27826. [PMID: 28826475 PMCID: PMC5582869 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Palmitoylation is the only reversible post-translational lipid modification. Knowledge about the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family is still limited. Here we show that human ZDHHC6, which modifies key proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum, is controlled by an upstream palmitoyltransferase, ZDHHC16, revealing the first palmitoylation cascade. The combination of site specific mutagenesis of the three ZDHHC6 palmitoylation sites, experimental determination of kinetic parameters and data-driven mathematical modelling allowed us to obtain detailed information on the eight differentially palmitoylated ZDHHC6 species. We found that species rapidly interconvert through the action of ZDHHC16 and the Acyl Protein Thioesterase APT2, that each species varies in terms of turnover rate and activity, altogether allowing the cell to robustly tune its ZDHHC6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano Dallavilla
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Demir
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Savoglidis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vassily Hatzimanikatis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Geissbuehler S, Sharipov A, Godinat A, Bocchio NL, Sandoz PA, Huss A, Jensen NA, Jakobs S, Enderlein J, Gisou van der Goot F, Dubikovskaya EA, Lasser T, Leutenegger M. Live-cell multiplane three-dimensional super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5830. [PMID: 25518894 PMCID: PMC4284648 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) provides an elegant way of overcoming the diffraction limit in all three spatial dimensions by computing higher-order cumulants of image sequences of blinking fluorophores acquired with a classical widefield microscope. Previously, three-dimensional (3D) SOFI has been demonstrated by sequential imaging of multiple depth positions. Here we introduce a multiplexed imaging scheme for the simultaneous acquisition of multiple focal planes. Using 3D cross-cumulants, we show that the depth sampling can be increased. The simultaneous acquisition of multiple focal planes significantly reduces the acquisition time and thus the photobleaching. We demonstrate multiplane 3D SOFI by imaging fluorescently labelled cells over an imaged volume of up to 65 × 65 × 3.5 μm3 without depth scanning. In particular, we image the 3D network of mitochondria in fixed C2C12 cells immunostained with Alexa 647 fluorophores and the 3D vimentin structure in living Hela cells expressing the fluorescent protein Dreiklang. Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging provides 3D images of biological specimens via blinking fluorophores. Geissbuehler et al. present a multiplexed version of this method that captures images at multiple focal planes simultaneously, reducing the acquisition time compared with standard approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Geissbuehler
- cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Azat Sharipov
- cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Godinat
- cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noelia L Bocchio
- cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A Sandoz
- cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health Institute, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anja Huss
- Georg August University, III. Institute of Physics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nickels A Jensen
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jakobs
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Enderlein
- Georg August University, III. Institute of Physics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health Institute, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena A Dubikovskaya
- cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Theo Lasser
- cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Leutenegger
- cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sandoz PA, Chung AJ, Weaver WM, Di Carlo D. Sugar additives improve signal fidelity for implementing two-phase resorufin-based enzyme immunoassays. Langmuir 2014; 30:6637-6643. [PMID: 24870310 DOI: 10.1021/la5004484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic signal amplification based on fluorogenic substrates is commonly used for immunoassays; however, when transitioning these assays to a digital format in water-in-mineral oil emulsions, such amplification methods have been limited by the leakage of small reporting fluorescent probes. In the present study, we used a microfluidic system to study leakage from aqueous droplets in a controlled manner and confirmed that the leakage of fluorescent resorufin derivatives is mostly due to the presence of the lipophilic surfactant Span80, which is commonly used to preserve emulsion stability. This leakage can be overcome by the addition of specific sugars that most strongly interfered with the surfactants ability to form micelles in water. The application of the microfluidic system to the quantitative analysis of droplets and the implementation of the described sugar additives would allow for alternatives to fluorinated surfactant-based platforms and improve the signal fidelity in enzyme immunoassays implemented through multiphase microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Sandoz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Zenker W, Sandoz PA, Neuhuber W. The distribution of anterogradely labeled I--IV primary afferents in histochemically defined compartments of the rat's sternomastoid muscle. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1988; 177:235-43. [PMID: 3354841 DOI: 10.1007/bf00321134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The sternomastoid muscle of the rat is divided into a white (dominated by fast-glycolytic twitch fibers) and a red (dominated by fast oxidative-glycolytic twitch fibers, but also containing slow-oxidative twitch fibers) compartment. Previous reports on exclusive location of muscle spindles in the red portion were confirmed. On the basis of anterograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinine conjugate (WGA-HRP) it was shown in this study that, in addition to muscle spindle compartmentalisation, there was also an exclusive occurrence of tendon organs in the red part of the muscle; moreover, fine afferents (III- and IV-afferents) were mainly distributed to this portion as well. Radioimmunassay studies revealed that this part of the muscle contained twice as much substance P as the white part. It could be shown by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry that the myelinated fibers of the white branch to the muscle exclusively displayed high enzyme activity which is characteristic for motor fibers; on the other hand, in the branch to the red portion two classes of AChE-positive fibers were found: a large one with a peak in the alpha-range, and a small one with a peak in the gamma-range. In addition, there was also a group of enzyme-negative (sensory) fibers. These results also indicate the red portion of the sternomastoid muscle to be its "sensory compartment".
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zenker
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Neuhuber WL, Sandoz PA. Vagal primary afferent terminals in the dorsal motor nucleus of the rat: are they making monosynaptic contacts on preganglionic efferent neurons? Neurosci Lett 1986; 69:126-30. [PMID: 2429236 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
After horseradish peroxidase (HRP) application to the cut cervical vagus nerve in rats, labelled primary afferent terminals could be demonstrated in the dorsal motor nucleus at the ultrastructural level by a combined glucose oxidase-silver-gold intensification technique. Some labelled boutons contacted labelled dendrites of preganglionic neurons. Thus, the occurrence of a few monosynaptic primary afferent-preganglionic efferent contacts in the dorsal motor nucleus could be demonstrated.
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Neuhuber WL, Sandoz PA, Fryscak T. The central projections of primary afferent neurons of greater splanchnic and intercostal nerves in the rat. A horseradish peroxidase study. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1986; 174:123-44. [PMID: 3706772 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The central projections of primary afferent fibers of the greater splanchnic nerve of the rat were investigated using the transganglionic horseradish peroxidase transport technique. In addition, the corresponding spinal ganglion cells and the preganglionic sympathetic neurons were demonstrated. For comparing visceral and somatic afferents, intercostal nerve afferents were labelled by the same technique. Splanchnic afferent dorsal root ganglion cells were found at segments T3 to T13 ipsilaterally, with the greatest density at T8 to T12. Labelled cells represented about 10%-15% of all neurons in the ganglia at maximal projection levels. They were randomly distributed within individual ganglia. The great majority were medium to small sized and round to slightly oval in shape. In the spinal cord, labelled visceral afferent axons were found maximally at T8 to T11, but could be detected in decreasing density up to T1 and down to L1. They were distributed over Lissauer's tract and the dorsal funiculus to a medial and lateral collateral pathway (MCP and LCP, respectively). The MCP, somewhat more prominent than the LCP, was destined primarily to clustered presumptive terminal fields in medial lamina I and outermost lamina IIa. Only a few axons continued further to laminae V and X. Splanchnic afferent axons, most likely derived from the MCP, formed a longitudinal bundle ventral to the central canal. The LCP consisted of more or less well-defined axon bundles emanating from the lateral Lissauer's tract and curving round the lateral edge of the dorsal horn and through the dorsolateral funiculus. Presumptive terminal sites of LCP axons are the lateral laminae I and IIa, the nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus and the dorsal part of lamina V. A few LCP axons were seen in the vicinity of lateral dendrites of preganglionic sympathetic axons. Visceroafferent terminals were absent from laminae IIb-IV and VII. The possible consequences of the MCP/LCP duality for the central connections of splanchnic afferents are discussed. Some splanchnic afferents ascended to the gracile and cuneate nuclei, and rarely to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These results fit into the general concept of visceroafferent terminal organization that has emerged during the last few years. Differences to other reports in the detailed arrangement of fibers and terminals are discussed. Somatoafferent cell bodies represented the vast majority of neurons in the respective spinal ganglia. Cell sizes encompassed the whole range from very small to very large without a clear predominance of one particular size class.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Sandoz PA, Zenker W. Unmyelinated axons in a muscle nerve. Electron microscopic morphometry of the sternomastoid nerve in normal and sympathectomized rats. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1986; 174:207-13. [PMID: 3740455 DOI: 10.1007/bf00824336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In continuation of earlier studies on the innervation of the sternomastoid muscle of the rat, a detailed morphometric analysis was performed on the unmyelinated axons of the nerve, in normal rats and after extensive cervical sympathectomy. In 4 normal rats an average of 314 myelinated and 319 unmyelinated axons were present. 42 days after surgery, the 3 animals showed Horner's syndrome and a highly significant 40% loss of unmyelinated axons. We therefore suggest that 40% of the C-fibers in this nerve are postganglionic sympathetic efferents and that the remaining 60% are type IV fibers, i.e., unmyelinated afferents. Our counts also indicate that part of the Remak bundles of the Schwann cells contain only sympathetic axons, whereas others contain mixed groups of sympathetic and afferent axons. Myelinated nerve fibers were not lost due to sympathectomy. Unexpectedly, the 3 animals analyzed 7-13 days after surgery showed Horner's syndrome but only a 16% loss of unmyelinated axons, which was not even statistically significant. Morphological signs of degeneration and sprouting did not provide any clue, but a possible explanation would be that a transitory sprouting of the remaining afferent C-fibers or Schwann cells occurred.
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Sandoz PA. Perfusion-induced oedema does not disrupt perivascular glial sheaths in the rat area postrema: evidence for an inconspicuous type of cell junction? Acta Anat (Basel) 1985; 124:217-26. [PMID: 4082893 DOI: 10.1159/000146120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After perfusion fixation using phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde, the rat area postrema always contained some portions with lacunar extracellular spaces in the neuropil. This was interpreted as a sign of local oedema due to perfusion-induced extravasation, made possible by the absence of an endothelial blood-brain barrier in the area postrema. All perivascular spaces were delimited from the nervous tissue by a continuous layer of astroglial processes. The cell appositions in these perivascular glial sheaths were not only seen in the regions of the area postrema displaying conventional morphology, but also persisted systematically in those regions containing lacunar extracellular space after fixation. At these sites, the glial sheaths had presumably endured a net outflow of extravasated oedema fluid in vivo. In the neighbouring neuropil at these locations, certain cell appositions with conventional intercellular clefts also persisted. These phenomena might both be interpreted as non-random, functionally important cell contacts with the inconspicuous 'intercellular clefts' containing unstained material. In the case of perivascular glia this might imply a partial restriction of diffusion between blood and brain tissue, allowing certain control or defence functions.
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Sandoz PA, Meier E. A differential stain for neuronal nucleoli in unfixed cryostat sections. Stain Technol 1978; 53:195-7. [PMID: 83689 DOI: 10.3109/10520297809111465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Klüver-Barrera procedure, using luxol fast blue and cresyl violet for a combined nissl and myelin stain, was adapted to unfixed cryostat sections. Neuronal nucleoli appeared as distinct dark blue structures. The color contrast between violet Nissl substance and the nucleoli facilitated their recognition in human and in rat central nervous systems. This modified staining procedure enabled us to combine a counting of nerve cells with a histochemical investigation by applying each technique to a different set of sections cut from the same block of unfixed, frozen brain tissue.
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