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Wei Y, Ren X, Yuan Z, Hong J, Wang T, Chen W, Xu Y, Ding J, Lin J, Jiang W, Zhang P, Wu Q. Trauma diagnostic-related target proteins and their detection techniques. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e7. [PMID: 38602081 PMCID: PMC11062145 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2024.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Trauma is a significant health issue that not only leads to immediate death in many cases but also causes severe complications, such as sepsis, thrombosis, haemorrhage, acute respiratory distress syndrome and traumatic brain injury, among trauma patients. Target protein identification technology is a vital technique in the field of biomedical research, enabling the study of biomolecular interactions, drug discovery and disease treatment. It plays a crucial role in identifying key protein targets associated with specific diseases or biological processes, facilitating further research, drug design and the development of treatment strategies. The application of target protein technology in biomarker detection enables the timely identification of newly emerging infections and complications in trauma patients, facilitating expeditious medical interventions and leading to reduced post-trauma mortality rates and improved patient prognoses. This review provides an overview of the current applications of target protein identification technology in trauma-related complications and provides a brief overview of the current target protein identification technology, with the aim of reducing post-trauma mortality, improving diagnostic efficiency and prognostic outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiLiu Wei
- Department of Trauma Center & Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Center and Emergency Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Ren
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Yuan
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Department of Trauma Center & Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Center and Emergency Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Weizhi Chen
- Department of Trauma Center & Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Center and Emergency Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Xu
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinwang Ding
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Jiang
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyi Wu
- Department of Trauma Center & Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Center and Emergency Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
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Ramadas N, Sparkenbaugh EM. The APC-EPCR-PAR1 axis in sickle cell disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1141020. [PMID: 37497271 PMCID: PMC10366386 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1141020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited hemoglobinopathies. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is caused by a homozygous mutation in the β-globin generating sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Deoxygenation leads to pathologic polymerization of HbS and sickling of erythrocytes. The two predominant pathologies of SCD are hemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusive episodes (VOE), along with sequelae of complications including acute chest syndrome, hepatopathy, nephropathy, pulmonary hypertension, venous thromboembolism, and stroke. SCD is associated with endothelial activation due to the release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as heme, recurrent ischemia-reperfusion injury, and chronic thrombin generation and inflammation. Endothelial cell activation is mediated, in part, by thrombin-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a G protein coupled receptor that plays a role in platelet activation, endothelial permeability, inflammation, and cytotoxicity. PAR1 can also be activated by activated protein C (APC), which promotes endothelial barrier protection and cytoprotective signaling. Notably, the APC system is dysregulated in SCD. This mini-review will discuss activation of PAR1 by APC and thrombin, the APC-EPCR-PAR1 axis, and their potential roles in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Ramadas
- Department of Medicine, Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Erica M. Sparkenbaugh
- Department of Medicine, Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Weinberger Y, Budnik I, Nisgav Y, Palevski D, Ben-David G, Fernández JA, Margalit SN, Levy-Mendelovich S, Kenet G, Weinberger D, Griffin JH, Livnat T. 3K3A-Activated Protein C Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization Growth and Leakage and Reduces NLRP3 Inflammasome, IL-1β, and Inflammatory Cell Accumulation in the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10642. [PMID: 37445820 PMCID: PMC10341424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
3K3A-Activated Protein C (APC) is a recombinant variant of the physiological anticoagulant APC with cytoprotective properties and reduced bleeding risks. We studied the potential use of 3K3A-APC as a multi-target therapeutic option for choroidal neovascularization (CNV), a common cause of vision loss in age-related macular degeneration. CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in a murine model, and 3K3A-APC was intravitreally injected. The impact of 3K3A-APC treatment on myeloid and microglia cell activation and recruitment and on NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, and VEGF levels was assessed using cryosection, retinal flat-mount immunohistochemistry and vascular imaging. Additionally, we evaluated the use of fluorescein angiography as a surrogate marker for in vivo evaluation of the efficacy of 3K3A-APC treatment against leaking CNV lesions. Our results demonstrated that 3K3A-APC treatment significantly reduced the accumulation and activation of myeloid cells and microglia in the CNV area and decreased the NLRP3 and IL-1β levels at the CNV site and the surrounding retina. Furthermore, 3K3A-APC treatment resulted in leakage regression and CNV growth suppression. These findings indicate that the anti-inflammatory activities of 3K3A-APC contribute to CNV inhibition. Our study suggests the potential use of 3K3A-APC as a novel multi-target treatment for CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehonatan Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ivan Budnik
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yael Nisgav
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
| | - Dahlia Palevski
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gil Ben-David
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - José A. Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shany Nivinsky Margalit
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
| | - Sarina Levy-Mendelovich
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Gili Kenet
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Dov Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tami Livnat
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 5251108, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
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Conventional and Pro-Inflammatory Pathways of Fibrinolytic Activation in Non-Traumatic Hyperfibrinolysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247305. [PMID: 36555922 PMCID: PMC9787796 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperfibrinolysis (HF) frequently occurs after severe systemic hypoperfusion during major trauma and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). In trauma-induced HF, hypoperfusion, the activation of protein C (APC), and the release of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) have been identified as the driving elements of premature clot breakdown. The APC pathway also plays a role in inflammatory responses such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), which might contribute to lysis through cleavage of fibrin by neutrophil elastases. We investigated whether the APC and the plasminogen pathway were general drivers of HF, even in the absence of a traumatic incident. Additionally, we were interested in inflammatory activation such as the presence of NETs as potential contributing factors to HF. A total of 41 patients with OHCA were assigned to a HF and a non-HF group based on maximum lysis (ML) in thromboelastometry. Thrombin-antithrombin (TAT)-complex, soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), APC-PC inhibitor complex, t-PA, PAI-1, t-PA-PAI-1 complex, plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP), d-dimers, neutrophil elastase, histonylated DNA (hDNA) fragments, and interleukin-6 were assessed via immunoassays in the HF group vs. non-HF. APC-PC inhibitor complex is significantly higher in HF patients. Antigen levels of t-PA and PAI-1 do not differ between groups. However, t-PA activity is significantly higher and t-PA-PAI-1 complex significantly lower in the HF group. Consistent with these results, PAP and d-dimers are significantly elevated in HF. HDNA fragments and neutrophil elastase are not elevated in HF patients, but show a high level of correlation, suggesting NETosis occurs in OHCA as part of inflammatory activation and cellular decay. Just as in trauma, hypoperfusion, the activation of protein C, and the initiation of the plasminogen pathway of fibrinolysis manifest themselves in the HF of cardiac arrest. Despite features of NETosis being detectable in OHCA patients, early pro-inflammatory responses do not appear be associated with HF in cardiac arrest.
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Palevski D, Ben-David G, Weinberger Y, Haj Daood R, Fernández JA, Budnik I, Levy-Mendelovich S, Kenet G, Nisgav Y, Weinberger D, Griffin JH, Livnat T. 3K3A-Activated Protein C Prevents Microglia Activation, Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome and Limits Ocular Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214196. [PMID: 36430674 PMCID: PMC9694680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
3K3A-Activated Protein C (APC) is a recombinant variant of the physiological anticoagulant APC with pleiotropic cytoprotective properties albeit without the bleeding risks. The anti-inflammatory activities of 3K3A-APC were demonstrated in multiple preclinical injury models, including various neurological disorders. We determined the ability of 3K3A-APC to inhibit ocular inflammation in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced uveitis. Leukocyte recruitment, microglia activation, NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β levels were assessed using flow cytometry, retinal cryosection histology, retinal flatmount immunohistochemistry and vascular imaging, with and without 3K3A-APC treatment. LPS triggered robust inflammatory cell recruitment in the posterior chamber. The 3K3A-APC treatment significantly decreased leukocyte numbers and inhibited leukocyte extravasation from blood vessels into the retinal parenchyma to a level similar to controls. Resident microglia, which underwent an inflammatory transition following LPS injection, remained quiescent in eyes treated with 3K3A-APC. An inflammation-associated increase in retinal thickness, observed in LPS-injected eyes, was diminished by 3K3A-APC treatment, suggesting its clinical relevancy. Finally, 3K3A-APC treatment inhibited inflammasome activation, determined by lower levels of NLRP3 and its downstream effector IL-1β. Our results highlight the anti-inflammatory properties of 3K3A-APC in ocular inflammation and suggest its potential use as a novel treatment for retinal diseases associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Palevski
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gil Ben-David
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yehonatan Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Rabeei Haj Daood
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - José A. Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ivan Budnik
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Sarina Levy-Mendelovich
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Gili Kenet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Yael Nisgav
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Dov Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tami Livnat
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Wolach O, Martinod K. Casting a NET on cancer: the multiple roles for neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer. Curr Opin Hematol 2022; 29:53-62. [PMID: 34854835 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of the innate immune system has become widely appreciated in cancer and cancer-associated disorders. Neutrophils, the most abundant circulating leukocytes, have prognostic value in determining cancer progression and survival. One of the ways by which neutrophils negatively impact outcome is by formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) which result in release of nuclear chromatin and bioactive proteins into the extracellular space. Here, we review the evidence for NETs contributions to cancer progression, metastasis, and cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT). RECENT FINDINGS NETs are increased across several cancer types and predict progression and adverse outcome. Several preclinical and clinical observations implicate NETs in promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis via distinct pathways. Furthermore, NETs are shown to contribute to resistance to immunotherapy. NETs also emerge as key players in the prothrombotic phenotype associated with cancer that can result in potentially life-threatening arterial and venous thrombosis. Recent mechanistic insights expose several potential targets to inhibit NET formation and disrupt the interaction between NETs and tumor cells. SUMMARY Clinical and translational insights highlight the central role of NETs in cancer progression and metastasis, disease resistance and CAT. Targeting NETs and NET-associated pathways may represent a novel approach to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Wolach
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lee J, Son W, Hong J, Song Y, Yang CS, Kim YH. Down-regulation of TNF-α via macrophage-targeted RNAi system for the treatment of acute inflammatory sepsis. J Control Release 2021; 336:344-353. [PMID: 34147573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by bacterial infection. The sepsis therapy has involved prescription of adequate antibiotics, requiring several days to determine the proper type without reducing the inflammatory response. Thus, it is necessary to rapidly decrease fundamental inflammation, which can induce serious organ damage. In the inflammatory mechanism, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) produced by macrophages has an important role in infiltration of macrophages into infected sites and as a trigger for secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, commercialized TNF-α antibody medicines have limits such as fibrosis, cytokine storms, and high production costs. There is a growing need for anti-inflammatory sepsis treatment free from side effects. For this reason, TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) could be an innovative target to break the positive feedback loop of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α) since it converts the inactive TNF-α membrane bound form to the activated soluble form in macrophages. A non-viral gene delivery system was developed in this study to deliver siRNA into inflammation-mediated macrophages without toxicity. The peptide-based gene carrier created by conjugating positively-charged nine arginine (9R) and the TKPR (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) sequence from the Fc region of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) specifically binds to the neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) receptor on the macrophage surface. Our results demonstrated that siTACE/TKPR-9R complexes were internalized in macrophages and successfully down-regulated TACE mRNA level. Finally, RNA interference with cell-targeted peptide carriers indicates a fundamental therapy for acute inflammatory sepsis free of off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooic Son
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeong Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Song
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Patalakh II. L-ARGININE AND L-GLUTAMIC ACID INCREASE THE CONTENT OF PROTEIN C IN THE EARLY STAGES OF ISOLATION FROM DONOR PLASMA. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech14.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current large-scale production of blood-derived pharmacological preparations is aimed at expanding the list of products and deeper extraction of target proteins especially at the pre-purification stage. In particular, this problem becomes critical for the isolation of proteins like protein C (PC), which is present in plasma in trace amounts. Aim. We aimed to improve the buffer composition to minimize the interaction of PC with other proteins and lipids that are inevitably present in the stock material. Methods. The content of protein C in plasma and its derivatives was assessed by the amidolytic activity to the chromogenic substrate S2366. A decrease in homologous impurities and plasma enrichment with protein C was provided by selective bulk adsorption on DEAE-cellulose. Results. Here we describe that an equimolar mixture of two amino acids (L-arginine and L-glutamic acid) essentially increased the content of protein C at the stage of cryo-depleted plasma pre-purification, including initial dilution and subsequent enrichment of plasma with protein C due to selective bulk adsorption on DEAE- cellulose. Additionally, it was revealed that solutions of these amino acids, when combined, inhibit the induced amidolytic activity of protein C and increase its solubility (in contrast to other plasma proteases). Conclusion. Pre-adding of a mixture of amino acids L-arginine and L-glutamic acid to cryo-depleted plasma significantly optimizes the pre-purification stage of protein C, providing a 5-fold increase in its yield after elution from DEAE-cellulose.
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Sridharan V, Johnson KA, Landes RD, Cao M, Singh P, Wagoner G, Hayar A, Sprick ED, Eveld KA, Bhattacharyya A, Krager KJ, Aykin-Burns N, Weiler H, Fernández JA, Griffin JH, Boerma M. Sex-dependent effects of genetic upregulation of activated protein C on delayed effects of acute radiation exposure in the mouse heart, small intestine, and skin. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252142. [PMID: 34029348 PMCID: PMC8143413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidental exposure to ionizing radiation may lead to delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE) in many organ systems. Activated protein C (APC) is a known mitigator of the acute radiation syndrome. To examine the role of APC in DEARE, we used a transgenic mouse model with 2- to 3-fold increased plasma levels of APC (high in APC, APCHi). Male and female APCHi mice and wild-type littermates were exposed to 9.5 Gy γ-rays with their hind-legs (bone marrow) shielded from radiation to allow long-term survival. At 3 and 6 months after irradiation, cardiac function was measured with ultrasonography. At 3 months, radiation increased cardiac dimensions in APCHi males, while decreases were seen in wild-type females. At this early time point, APCHi mice of both sexes were more susceptible to radiation-induced changes in systolic function compared to wild-types. At 6 months, a decrease in systolic function was mainly seen in male mice of both genotypes. At 6 months, specimens of heart, small intestine and dorsal skin were collected for tissue analysis. Female APCHi mice showed the most severe radiation-induced deposition of cardiac collagens but were protected against a radiation-induced loss of microvascular density. Both male and female APCHi mice were protected against a radiation induced upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 in the heart, but this did not translate into a clear protection against immune cell infiltration. In the small intestine, the APCHi genotype had no effect on an increase in the number of myeloperoxidase positive cells (seen mostly in females) or an increase in the expression of T-cell marker CD2 (males). Lastly, both male and female APCHi mice were protected against radiation-induced epidermal thickening and increase in 3-nitrotyrosine positive keratinocytes. In conclusion, prolonged high levels of APC in a transgenic mouse model had little effects on indicators of DEARE in the heart, small intestine and skin, with some differential effects in male compared to female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Kristin A. Johnson
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Reid D. Landes
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Maohua Cao
- College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Preeti Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Gail Wagoner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Abdallah Hayar
- Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Emily D. Sprick
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Kayla A. Eveld
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Anusha Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Kimberly J. Krager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Versiti and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Jose A. Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jordan KR, Parra-Izquierdo I, Gruber A, Shatzel JJ, Pham P, Sherman LS, McCarty OJT, Verbout NG. Thrombin generation and activity in multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:407-420. [PMID: 33411219 PMCID: PMC7864536 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The coagulation cascade and immune system are intricately linked, highly regulated and respond cooperatively in response to injury and infection. Increasingly, evidence of hyper-coagulation has been associated with autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The pathophysiology of MS includes immune cell activation and recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS) where they degrade myelin sheaths, leaving neuronal axons exposed to damaging inflammatory mediators. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) facilitates the entry of peripheral immune cells. Evidence of thrombin activity has been identified within the CNS of MS patients and studies using animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggest increased thrombin generation and activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of MS as well as inhibit remyelination processes. Thrombin is a serine protease capable of cleaving multiple substrates, including protease activated receptors (PARs), fibrinogen, and protein C. Cleavage of all three of these substrates represent pathways through which thrombin activity may exert immuno-regulatory effects and regulate permeability of the BBB during MS and EAE. In this review, we summarize evidence that thrombin activity directly, through PARs, and indirectly, through fibrin formation and activation of protein C influences neuro-immune responses associated with MS and EAE pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley R Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Ivan Parra-Izquierdo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - András Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Aronora Inc, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joseph J Shatzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Pham
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Norah G Verbout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Aronora Inc, Portland, OR, USA
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11
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Livnat T, Weinberger Y, Fernández JA, Bashir A, Ben-David G, Palevski D, Levy-Mendelovich S, Kenet G, Budnik I, Nisgav Y, Griffin JH, Weinberger D. Activated Protein C (APC) and 3K3A-APC-Induced Regression of Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) Is Accompanied by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Reduction. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030358. [PMID: 33652861 PMCID: PMC7996919 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated protein C (APC) ability to inhibit choroidal neovascularization (CNV) growth and leakage was recently shown in a murine model. A modified APC, 3K3A-APC, was designed to reduce anticoagulant activity while maintaining full cytoprotective properties, thus diminishing bleeding risk. We aimed to study the ability of 3K3A-APC to induce regression of CNV and evaluate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) role in APC's activities in the retina. CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation on C57BL/6J mice. APC and 3K3A-APC were injected intravitreally after verification of CNV presence. CNV volume and vascular penetration were evaluated on retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)-choroid flatmount by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran imaging. VEGF levels were measured using immunofluorescence anti-VEGF staining. We found that 3K3A-APC induced regression of pre-existing CNV. VEGF levels, measured in the CNV lesion sites, significantly decreased upon APC and 3K3A-APC treatment. Reduction in VEGF was sustained 14 days post a single APC injection. As 3K3A-APC retained APCs' activities, we conclude that the anticoagulant properties of APC are not mandatory for APC activities in the retina and that VEGF reduction may contribute to the protective effects of APC and 3K3A-APC. Our results highlight the potential use of 3K3A-APC as a novel treatment for CNV and other ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami Livnat
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; (S.L.-M.); (G.K.)
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-5-4474-3000; Fax: +972-35-351-806
| | - Yehonatan Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - José A. Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.H.G.)
| | - Alaa Bashir
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - Gil Ben-David
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - Dahlia Palevski
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - Sarina Levy-Mendelovich
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; (S.L.-M.); (G.K.)
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Gili Kenet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; (S.L.-M.); (G.K.)
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Ivan Budnik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119019 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yael Nisgav
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.H.G.)
| | - Dov Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; (S.L.-M.); (G.K.)
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12
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Griffin JH, Lyden P. COVID-19 hypothesis: Activated protein C for therapy of virus-induced pathologic thromboinflammation. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:506-509. [PMID: 32548551 PMCID: PMC7292662 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seriously ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) at risk for death exhibit elevated cytokine and chemokine levels and D‐dimer, and they often have comorbidities related to vascular dysfunctions. In preclinical studies, activated protein C (APC) provides negative feedback downregulation of excessive inflammation and thrombin generation, attenuates damage caused by ischemia‐reperfusion in many organs including lungs, and reduces death caused by bacterial pneumonia. APC exerts both anticoagulant activities and direct cell‐signaling activities. Preclinical studies show that its direct cell‐signaling actions mediate anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic actions, mortality reduction for pneumonia, and beneficial actions for ischemia‐reperfusion injury. The APC mutant 3K3A‐APC, which was engineered to have diminished anticoagulant activity while retaining cell‐signaling actions, was safe in phase 1 and phase 2 human trials. Because of its broad spectrum of homeostatic effects in preclinical studies, we speculate that 3K3A‐APC merits consideration for clinical trial studies in appropriately chosen, seriously ill patients with COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California USA.,Department of Medicine University of California San Diego California USA
| | - Patrick Lyden
- Department of Neurology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Activated protein C (APC) is a homeostatic coagulation protease with anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities. Focusing on APC's effects in the brain, this review discusses three different scenarios that illustrate how APC functions are intimately affecting the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain. RECENT FINDINGS Cytoprotective APC therapy holds promise for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and a recently completed trial suggested that cytoprotective-selective 3K3A-APC reduced bleeding in ischemic stroke patients. In contrast, APC's anticoagulant activity contributes to brain bleeding as shown by the disproportional upregulation of APC generation in cerebral cavernous malformations lesions in mice. However, too little APC generation also contributes to maladies of the brain, such as in case of cerebral malaria where the binding of infected erythrocytes to the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) may interfere with the EPCR-dependent functions of the protein C pathway. Furthermore, discoveries of new activities of APC such as the inhibition of the NLRP3-mediated inflammasome and of new applications of APC therapy such as in Alzheimer's disease and graft-versus-host disease continue to advance our knowledge of this important proteolytic regulatory system. SUMMARY APC's many activities or lack thereof are intimately involved in multiple neuropathologies, providing abundant opportunities for translational research.
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14
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Eliwan HO, Watson WRG, Regan I, Philbin B, O'Hare FM, Strickland T, O'Neill A, O'Rourke M, Blanco A, Healy M, Nolan B, Smith O, Molloy EJ. Pediatric Intensive Care: Immunomodulation With Activated Protein C ex vivo. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:386. [PMID: 31612119 PMCID: PMC6776988 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sepsis is major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). PICU patients may develop transient immune deficiency during sepsis. Activated Protein C (APC) has significant anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Clinical trials of APC in adult sepsis initially showed improved outcome but recent trials showed no benefit in adults or children. We aimed to assess the effects of APC treatment on innate immune responses in children. Design and Subjects: We compared neutrophil and monocyte responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with and without APC treatment in PICU patients at the time of evaluation for sepsis compared with healthy adults and age-matched pediatric controls. We used flow cytometry to examine cell activation (CD11b expression), function [intracellular reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) release] and LPS recognition [Toll like Receptor 4 (TLR4) expression]. Results: PICU patients had significantly decreased protein c levels and LPS responses compared with adult and pediatric controls for all parameters. APC reduced LPS-induced neutrophil PICU TLR4 and adult ROI (p < 0.05). PICU non-survivors had increased LPS induced neutrophil and monocyte ROI production vs. survivors which was significantly reduced by APC. Conclusion: PICU patients demonstrate significantly reduced endotoxin reactivity which may predispose them to sepsis and alter effective antibacterial responses. APC reduces LPS-induced ROI production in adults and may have a role in treating severely compromised PICU patients especially given that newer APC forms are associated with decreased bleeding risk and enhanced anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan O Eliwan
- Neonatology, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William R G Watson
- University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Irene Regan
- Haematology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Philbin
- Haematology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M O'Hare
- Neonatology, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tammy Strickland
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amanda O'Neill
- University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Alfonso Blanco
- University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martina Healy
- Critical Care, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Beatrice Nolan
- Haematology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Owen Smith
- Haematology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- Neonatology, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Neonatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Coombe Women's and Infant's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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