1
|
Xu X, Niu M, Lamberty BG, Emanuel K, Trease AJ, Tabassum M, Lifson JD, Fox HS. Microglia and macrophages alterations in the CNS during acute SIV infection: a single-cell analysis in rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588047. [PMID: 38617282 PMCID: PMC11014596 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is widely acknowledged for its profound impact on the immune system. Although HIV primarily affects peripheral CD4 T cells, its influence on the central nervous system (CNS) cannot be overlooked. Within the brain, microglia and CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) serve as the primary targets for HIV, as well as for the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in nonhuman primates. This infection can lead to neurological effects and the establishment of a viral reservoir. Given the gaps in our understanding of how these cells respond in vivo to acute CNS infection, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on myeloid cells from the brains of three rhesus macaques 12-days after SIV infection, along with three uninfected controls. Our analysis revealed six distinct microglial clusters including homeostatic microglia, preactivated microglia, and activated microglia expressing high levels of inflammatory and disease-related molecules. In response to acute SIV infection, the population of homeostatic and preactivated microglia decreased, while the activated and disease-related microglia increased. All microglial clusters exhibited upregulation of MHC class I molecules and interferon-related genes, indicating their crucial roles in defending against SIV during the acute phase. All microglia clusters also upregulated genes linked to cellular senescence. Additionally, we identified two distinct CAM populations: CD14lowCD16hi and CD14hiCD16low CAMs. Interestingly, during acute SIV infection, the dominant CAM population changed to one with an inflammatory phenotype. Notably, specific upregulated genes within one microglia and one macrophage cluster were associated with neurodegenerative pathways, suggesting potential links to neurocognitive disorders. This research sheds light on the intricate interactions between viral infection, innate immune responses, and the CNS, providing valuable insights for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Xu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Lamberty
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katy Emanuel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Andrew J. Trease
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mehnaz Tabassum
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
White KS, Walker JA, Wang J, Autissier P, Miller AD, Abuelezan NN, Burrack R, Li Q, Kim WK, Williams KC. Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with AIDS co-develop cardiovascular pathology and encephalitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240946. [PMID: 37965349 PMCID: PMC10641955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV co-morbidities remain where central nervous system (CNS) neurocognitive disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-pathology that are linked with myeloid activation are most prevalent. Comorbidities such as neurocogntive dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain prevalent among people living with HIV. We sought to investigate if cardiac pathology (inflammation, fibrosis, cardiomyocyte damage) and CNS pathology (encephalitis) develop together during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and if their co-development is linked with monocyte/macrophage activation. We used a cohort of SIV-infected rhesus macaques with rapid AIDS and demonstrated that SIV encephalitis (SIVE) and CVD pathology occur together more frequently than SIVE or CVD pathology alone. Their co-development correlated more strongly with activated myeloid cells, increased numbers of CD14+CD16+ monocytes, plasma CD163 and interleukin-18 (IL-18) than did SIVE or CVD pathology alone, or no pathology. Animals with both SIVE and CVD pathology had greater numbers of cardiac macrophages and increased collagen and monocyte/macrophage accumulation, which were better correlates of CVD-pathology than SIV-RNA. Animals with SIVE alone had higher levels of activated macrophage biomarkers and cardiac macrophage accumulation than SIVnoE animals. These observations were confirmed in HIV infected individuals with HIV encephalitis (HIVE) that had greater numbers of cardiac macrophages and fibrosis than HIV-infected controls without HIVE. These results underscore the notion that CNS and CVD pathologies frequently occur together in HIV and SIV infection, and demonstrate an unmet need for adjunctive therapies targeting macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. White
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Joshua A. Walker
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - John Wang
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Patrick Autissier
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Physiology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nadia N. Abuelezan
- Connel School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Burrack
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castell N, Guerrero-Martin SM, Rubin LH, Shirk EN, Brockhurst JK, Lyons CE, Najarro KM, Queen SE, Carlson BW, Adams RJ, Morrell CN, Gama L, Graham DR, Zink C, Mankowski JL, Clements JE, Metcalf Pate KA. Effect of Single Housing on Innate Immune Activation in Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pigtail Macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) as a Model of Psychosocial Stress in Acute HIV Infection. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:966-975. [PMID: 36162063 PMCID: PMC9553260 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques recapitulates many aspects of HIV pathogenesis and is similarly affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Psychosocial stress is associated with immune system dysregulation and worse clinical outcomes in people with HIV. This study assessed the impact of single housing, as a model of psychosocial stress, on innate immune responses of pigtailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) during acute SIV infection. METHODS A retrospective analysis of acute SIV infection of 2- to si6-year-old male pigtailed macaques was performed to compare the innate immune responses of socially ( n = 41) and singly ( n = 35) housed animals. Measures included absolute monocyte count and subsets, and in a subset ( n ≤ 18) platelet counts and activation data. RESULTS SIV infection resulted in the expected innate immune parameter changes with a modulating effect from housing condition. Monocyte number increased after infection for both groups, driven by classical monocytes (CD14 + CD16 - ), with a greater increase in socially housed animals (227%, p < .001, by day 14 compared with preinoculation time points). Platelet numbers recovered more quickly in the socially housed animals. Platelet activation (P-selectin) increased by 65% ( p = .004) and major histocompatibility complex class I surface expression by 40% ( p = .009) from preinoculation only in socially housed animals, whereas no change in these measures occurred in singly housed animals. CONCLUSIONS Chronic psychosocial stress produced by single housing may play an immunomodulatory role in the innate immune response to acute retroviral infection. Dysregulated innate immunity could be one of the pathways by which psychosocial stress contributes to immune suppression and increased disease severity in people with HIV.
Collapse
|
4
|
Monocytes in HIV and SIV Infection and Aging: Implications for Inflamm-Aging and Accelerated Aging. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020409. [PMID: 35216002 PMCID: PMC8880456 DOI: 10.3390/v14020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, people living with HIV (PLWH) experienced complications due to AIDS more so than aging. With ART and the extended lifespan of PLWH, HIV comorbidities also include aging—most likely due to accelerated aging—as well as a cardiovascular, neurocognitive disorders, lung and kidney disease, and malignancies. The broad evidence suggests that HIV with ART is associated with accentuated aging, and that the age-related comorbidities occur earlier, due in part to chronic immune activation, co-infections, and possibly the effects of ART alone. Normally the immune system undergoes alterations of lymphocyte and monocyte populations with aging, that include diminished naïve T- and B-lymphocyte numbers, a reliance on memory lymphocytes, and a skewed production of myeloid cells leading to age-related inflammation, termed “inflamm-aging”. Specifically, absolute numbers and relative proportions of monocytes and monocyte subpopulations are skewed with age along with myeloid mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, an increase in biomarkers of myeloid activation (IL-6, sCD14, and sCD163) occurs with chronic HIV infection and with age, and may contribute to immunosenescence. Chronic HIV infection accelerates aging; meanwhile, ART treatment may slow age-related acceleration, but is not sufficient to stop aging or age-related comorbidities. Overall, a better understanding of the mechanisms behind accentuated aging with HIV and the effects of myeloid activation and turnover is needed for future therapies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rojas M, Luz-Crawford P, Soto-Rifo R, Reyes-Cerpa S, Toro-Ascuy D. The Landscape of IFN/ISG Signaling in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages and Its Possible Role in the HIV-1 Latency. Cells 2021; 10:2378. [PMID: 34572027 PMCID: PMC8467246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the generation of latent viral reservoirs, which have been associated with chronic immune activation and sustained inflammation. Macrophages play a protagonist role in this context since they are persistently infected while being a major effector of the innate immune response through the generation of type-I interferons (type I IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The balance in the IFN signaling and the ISG induction is critical to promote a successful HIV-1 infection. Classically, the IFNs response is fine-tuned by opposing promotive and suppressive signals. In this context, it was described that HIV-1-infected macrophages can also synthesize some antiviral effector ISGs and, positive and negative regulators of the IFN/ISG signaling. Recently, epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms were described, being the N6-methylation (m6A) modification on mRNAs one of the most relevant. The epitranscriptomic regulation can affect not only IFN/ISG signaling, but also type I IFN expression, and viral fitness through modifications to HIV-1 RNA. Thus, the establishment of replication-competent latent HIV-1 infected macrophages may be due to non-classical mechanisms of type I IFN that modulate the activation of the IFN/ISG signaling network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masyelly Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad of Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Daniela Toro-Ascuy
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aid M, Busman-Sahay K, Vidal SJ, Maliga Z, Bondoc S, Starke C, Terry M, Jacobson CA, Wrijil L, Ducat S, Brook OR, Miller AD, Porto M, Pellegrini KL, Pino M, Hoang TN, Chandrashekar A, Patel S, Stephenson K, Bosinger SE, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Hecht JL, Sorger PK, Martinot AJ, Estes JD, Barouch DH. Vascular Disease and Thrombosis in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Rhesus Macaques. Cell 2020; 183:1354-1366.e13. [PMID: 33065030 PMCID: PMC7546181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to extensive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Clinical features that drive SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in humans include inflammation and thrombosis, but the mechanistic details underlying these processes remain to be determined. In this study, we demonstrate endothelial disruption and vascular thrombosis in histopathologic sections of lungs from both humans and rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. To define key molecular pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in macaques, we performed transcriptomic analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood and proteomic analyses of serum. We observed macrophage infiltrates in lung and upregulation of macrophage, complement, platelet activation, thrombosis, and proinflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein, MX1, IL-6, IL-1, IL-8, TNFα, and NF-κB. These results suggest a model in which critical interactions between inflammatory and thrombosis pathways lead to SARS-CoV-2-induced vascular disease. Our findings suggest potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Samuel J Vidal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zoltan Maliga
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Bondoc
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Carly Starke
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Margaret Terry
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Connor A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda Wrijil
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Sarah Ducat
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Olga R Brook
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Kathryn L Pellegrini
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Timothy N Hoang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shivani Patel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kathryn Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan L Hecht
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cormican S, Griffin MD. Human Monocyte Subset Distinctions and Function: Insights From Gene Expression Analysis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1070. [PMID: 32582174 PMCID: PMC7287163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are a highly plastic innate immune cell population that displays significant heterogeneity within the circulation. Distinct patterns of surface marker expression have become accepted as a basis for distinguishing three monocyte subsets in humans. These phenotypic subsets, termed classical, intermediate and nonclassical, have also been demonstrated to differ in regard to their functional properties and disease associations when studied in vitro and in vivo. Nonetheless, for the intermediate monocyte subset in particular, functional experiments have yielded conflicting results and some studies point to further levels of heterogeneity. Developments in genetic sequencing technology have provided opportunities to more comprehensively explore the phenotypic and functional differences among conventionally-recognized immune cell subtypes as well as the potential to identify novel subpopulations. In this review, we summarize the transcriptomic evidence in support of the existence of three separate monocyte subsets. We also critically evaluate the insights into subset functional distinctions that have been garnered from monocyte gene expression analysis and the potential utility of such studies to unravel subset-specific functional changes which arise in disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cormican
- Regenerative Medical Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Nephrology Services, Galway University Hospitals, Saolta University Health Group, Galway, Ireland
| | - Matthew D Griffin
- Regenerative Medical Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Nephrology Services, Galway University Hospitals, Saolta University Health Group, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|