1
|
Myburgh PJ, Solingapuram Sai KK. Two decades of [ 11C]PiB synthesis, 2003-2023: a review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2024; 14:48-62. [PMID: 38500746 PMCID: PMC10944378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Because carbon-11 (11C) radiotracers cannot be shipped over long distances, their use in routine positron emission tomography (PET) studies is dependent on the production capabilities of individual radiochemistry laboratories. Since 2003, 11C-labeled Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PiB) has been the gold standard PET radiotracer for in vivo imaging of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques. For more than two decades, researchers have been working to develop faster, higher-yielding, more robust, and optimized production methods with higher radiochemical yields for various imaging applications. This review evaluates progress in [11C]PiB radiochemistry. An introductory overview assesses how it has been applied in clinical neurologic imaging research. We examine the varying approaches reported for radiolabeling, purification, extraction, and formulation. Further considerations for QC methods, regulatory considerations, and optimizations were also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Josef Myburgh
- Translational Imaging Program, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Translational Imaging Program, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chisholm TS, Hunter CA. A closer look at amyloid ligands, and what they tell us about protein aggregates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1354-1374. [PMID: 38116736 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00518f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid fibrils is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. Detecting these fibrils with fluorescent or radiolabelled ligands is one strategy for diagnosing and better understanding these diseases. A vast number of amyloid-binding ligands have been reported in the literature as a result. To obtain a better understanding of how amyloid ligands bind, we have compiled a database of 3457 experimental dissociation constants for 2076 unique amyloid-binding ligands. These ligands target Aβ, tau, or αSyn fibrils, as well as relevant biological samples including AD brain homogenates. From this database significant variation in the reported dissociation constants of ligands was found, possibly due to differences in the morphology of the fibrils being studied. Ligands were also found to bind to Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) fibrils with similar affinities, whereas a greater difference was found for binding to Aβ and tau or αSyn fibrils. Next, the binding of ligands to fibrils was shown to be largely limited by the hydrophobic effect. Some Aβ ligands do not fit into this hydrophobicity-limited model, suggesting that polar interactions can play an important role when binding to this target. Finally several binding site models were outlined for amyloid fibrils that describe what ligands target what binding sites. These models provide a foundation for interpreting and designing site-specific binding assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Chisholm
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1 EW, UK.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1 EW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He Y, Zhu X, Wang K, Xie J, Zhu Z, Ni M, Wang S, Xie Q. Design, synthesis, and preliminary evaluation of [ 18F]-aryl flurosulfates PET radiotracers via SuFEx methods for β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 75:117087. [PMID: 36356533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
[18F]BAY-94-9172, [18F]AV-45, and [18F]GE-067 were FDA approved positron emission tomography (PET) imaging radiotracer of β-amyloid plaques (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the radiochemical synthesis requires multi-step reactions and complex procedure. Recently, a protocol for radiochemical synthesis of sulfur fluoride exchange (SuFEx) using ultrafast 19F/18F isotopic exchange had been reported. We developed three pairs of novel 18F-labeled radiotracers by the "SuFEx" method for PET imaging Aβ plaques. The 18F labeling reaction can be completed quickly (30 s) at room temperature and purified using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The radiochemical purity (RCP) of the products was all greater than 95 %. In vitro fluorescent staining using Aβ-transgenesis mice section preliminary verified the affinity of tracers with Aβ. Competitive binding assay displayed high affinity of tracers for towards artificial Aβ1-42 aggregates (Ki values ranging from 3.53 ± 0.39 to 42.0 ± 4.24 nM). In vivo biodistribution and Micro-PET imaging showed that [18F]-Sulfur Fluoride β-Amyloid ([18F]SFA 1-6) could penetration the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in wild-type mice, and [18F]SFA 5-6 had a high initial brain uptake value (3.65 ± 0.9 % and 5.07 ± 0.1 % ID/g, respectively) and a fast washout (Brain uptake2 min/60 min = 4.15 and 4.61, respectively) from the brain. In vitro autoradiography demonstrated the affinity of the [18F]SFA 5-6 to Aβ plaques in AD human brain tissues. Our results suggested that [18F]SFA maybe a potential PET radiotracers for detecting Aβ in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlin He
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, Bengbu 233030, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, Bengbu 233030, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Jikui Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Zehua Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Shicun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, Bengbu 233030, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rybczyński P, Bousquet MHE, Kaczmarek-Kędziera A, Jędrzejewska B, Jacquemin D, Ośmiałowski B. Controlling the fluorescence quantum yields of benzothiazole-difluoroborates by optimal substitution. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13347-13360. [PMID: 36507166 PMCID: PMC9682896 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05044g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise tuning of the fluorescence quantum yield, vital for countless applications of fluorophores, remains exceptionally challenging due to numerous factors affecting energy dissipation phenomena often leading to its counterintuitive behavior. In contrast to the absorption and emission wavelength which can be precisely shifted to the desired range by simple structural changes, no general strategy exists for controllable modification of the fluorescence quantum yield. The rigidification of the molecular skeleton is known to usually enhance the emission and can be practically realized via the limiting molecular vibrations by aggregation. However, the subtle balance between the abundant possible radiative and non-radiative decay pathways makes the final picture exceptionally sophisticated. In the present study, a series of nine fluorophores obtained by peripheral substitution with two relatively mild electron donating and electron withdrawing groups are reported. The obtained fluorescence quantum yields range from dark to ultra-bright and the extreme values are obtained for the isomeric molecules. These severe changes in emission efficiency have been shown to arise from the complex relationship between the Franck-Condon excited state and conical intersection position. The experimental findings are rationalized by the advanced quantum chemical calculations delivering good correlation between the measured emission parameters and theoretical radiative and internal conversion rate constants. Therefore, the described substituent exchange provides a method to rigorously adjust the properties of molecular probes structurally similar to thioflavin T.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Rybczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńGagarina Street 787-100 ToruńPoland
| | | | - Anna Kaczmarek-Kędziera
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńGagarina Street 787-100 ToruńPoland
| | - Beata Jędrzejewska
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and EngineeringSeminaryjna 385-326 BydgoszczPoland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230F-44000 NantesFrance,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)ParisFR-75005France
| | - Borys Ośmiałowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńGagarina Street 787-100 ToruńPoland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kallinen A, Kassiou M. Tracer development for PET imaging of proteinopathies. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 114-115:108-120. [PMID: 35487833 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines small molecule radiotracers developed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of proteinopathies, neurodegenerative diseases characterised by accumulation of malformed proteins, over the last two decades with the focus on radioligands that have progressed to clinical studies. Introduction provides a short summary of proteinopathy targets used for PET imaging, including vastly studied proteins Aβ and tau and emerging α-synuclein. In the main section, clinically relevant Aβ and tau radioligand classes and their properties are discussed, including an overview of lead compounds and radioligand candidates studied as α-synuclein imaging agents in the early discovery and preclinical development phase. Lastly, the specific challenges and future directions in proteinopathy radioligand development are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Kallinen
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maschio C, Ni R. Amyloid and Tau Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Tauopathies. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:838034. [PMID: 35527737 PMCID: PMC9074832 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.838034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and staging of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using non-invasive imaging biomarkers is of substantial clinical importance. Positron emission tomography (PET) provides readouts to uncover molecular alterations in the brains of AD patients with high sensitivity and specificity. A variety of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau PET tracers are already available for the clinical diagnosis of AD, but there is still a lack of imaging biomarkers with high affinity and selectivity for tau inclusions in primary tauopathies, such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and Pick’s disease (PiD). This review aims to provide an overview of the existing Aβ and tau PET imaging biomarkers and their binding properties from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assessment. Imaging biomarkers for pathologic proteins are vital for clinical diagnosis, disease staging and monitoring of the potential therapeutic approaches of AD. Off-target binding of radiolabeled tracers to white matter or other neural structures is one confounding factor when interpreting images. To improve binding properties such as binding affinity and to eliminate off-target binding, second generation of tau PET tracers have been developed. To conclude, we further provide an outlook for imaging tauopathies and other pathological features of AD and primary tauopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Maschio
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Cinzia Maschio,
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Ruiqing Ni,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Watanabe H, Kishimoto T, Kaide S, Tarumizu Y, Tatsumi H, Iikuni S, Ono M. Characterization and Optimization of Benzimidazopyrimidine and Pyridoimidazopyridine Derivatives as Tau-SPECT Probes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:805-811. [PMID: 34055229 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the brain is regarded as one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vivo imaging of tau aggregates is helpful for diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of AD. In this study, we designed and synthesized novel radioiodinated benzimidazopyrimidine (BIPM) and pyridoimidazopyridine (PIP) derivatives with a monomethylamino, monoethylamino, monopropylamino, or diethylamino group as tau imaging probes for single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT). On in vitro autoradiography with AD brain sections, [125I]PIP-NHMe showed the highest selective binding affinity for tau aggregates among the radioiodinated BIPM and PIP derivatives. In a biodistribution study using normal mice, [125I]PIP-NHMe and [125I]PIP-NHEt displayed high initial uptake (6.62 and 6.86% ID/g, respectively, at 2 min postinjection) into and rapid clearance from the brain, with brain2 min/brain30 min ratios of 38.9 and 28.6, respectively. These results suggest that [123I]PIP-NHMe may be a novel SPECT probe that is useful for detecting tau aggregates in the AD brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeaki Kishimoto
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Kaide
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Tarumizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Tatsumi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tago T, Toyohara J, Fujimaki R, Tatsuta M, Song R, Hirano K, Iwai K, Tanaka H. Effects of 18F-fluorinated neopentyl glycol side-chain on the biological characteristics of stilbene amyloid-β PET ligands. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 94-95:38-45. [PMID: 33493787 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2,2-dihydroxymethyl-1-[18F]fluoropropane group, also called 18F-labelled neopentyl glycol side-chain, is a novel 18F-labelling group for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents. The aim of using this group is to develop simple purification with solid-phase extraction without high-performance liquid chromatography. However, the effects of the neopentyl 18F-labelling group on the characteristics of brain imaging agents are unknown. Here, we added this side-chain to compounds with an aminostilbene structure to evaluate their effects on the biological properties of aminostilbene as an amyloid-β (Aβ) radioligand. METHODS Biodistributions of four novel 18F-labelled stilbene compounds with different lengths of polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers, called [18F]Cpd-0, -1, -2, and -4, (PEG = 0, 1, 2, and 4), and [18F]AV-1 in normal mice were evaluated. Metabolite analysis of [18F]Cpd-0 and -1 was performed with mouse plasma and brain. A competitive binding assay of [18F]AV-1 binding to Aβ1-42 fibrils was performed to determine the binding properties of the compounds. RESULTS [18F]Cpd-0, -1, and -2 demonstrated moderate initial brain uptake in mice (3.1-4.2% injected dose/g at 2 min post-injection) followed by fast clearance, and in vivo defluorination of these compounds was negligible. [18F]Cpd-4 exhibited low brain uptake and high bone uptake. Compared with [18F]Cpd-1, the percentage of [18F]Cpd-0 in mouse brain was high at 10 min post-injection. A competitive binding assay revealed partial interference effects by the neopentyl glycol side-chain on binding of stilbene compounds to Aβ1-42 fibrils. CONCLUSIONS Aminostilbene compounds with two or fewer PEG linkers containing an 18F-labelled neopentyl glycol side-chain demonstrated preferable pharmacokinetic properties as a brain imaging radioligand in normal mice. These side-chains can be used as an alternative labelling group for imaging agents targeting the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Ryo Fujimaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Maho Tatsuta
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ruichong Song
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | | | - Kumiko Iwai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; NMP Business Support Co., Ltd., Hyogo 669-1339, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Studentsov EP, Golovina AA, Krasikova RN, Orlovskaja VV, Vaulina DD, Krutikov VI, Ramsh SM. 2-Arylbenzothiazoles: Advances in Anti-Cancer and Diagnostic
Pharmaceuticals Discovery. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Advances in the development of imaging probes and aggregation inhibitors for alpha-synuclein. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:483-498. [PMID: 31586134 PMCID: PMC7470848 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal protein aggregation has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). The main pathological hallmark of PD is the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites, both of which contain the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Under normal conditions, native α-syn exists in a soluble unfolded state but undergoes misfolding and aggregation into toxic aggregates under pathological conditions. Toxic α-syn species, especially oligomers, can cause oxidative stress, membrane penetration, synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as other damage, leading to neuronal death and eventually neurodegeneration. Early diagnosis and treatments targeting PD pathogenesis are urgently needed. Given its critical role in PD, α-syn is an attractive target for the development of both diagnostic tools and effective therapeutics. This review summarizes the progress toward discovering imaging probes and aggregation inhibitors for α-syn. Relevant strategies and techniques in the discovery of α-syn-targeted drugs are also discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Uzuegbunam BC, Librizzi D, Hooshyar Yousefi B. PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis, the Current and Future Landscape. Molecules 2020; 25:E977. [PMID: 32098280 PMCID: PMC7070523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ironically, population aging which is considered a public health success has been accompanied by a myriad of new health challenges, which include neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), the incidence of which increases proportionally to age. Among them, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common, with the misfolding and the aggregation of proteins being common and causal in the pathogenesis of both diseases. AD is characterized by the presence of hyperphosphorylated τ protein (tau), which is the main component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and senile plaques the main component of which is β-amyloid peptide aggregates (Aβ). The neuropathological hallmark of PD is α-synuclein aggregates (α-syn), which are present as insoluble fibrils, the primary structural component of Lewy body (LB) and neurites (LN). An increasing number of non-invasive PET examinations have been used for AD, to monitor the pathological progress (hallmarks) of disease. Notwithstanding, still the need for the development of novel detection tools for other proteinopathies still remains. This review, although not exhaustively, looks at the timeline of the development of existing tracers used in the imaging of Aβ and important moments that led to the development of these tracers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Damiano Librizzi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Behrooz Hooshyar Yousefi
- Nuclear Medicine Department, and Neuroimaging Center, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Watanabe H, Tatsumi H, Kaide S, Shimizu Y, Iikuni S, Ono M. Structure-Activity Relationships of Radioiodinated 6,5,6-Tricyclic Compounds for the Development of Tau Imaging Probes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:120-126. [PMID: 32071677 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau aggregate, which is the main component of the neurofibrillary tangle, is an attractive imaging target for diagnosing and monitoring the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we designed and synthesized six radioiodinated 6,5,6-tricyclic compounds to explore novel scaffolds for tau imaging probes. On in vitro autoradiography of AD brain sections, pyridoimidazopyridine and benzimidazopyrimidine derivatives ([125I]21 and [125I]22, respectively) showed selective binding affinity for tau aggregates, whereas carbazole, pyrrolodipyridine, and pyridoimidazopyrimidine derivatives ([125I]10, [125I]12, and [125I]23, respectively) bound β-amyloid aggregates. In a biodistribution study using normal mice, [125I]21 and [125I]22 showed high initial uptakes (5.73 and 5.66% ID/g, respectively, at 2 min postinjection) into and rapid washout (0.14 and 0.10% ID/g, respectively, at 60 min postinjection) from the brain. Taken together, two novel scaffolds including pyridoimidazopyridine and benzimidazopyrimidine may be applied to develop useful tau imaging probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Tatsumi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Kaide
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liger F, Cadarossanesaib F, Iecker T, Tourvieille C, Le Bars D, Billard T. 11
C-Labeling: Intracyclic Incorporation of Carbon-11 into Heterocycles. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Didier Le Bars
- CERMEP-In vivo imaging; 59 Bd Pinel 69677 Lyon France
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (UMR CNRS 5246); Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Thierry Billard
- CERMEP-In vivo imaging; 59 Bd Pinel 69677 Lyon France
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (UMR CNRS 5246); Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The past decade has seen tremendous efforts in biomarker discovery and validation for neurodegenerative diseases. The source and type of biomarkers has continued to grow for central nervous system diseases, from biofluid-based biomarkers (blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)), to nucleic acids, tissue, and imaging. While DNA remains a predominant biomarker used to identify familial forms of neurodegenerative diseases, various types of RNA have more recently been linked to familial and sporadic forms of neurodegenerative diseases during the past few years. Imaging approaches continue to evolve and are making major contributions to target engagement and early diagnostic biomarkers. Incorporation of biomarkers into drug development and clinical trials for neurodegenerative diseases promises to aid in the development and demonstration of target engagement and drug efficacy for neurologic disorders. This review will focus on recent advancements in developing biomarkers for clinical utility in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Bowser
- Iron Horse Diagnostics, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, 85255, USA.
- Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kaide S, Ono M, Watanabe H, Kitada A, Yoshimura M, Shimizu Y, Ihara M, Saji H. Structure-Activity Relationships of Radioiodinated Benzoimidazopyridine Derivatives for Detection of Tau Pathology. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:478-483. [PMID: 29795763 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that neurofibrillary tangles consisting of tau proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). For selective detection of tau pathology, we synthesized and evaluated radioiodinated benzoimidazopyridine (BIP) derivatives with an alkylamino group as tau imaging probes. In vitro selectivity to tau aggregates and in vivo pharmacokinetics of BIP derivatives varied markedly, being strongly dependent on the alkylamino group. In in vitro autoradiography with AD brain sections, the BIP derivative with a dimethylamino group (BIP-NMe2) showed the highest selectivity to tau aggregates. Regarding the biodistribution using normal mice, the BIP derivative with an ethylamino group (BIP-NHEt) showed the highest uptake (6.04% ID/g at 2 min postinjection) into and rapid washout (0.12% ID/g at 60 min postinjection) from the brain. These results suggest that the introduction of an optimal alkylamino group into the BIP scaffold may lead to the development of more potential tau imaging probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kaide
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ayane Kitada
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoshimura
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Conversion of iodine to fluorine-18 based on iodinated chalcone and evaluation for β-amyloid PET imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3352-3358. [PMID: 29751990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the amyloid cascade hypothesis, β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques is one of the major pathological biomarkers in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. We report the synthesis and evaluation of novel radiofluorinated chalcones, [18F]4-dimethylamino-4'-fluoro-chalcone ([18F]DMFC) and [18F]4'-fluoro-4-methylamino-chalcone ([18F]FMC), as Aβ imaging probes. The conversion of iodine directly introduced to the chalcone backbone into fluorine was successfully carried out by 18F-labeling via the corresponding boronate precursors, achieving the direct introduction of fluorine-18 into the chalcone backbone to prepare [18F]DMFC and [18F]FMC. In a biodistribution study using normal mice, [18F]DMFC and [18F]FMC showed a higher initial uptake (4.43 and 5.47% ID/g at 2 min postinjection, respectively) into and more rapid clearance (0.52 and 0.66% ID/g at 30 min postinjection, respectively) from the brain than a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Aβ imaging agent ([18F]Florbetapir), meaning the improvement of the probability of detecting Aβ plaques and the reduction of non-specific binding in the brain. In the in vitro binding studies using aggregates of recombinant Aβ peptides, [18F]DMFC and [18F]FMC showed high binding affinity to recombinant Aβ aggregates at the Kd values of 4.47 and 6.50 nM, respectively. In the in vitro autoradiography (ARG) experiment with AD brain sections, [18F]DMFC and [18F]FMC markedly accumulated only in a region with abundant Aβ plaques, indicating that they clearly recognized human Aβ plaques in vitro. These encouraging results suggest that [18F]DMFC and [18F]FMC may be promising PET probes for the detection of an amyloid pathology and the early diagnosis of AD with marked accuracy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang LM, Wu Q, Kirk RA, Horn KP, Ebada Salem AH, Hoffman JM, Yap JT, Sonnen JA, Towner RA, Bozza FA, Rodrigues RS, Morton KA. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia induces amyloid-β and p-tau formation in the rat brain. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 8:86-99. [PMID: 29755842 PMCID: PMC5944824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques are not specific to Alzheimer's disease and occur with aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Soluble brain Aβ may be neuroprotective and increases in response to neuroinflammation. Sepsis is associated with neurocognitive compromise. The objective was to determine, in a rat endotoxemia model of sepsis, whether neuroinflammation and soluble Aβ production are associated with Aβ plaque and hyperphosphorylated tau deposition in the brain. Male Sprague Dawley rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS). Brain and blood levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα and cortical microglial density were measured in LPS-injected and control animals. Soluble brain Aβ and p-tau were compared and Aβ plaques were quantified and characterized. Brain uptake of [18F]flutemetamol was measured by phosphor imaging. LPS endotoxemia resulted in elevations of cytokines in blood and brain. Microglial density was increased in LPS-treated rats relative to controls. LPS resulted in increased soluble Aβ and in p-tau levels in whole brain. Progressive increases in morphologically-diffuse Aβ plaques occurred throughout the interval of observation (to 7-9 days post LPS). LPS endotoxemia resulted in increased [18F]flutemetamol in the cortex and increased cortex: white matter ratios of activity. In conclusion, LPS endotoxemia causes neuroinflammation, increased soluble Aβ and Aβ diffuse plaques in the brain. Aβ PET tracers may inform this neuropathology. Increased p-tau in the brain of LPS treated animals suggests that downstream consequences of Aβ plaque formation may occur. Further mechanistic and neurocognitive studies to understand the causes and consequences of LPS-induced neuropathology are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ryan A Kirk
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin P Horn
- Department of Radiology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Ahmed H Ebada Salem
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M Hoffman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Yap
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joshua A Sonnen
- Department of Pathology, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Critical Care Lab and Immunopharmacology Lab, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosana S Rodrigues
- Department of Radiology, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kathryn A Morton
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Watanabe H, Ariyoshi T, Ozaki A, Ihara M, Ono M, Saji H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel radioiodinated benzimidazole derivatives for imaging α-synuclein aggregates. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6398-6403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
19
|
Can Astrocytes Be a Target for Precision Medicine? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1007:111-128. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
20
|
Jang KS, Shin DS, Song HR, Lee BS, Chi DY. Regioselective Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Diverse Benzothiazoles by Thermally Induced Cyclization ofortho-Halobenzanilides. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keun Sam Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 42 Jebong-no, Donggu; Gwangju 501-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seok Shin
- Department of Chemistry; Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong Mapogu; Seoul 121-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Rim Song
- Department of Chemistry; Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong Mapogu; Seoul 121-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Se Lee
- Research Institute of Labeling; FutureChem Co., Ltd; Seoul 04782 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yoon Chi
- Department of Chemistry; Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong Mapogu; Seoul 121-742 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia among the elderly population. The good correlation between the density and neocortical spread of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and the severity of cognitive impairment offers an opportunity to use a noninvasive imaging technique such as positron emission tomography (PET) for early diagnosis and staging of the disease. PET imaging of NFTs holds promise not only as a diagnostic tool but also because it may enable the development of disease-modifying therapeutics for AD. In this review, we focus on the structural diversity of tau PET tracers, the challenges related to identifying high-affinity and highly selective NFT ligands, and recent progress in the clinical development of tau PET radioligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmuth C Kolb
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Biomarkers, San Diego, California 92121
| | - José Ignacio Andrés
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, Janssen-Cilag S.A., 45007 Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hammers DB, Atkinson TJ, Dalley BCA, Suhrie KR, Horn KP, Rasmussen KM, Beardmore BE, Burrell LD, Duff K, Hoffman JM. Amyloid Positivity Using [18F]Flutemetamol-PET and Cognitive Deficits in Nondemented Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2017; 32:320-328. [PMID: 28403622 DOI: 10.1177/1533317517698795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little research exists examining the relationship between beta-amyloid neuritic plaque density via [18F]flutemetamol binding and cognition; consequently, the purpose of the current study was to compare cognitive performances among individuals having either increased amyloid deposition (Flute+) or minimal amyloid deposition (Flute-). Twenty-seven nondemented community-dwelling adults over the age of 65 underwent [18F]flutemetamol amyloid-positron emission tomography imaging, along with cognitive testing using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and select behavioral measures. Analysis of variance was used to identify the differences among the cognitive and behavioral measures between Flute+/Flute- groups. Flute+ participants performed significantly worse than Flute- participants on RBANS indexes of immediate memory, language, delayed memory, and total scale score, but no significant group differences in the endorsed level of depression or subjective report of cognitive difficulties were observed. Although these results are preliminary, [18F]flutemetamol accurately tracks cognition in a nondemented elderly sample, which may allow for better prediction of cognitive decline in late life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin B Hammers
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Taylor J Atkinson
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bonnie C A Dalley
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kayla R Suhrie
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin P Horn
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kelli M Rasmussen
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Britney E Beardmore
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lance D Burrell
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin Duff
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M Hoffman
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rombouts FJR, Andrés JI, Ariza M, Alonso JM, Austin N, Bottelbergs A, Chen L, Chupakhin V, Cleiren E, Fierens K, Fontana A, Langlois X, Leenaerts JE, Mariën J, Martínez Lamenca C, Salter R, Schmidt ME, Te Riele P, Wintmolders C, Trabanco AA, Zhang W, Macdonald G, Moechars D. Discovery of N-(Pyridin-4-yl)-1,5-naphthyridin-2-amines as Potential Tau Pathology PET Tracers for Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1272-1291. [PMID: 28106992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A mini-HTS on 4000 compounds selected using 2D fragment-based similarity and 3D pharmacophoric and shape similarity to known selective tau aggregate binders identified N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)quinolin-2-amine 10 as a novel potent binder to human AD aggregated tau with modest selectivity versus aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ). Initial medicinal chemistry efforts identified key elements for potency and selectivity, as well as suitable positions for radiofluorination, leading to a first generation of fluoroalkyl-substituted quinoline tau binding ligands with suboptimal physicochemical properties. Further optimization toward a more optimal pharmacokinetic profile led to the discovery of 1,5-naphthyridine 75, a potent and selective tau aggregate binder with potential as a tau PET tracer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J R Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José-Ignacio Andrés
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuela Ariza
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José Manuel Alonso
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Lu Chen
- Isotope Chemistry and Biotransformation, Janssen Research & Development , Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Vladimir Chupakhin
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erna Cleiren
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Katleen Fierens
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alberto Fontana
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Xavier Langlois
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Joseph E Leenaerts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jonas Mariën
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Carolina Martínez Lamenca
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rhys Salter
- Isotope Chemistry and Biotransformation, Janssen Research & Development , Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Mark E Schmidt
- Neuroscience Experimental Medicine, Janssen Early Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Paula Te Riele
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Cindy Wintmolders
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Wei Zhang
- Neuroscience Biomarker Research, Janssen Research & Development , 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gregor Macdonald
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Linstad EJ, Vāvere AL, Hu B, Kempinger JJ, Snyder SE, DiMagno SG. Thermolysis and radiofluorination of diaryliodonium salts derived from anilines. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2246-2252. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic and theoretical studies reveal new reactions of Ar2I salts that can interfere with radiolabeling of these substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J. Linstad
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Chemistry
| | - Amy L. Vāvere
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
- Memphis
- USA
| | - Bao Hu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Chemistry
- University of Illinois–Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | | | - Scott E. Snyder
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
- Memphis
- USA
| | - Stephen G. DiMagno
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Chemistry
- University of Illinois–Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Counts SE, Ikonomovic MD, Mercado N, Vega IE, Mufson EJ. Biomarkers for the Early Detection and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:35-53. [PMID: 27738903 PMCID: PMC5233625 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent failures of potential disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) may reflect the fact that the enrolled participants in clinical trials are already too advanced to derive a clinical benefit. Thus, well-validated biomarkers for the early detection and accurate diagnosis of the preclinical stages of AD will be crucial for therapeutic advancement. The combinatorial use of biomarkers derived from biological fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with advanced molecular imaging and neuropsychological testing may eventually achieve the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity necessary to identify people in the earliest stages of the disease when drug modification is most likely possible. In this regard, positive amyloid or tau tracer retention on positron emission tomography imaging, low CSF concentrations of the amyloid-β 1-42 peptide, high CSF concentrations in total tau and phospho-tau, mesial temporal lobe atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging, and temporoparietal/precuneus hypometabolism or hypoperfusion on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography have all emerged as biomarkers for the progression to AD. However, the ultimate AD biomarker panel will likely involve the inclusion of novel CSF and blood biomarkers more precisely associated with confirmed pathophysiologic mechanisms to improve its reliability for detecting preclinical AD. This review highlights advancements in biological fluid and imaging biomarkers that are moving the field towards achieving the goal of a preclinical detection of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Natosha Mercado
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yamin G, Teplow DB. Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) binds amyloid β-protein protofibrils. J Neurochem 2016; 140:210-215. [PMID: 27943341 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes amyloid plaque formation by the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and intracellular paired helical filament formation by tau protein. These neuropathogenetic features correlate with disease progression and have been revealed in brains of AD patients using positron emission tomography (PET). One of the most useful positron emission tomography imaging agents has been Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB). However, since its introduction in 2002, substantial evidence has accumulated suggesting that Aβ oligomerization and protofibril formation, rather than fibril formation per se, may be the more important pathogenetic event in AD. Detecting protofibrils and oligomeric forms of Aβ thus may be of value. We report here the results of experiments to determine whether PiB binds to oligomers or protofibrils formed by Aβ40 and Aβ42. We observed strong binding to Aβ42 fibrils, significant binding to protofibrils, and weaker binding to Aβ42 oligomers. PiB also binds Aβ40 fibrils, but its binding to Aβ40 protofibrils and oligomers is substantially lower than for that observed for Aβ42.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghiam Yamin
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Molecular Biology Institute (MBI) and Brain Research Institute (BRI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Molecular Biology Institute (MBI) and Brain Research Institute (BRI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Olivas Arroyo C. Radiopharmaceuticals in positron emission tomography: present situation and future perspectives. RADIOLOGIA 2016; 58:468-480. [PMID: 27592111 DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique that has grown greatly in recent years. PET is considered a fundamental tool in oncology, and it also has indications in other fields such as neurology and cardiology. Although 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is the radiopharmaceutical most widely used in PET, the availability of new radiotracers has been a key element in the expansion of the use of PET. These new radiopharmaceuticals have made it possible to study different biological targets that are essential for obtaining greater knowledge and better characterization of different diseases and have thus contributed to the research and development of different therapeutic agents. This article provides a description of different PET radiopharmaceutical, structured according to their areas of application. Some of these radiotracers are already commercially available, whereas others are still under research or pending approval by regulatory bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Olivas Arroyo
- Unidad de Radiofarmacia, Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, España.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Szalárdy L, Zádori D, Klivényi P, Vécsei L. The Role of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in the Evolution of Diagnostic Criteria in Alzheimer’s Disease: Shortcomings in Prodromal Diagnosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:373-92. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szalárdy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Synthesis and evaluation of copper-64 labeled benzofuran derivatives targeting β-amyloid aggregates. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3618-23. [PMID: 27301677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates consisting of Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) peptides by positron emission tomography (PET) contributes to the diagnosis and therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because (64)Cu (t1/2=12.7h) is a radionuclide for PET with a longer physical half-life than (11)C (t1/2=20min) and (18)F (t1/2=110min), it is an attractive radionuclide for the development of Aβ imaging probes that are suitable for routine use. In the present study, we designed and synthesized two novel (64)Cu labeled benzofuran derivatives and evaluated their utility as PET imaging probes for Aβ aggregates. In an in vitro binding assay, 6 and 8 showed binding affinity for Aβ(1-42) aggregates with a Ki value of 33 and 243nM, respectively. In addition, these probes bound to Aβ plaques deposited in the brain of an AD model mouse in vitro. In a biodistribution experiment using normal mice, these probes showed low brain uptake (0.33% and 0.36% ID/g) at 2min post-injection. Although refinement to enhance brain uptake is needed, [(64)Cu]6 and [(64)Cu]8 demonstrated the feasibility of developing novel PET probes for imaging Aβ aggregates.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bolognesi ML, Gandini A, Prati F, Uliassi E. From Companion Diagnostics to Theranostics: A New Avenue for Alzheimer’s Disease? J Med Chem 2016; 59:7759-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annachiara Gandini
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Prati
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- College of Life Sciences,
Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Insight into the Molecular Imaging of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Biomed Imaging 2016; 2016:7462014. [PMID: 26880871 PMCID: PMC4736963 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7462014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Earlier it was diagnosed only via clinical assessments and confirmed by postmortem brain histopathology. The development of validated biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease has given impetus to improve diagnostics and accelerate the development of new therapies. Functional imaging like positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides a means of detecting and characterising the regional changes in brain blood flow, metabolism, and receptor binding sites that are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Multimodal neuroimaging techniques have indicated changes in brain structure and metabolic activity, and an array of neurochemical variations that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Radiotracer-based PET and SPECT potentially provide sensitive, accurate methods for the early detection of disease. This paper presents a review of neuroimaging modalities like PET, SPECT, and selected imaging biomarkers/tracers used for the early diagnosis of AD. Neuroimaging with such biomarkers and tracers could achieve a much higher diagnostic accuracy for AD and related disorders in the future.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gunn RN, Slifstein M, Searle GE, Price JC. Quantitative imaging of protein targets in the human brain with PET. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:R363-411. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/22/r363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
33
|
Heurling K, Leuzy A, Zimmer ER, Lubberink M, Nordberg A. Imaging β-amyloid using [18F]flutemetamol positron emission tomography: from dosimetry to clinical diagnosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:362-373. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
34
|
Liger F, Eijsbouts T, Cadarossanesaib F, Tourvieille C, Le Bars D, Billard T. Direct [11C]Methylation of Amines from [11C]CO2for the Synthesis of PET Radiotracers. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
35
|
Abstract
The recent development and introduction of new hybrid imaging devices combining positron emission tomography (PET) technology with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) opens up new perspectives in clinical molecular imaging. Combining MRI and fluorine-18 choline PET would theoretically produce valuable clinical data in a single imaging session, which can be used for staging, prognosis, and assessment of treatment response. Fluorine-18-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) is a highly sensitive PET tracer used as a marker of osteoblastic abnormalities. PET imaging with (68)Ga-DOTATATE or DOTATOC has demonstrated promising results for locating metastatic lesions, occasionally with superior sensitivity than whole-body MRI. l-DOPA PET adds data regarding l-DOPA metabolism, which may increase the specificity and sensibility of the study itself. Fluoromisonidazole is known to be not only a useful tracer for determining hypoxic cells but also an efficient hypoxic radiosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernandez Pampaloni
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M-396, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Nardo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M-396, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Radiology, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Antibodies or their derivatives as imaging probes for pathological tau protein have great potential, but have not been well studied. In particular, smaller, single-chain-variable antibody fragments (scFv's) are attractive for detecting tau lesions in live subjects. Here, we generated libraries of scFv's and identified numerous phospho-tau-selective scFv's. Peripheral injection of one of these scFv's consistently resulted in a strong in vivo brain signal in transgenic tauopathy mice, but not in wild-type or amyloid-β plaque mice. The parent tau antibody provided similar results, albeit with a weaker signal intensity. The imaging signal correlated very well with colocalization of the probe with intraneuronal tau aggregates. Both were associated with markers of endosomes, autophagosomes, and lysosomes, suggesting their interaction in these degradation pathways. Such specific antibody-derived imaging probes have great potential as diagnostic markers for Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ariza M, Kolb HC, Moechars D, Rombouts F, Andrés JI. Tau Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging: Past, Present, and Future. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4365-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5017544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ariza
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hartmuth C. Kolb
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José Ignacio Andrés
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bioactive benzofuran derivatives: An insight on lead developments, radioligands and advances of the last decade. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:356-76. [PMID: 25703339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzofuran core is a highly versatile, presents in many important natural products and natural drugs. Many benzofuran containing synthetic drugs and clinical candidates have been derived from natural products. The present review will provide an insight on lead design-developments of the decade, clinical candidates and PET tracer radio-ligands containing benzofuran core along with brief target biology. Brief of the all approved drugs containing benzofuran core also have been enclosed. Main therapeutic areas covered are Cancer, Neurological disorders including anti-psychotic agent and diabetes.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting the elderly. Current clinical diagnostic tools are often ineffective in accurately diagnosing AD. However, new advances in diagnostic imaging, particularly positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid imaging, have shown increased sensitivity and specificity, as well as high inter-reader agreement. The most commonly studied tracer, PiB-C11, has shown high affinity binding to amyloid, but is limited in its use outside of research due to its short half-life. Instead, development of other PET ligands with increased half-life, such as fluorine-18-labeled ((18)F) tracers, allows for more widespread use of PET in clinical settings. In particular, recent phase II and III trials of (18)F-florbetaben have demonstrated the high accuracy of this PET tracer in identifying amyloid accumulation. This paper will examine the techniques of amyloid imaging, focusing particularly on the recently approved (18)F-florbetaben.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Richards
- The Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351 USA
| | - Marwan N. Sabbagh
- The Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351 USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nasrallah IM, Wolk DA. Multimodality imaging of Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative dementias. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:2003-11. [PMID: 25413136 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.141416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, result in cognitive decline and dementia and are a leading cause of mortality in the growing elderly population. These progressive diseases typically have an insidious onset, with overlapping clinical features early in the disease course that make diagnosis challenging. The neurodegenerative diseases are associated with characteristic, although not completely understood, changes in the brain: abnormal protein deposition, synaptic dysfunction, neuronal injury, and neuronal death. Neuroimaging biomarkers-principally regional atrophy on structural MR imaging, patterns of hypometabolism on (18)F-FDG PET, and detection of cerebral amyloid plaque on amyloid PET--are able to evaluate the patterns of these abnormalities in the brain to improve early diagnosis and help predict the disease course. These techniques have unique strengths and synergies in multimodality evaluation of the patient with cognitive decline or dementia. This review discusses the key imaging biomarkers from MR imaging, (18)F-FDG PET, and amyloid PET; the imaging features of the most common neurodegenerative dementias; the role of various neuroimaging studies in differential diagnosis and prognosis; and some promising imaging techniques under development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya M Nasrallah
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Wolk
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li W, Wu XF. Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Benzoxazinones from N-(o-Bromoaryl)amides Using Paraformaldehyde as the Carbonyl Source. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10410-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanfang Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
A (68)Ga complex based on benzofuran scaffold for the detection of β-amyloid plaques. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4834-7. [PMID: 25227717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the imaging of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the brain is believed to be a useful tool for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a number of imaging probes to detect Aβ plaques have been developed. Because the radionuclide (68)Ga (t1/2=68 min) for PET imaging could become an attractive alternative to (11)C and (18)F, we designed and synthesized a benzofuran derivative conjugated with a (68)Ga complex ((68)Ga-DOTA-C3-BF) as a novel Aβ imaging probe. In an in vitro binding assay, Ga-DOTA-C3-BF showed high affinity for Aβ(1-42) aggregates (Ki=10.8 nM). The Ga-DOTA-C3-BF clearly stained Aβ plaques in a section of Tg2576 mouse, reflecting the affinity for Aβ(1-42) aggregates in vitro. In a biodistribution study in normal mice, (68)Ga-DOTA-C3-BF displayed low initial uptake (0.45% ID/g) in the brain at 2 min post-injection. While improvement of the brain uptake of (68)Ga complexes appears to be essential, these results suggest that novel PET imaging probes that include (68)Ga as the radionuclide for PET may be feasible.
Collapse
|
43
|
Venkatachalam TK, Stimson DHR, Bhalla R, Pierens GK, Reutens DC. Synthesis, characterization and (11) C-radiolabeling of aminophenyl benzothiazoles: structural effects on the alkylation of amino group. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:566-73. [PMID: 24996114 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Several aminophenyl benzothiazoles were prepared with a view to using them as amyloid binding agents for imaging β-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. These precursors were radiolabeled with (11) C-positron-emitting radioisotope using an automated synthesizer and selected radiolabeled compounds were further purified by HPLC. Our results demonstrate that changes in structure have a major influence on the radioactive yield and the ease with which the radiolabel can be introduced. Aminophenyl benzothiazoles with an attached isopropyl group resisted dialkylation perhaps due to steric hindrance caused by this group. Straight chain attachment of methyl, ethyl, butyl, and crotyl groups in the structure decreased the radiochemical yield. Notably, the o-aminophenyl benzothiazole derivatives were difficult to alkylate despite stringent experimental conditions. This reactivity difference is attributed to the hydrogen bonding characteristics of the o-amino group with the nitrogen atom of the thiazole ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T K Venkatachalam
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hayne DJ, Lim S, Donnelly PS. Metal complexes designed to bind to amyloid-β for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6701-15. [PMID: 24671229 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of age-related neurodegenerative dementia. The disease is characterised by the presence of plaques in the cerebral cortex. The major constituent of these plaques is aggregated amyloid-β peptide. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of metal complexes designed to bind to amyloid-β. The development of radioactive metal-based complexes of copper and technetium designed as diagnostic imaging agents to detect amyloid burden in the brain is discussed. Separate sections of the review discuss the use of luminescent metal complexes to act as non-conventional probes of amyloid formation and recent research into the use of metal complexes as inhibitors of amyloid formation and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Hayne
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Holland JP, Liang SH, Rotstein BH, Collier TL, Stephenson NA, Greguric I, Vasdev N. Alternative approaches for PET radiotracer development in Alzheimer's disease: imaging beyond plaque. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 57:323-31. [PMID: 24327420 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias show increasing clinical prevalence, yet our understanding of the etiology and pathobiology of disease-related neurodegeneration remains limited. In this regard, noninvasive imaging with radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) presents a unique tool for quantifying spatial and temporal changes in characteristic biological markers of brain disease and for assessing potential drug efficacy. PET radiotracers targeting different protein markers are being developed to address questions pertaining to the molecular and/or genetic heterogeneity of AD and related dementias. For example, radiotracers including [(11) C]-PiB and [(18) F]-AV-45 (Florbetapir) are being used to measure the density of Aβ-plaques in AD patients and to interrogate the biological mechanisms of disease initiation and progression. Our focus is on the development of novel PET imaging agents, targeting proteins beyond Aβ-plaques, which can be used to investigate the broader mechanism of AD pathogenesis. Here, we present the chemical basis of various radiotracers which show promise in preclinical or clinical studies for use in evaluating the phenotypic or biochemical characteristics of AD. Radiotracers for PET imaging neuroinflammation, metal ion association with Aβ-plaques, tau protein, cholinergic and cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes including glycogen-synthase kinase-3β and monoamine oxidase B amongst others, and their connection to AD are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., White 427, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA; Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee, New South Wales, 2232, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|