1
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Cui X, Friedman M, Yu Y, Zhu YA, Zhu M. Bony-fish-like scales in a Silurian maxillate placoderm. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7622. [PMID: 37993457 PMCID: PMC10665347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Major groups of jawed vertebrates exhibit contrasting conditions of dermal plates and scales. But the transition between these conditions remains unclear due to rare information on taxa occupying key phylogenetic positions. The 425-million-year-old fish Entelognathus combines an unusual mosaic of characters typically associated with jawed stem gnathostomes or crown gnathostomes. However, only the anterior part of the exoskeleton was previously known for this very crownward member of the gnathostome stem. Here, we report a near-complete post-thoracic exoskeleton of Entelognathus. Strikingly, its scales are large and some are rhomboid, bearing distinctive peg-and-socket articulations; this combination was previously only known in osteichthyans and considered a synapomorphy of that group. The presence in Entelognathus of an anal fin spine, previously only found in some stem chondrichthyans, further illustrates that many characters previously thought to be restricted to specific lineages within the gnathostome crown likely arose before the common ancestor of living jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yilun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - You-An Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Min Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Zhu M. Squamation and scale morphology at the root of jawed vertebrates. eLife 2022; 11:76661. [PMID: 35674421 PMCID: PMC9177148 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Placoderms, as the earliest branching jawed vertebrates, are crucial to understanding how the characters of crown gnathostomes comprising Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes evolved from their stem relatives. Despite the growing knowledge of the anatomy and diversity of placoderms over the past decade, the dermal scales of placoderms are predominantly known from isolated material, either morphologically or histologically, resulting in their squamation being poorly understood. Here we provide a comprehensive description of the squamation and scale morphology of a primitive taxon of Antiarcha (a clade at the root of jawed vertebrates), Parayunnanolepis xitunensis, based on the virtual restoration of an articulated specimen by using X-ray computed tomography. Thirteen morphotypes of scales are classified to exhibit how the morphology changes with their position on the body in primitive antiarchs, based on which nine areas of the post-thoracic body are distinguished to show their scale variations in the dorsal, flank, ventral, and caudal lobe regions. In this study, the histological structure of yunnanolepidoid scales is described for the first time based on disarticulated scales from the type locality and horizon of P. xitunensis. The results demonstrate that yunnanolepidoid scales are remarkably different from their dermal plates as well as euantiarch scales in lack of a well-developed middle layer. Together, our study reveals that the high regionalization of squamation and the bipartite histological structure of scales might be plesiomorphic for antiarchs, and jawed vertebrates in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Wang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment
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3
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Mondéjar Fernández J, Meunier FJ, Cloutier R, Clément G, Laurin M. Life history and ossification patterns in Miguashaia bureaui reveal the early evolution of osteogenesis in coelacanths. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13175. [PMID: 35411253 PMCID: PMC8994491 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of development is critical for revealing the evolution of major vertebrate lineages. Coelacanths have one of the longest evolutionary histories among osteichthyans, but despite access to extant representatives, the onset of their weakly ossified endoskeleton is still poorly understood. Here we present the first palaeohistological and skeletochronological study of Miguashaia bureaui from the Upper Devonian of Canada, pivotal for exploring the palaeobiology and early evolution of osteogenesis in coelacanths. Cross sections of the caudal fin bones show that the cortex is made of layers of primary bone separated by lines of arrested growth, indicative of a cyclical growth. The medullary cavity displays remnants of calcified cartilage associated with bony trabeculae, characteristic of endochondral ossification. A skeletochronological analysis indicates that rapid growth during a short juvenile period was followed by slower growth in adulthood. Our new analysis highlights the life history and palaeoecology of Miguashaia bureaui and reveals that, despite differences in size and habitat, the poor endoskeletal ossification known in the extant Latimeria chalumnae can be traced back at least 375 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mondéjar Fernández
- Division Paleontology and Historical Geology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—Paris (CR2P), UMR 7207, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - François J. Meunier
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Écosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), UMR 8067, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Richard Cloutier
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Gaël Clément
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—Paris (CR2P), UMR 7207, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Michel Laurin
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—Paris (CR2P), UMR 7207, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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4
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Mondéjar‐Fernández J, Meunier FJ, Cloutier R, Clément G, Laurin M. A microanatomical and histological study of the scales of the Devonian sarcopterygian Miguashaia bureaui and the evolution of the squamation in coelacanths. J Anat 2021; 239:451-478. [PMID: 33748974 PMCID: PMC8273612 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Coelacanths have traditionally been described as morphologically conservative throughout their long evolutionary history, which spans more than 400 million years. After an initial burst during the Devonian, a morphological stasis was long thought to have prevailed since the Carboniferous, as shown by the extant Latimeria. New fossil discoveries have challenged this view, with punctual and sometimes unusual departures from the general coelacanth Bauplan. The dermal skeleton is considered to represent one, if not the main, example of morphological stasis in coelacanth evolution and as a consequence, has remained poorly surveyed. The lack of palaeohistological data on the dermoskeleton has resulted in a poor understanding of the early establishment and evolution of the coelacanth squamation. Here we describe the scales of Miguashaia bureaui from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Québec (Canada), revealing histological data for a Palaeozoic coelacanth in great detail and adding to our knowledge on the dermal skeleton of sarcopterygians. Miguashaia displays rounded scales ornamented by tubercules and narrow ridges made of dentine and capped with enamel. At least two generations of superimposed odontodes occur, which is reminiscent of the primitive condition of stem osteichthyans like Andreolepis or Lophosteus, and onychodonts like Selenodus. The middle vascular layer is well developed and shows traces of osteonal remodelling. The basal plate consists of a fully mineralised lamellar bone with a repetitive rotation pattern every five layers indicating a twisted plywood-like arrangement of the collagen plies. Comparisons with the extant Latimeria and other extinct taxa show that these features are consistently conserved across coelacanth evolution with only minute changes in certain taxa. The morphological and histological features displayed in the scales of Miguashaia enable us to draw a comprehensive picture of the onset of the coelacanth squamation and to propose and discuss evolutionary scenarios for the coelacanth dermoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mondéjar‐Fernández
- Département Origines & ÉvolutionUMR 7207 (MNHN–Sorbonne Université–CNRS), CR2P, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—ParisMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleParisFrance
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - François J. Meunier
- Département Adaptations du VivantFRE BOREA 2030, (MNHN–Sorbonne Université–Univ. Caen Normandie–Univ. Antilles–CNRS–IRD)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleParisFrance
| | | | - Gaël Clément
- Département Origines & ÉvolutionUMR 7207 (MNHN–Sorbonne Université–CNRS), CR2P, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—ParisMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleParisFrance
| | - Michel Laurin
- Département Origines & ÉvolutionUMR 7207 (MNHN–Sorbonne Université–CNRS), CR2P, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—ParisMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleParisFrance
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5
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Haridy Y, Osenberg M, Hilger A, Manke I, Davesne D, Witzmann F. Bone metabolism and evolutionary origin of osteocytes: Novel application of FIB-SEM tomography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabb9113. [PMID: 33789889 PMCID: PMC8011976 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb9113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lacunae and canaliculi spaces of osteocytes are remarkably well preserved in fossilized bone and serve as an established proxy for bone cells. The earliest bone in the fossil record is acellular (anosteocytic), followed by cellular (osteocytic) bone in the jawless relatives of jawed vertebrates, the osteostracans, about 400 million years ago. Virtually nothing is known about the physiological pressures that would have initially favored osteocytic over anosteocytic bone. We apply focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography combined with machine learning for cell detection and segmentation to image fossil cell spaces. Novel three-dimensional high-resolution images reveal areas of low density around osteocyte lacunae and their canaliculi in osteostracan bone. This provides evidence for demineralization that would have occurred in vivo as part of osteocytic osteolysis, a mechanism of mineral homeostasis, supporting the hypothesis that a physiological demand for phosphorus was the principal driver in the initial evolution of osteocytic bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Haridy
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Markus Osenberg
- Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Energy (HZB), Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Hilger
- Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Energy (HZB), Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Manke
- Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Energy (HZB), Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Donald Davesne
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3AN Oxford, UK
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Witzmann
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
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6
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King B, Rücklin M. A Bayesian approach to dynamic homology of morphological characters and the ancestral phenotype of jawed vertebrates. eLife 2020; 9:e62374. [PMID: 33274719 PMCID: PMC7793628 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of morphological data proceeds from a fixed set of primary homology statements, the character-by-taxon matrix. However, there are cases where multiple conflicting homology statements can be justified from comparative anatomy. The upper jaw bones of placoderms have traditionally been considered homologous to the palatal vomer-dermopalatine series of osteichthyans. The discovery of 'maxillate' placoderms led to the alternative hypothesis that 'core' placoderm jaw bones are premaxillae and maxillae lacking external (facial) laminae. We introduce a BEAST2 package for simultaneous inference of homology and phylogeny, and find strong evidence for the latter hypothesis. Phenetic analysis of reconstructed ancestors suggests that maxillate placoderms are the most plesiomorphic known gnathostomes, and the shared cranial architecture of arthrodire placoderms, maxillate placoderms and osteichthyans is inherited. We suggest that the gnathostome ancestor possessed maxillae and premaxillae with facial and palatal laminae, and that these bones underwent divergent evolutionary trajectories in placoderms and osteichthyans.
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7
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Charest F, Johanson Z, Cloutier R. Loss in the making: absence of pelvic fins and presence of paedomorphic pelvic girdles in a Late Devonian antiarch placoderm (jawed stem-gnathostome). Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2018.0199. [PMID: 29899132 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within jawed vertebrates, pelvic appendages have been modified or lost repeatedly, including in the most phylogenetically basal, extinct, antiarch placoderms. One Early Devonian basal antiarch, Parayunnanolepis, possessed pelvic girdles, suggesting the presence of pelvic appendages at the origin of jawed vertebrates; their absence in more derived antiarchs implies a secondary loss. Recently, paired female genital plates were identified in the Late Devonian antiarch, Bothriolepis canadensis, in the position of pelvic girdles in other placoderms. We studied these putative genital plates along an ontogenetic series of B. canadensis; ontogenetic changes in their morphology, histology and elemental composition suggest they represent endoskeletal pelvic girdles composed of perichondral and endochondral bone. We suggest that pelvic fins of derived antiarchs were lost, while pelvic girdles were retained, but reduced, relative to Parayunnanolepis This indicates developmental plasticity and evolutionary lability in pelvic appendages, shortly after these elements evolved at the origin of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Charest
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 3A1.,Parc national de Miguasha, Nouvelle, Québec, Canada G0C 2E0
| | | | - Richard Cloutier
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 3A1
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8
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Davesne D, Meunier FJ, Schmitt AD, Friedman M, Otero O, Benson RBJ. The phylogenetic origin and evolution of acellular bone in teleost fishes: insights into osteocyte function in bone metabolism. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1338-1363. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Davesne
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Oxford OX1 3AN Oxford U.K
| | - François J. Meunier
- BOREA (UMR 7208 CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Sorbonne Université)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 75005 Paris France
| | - Armin D. Schmitt
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Oxford OX1 3AN Oxford U.K
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109‐1079 U.S.A
| | - Olga Otero
- PalEvoPrim (UMR 7262 CNRS)Université de Poitiers 86000 Poitiers France
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9
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Ay B, Mendes VC, Zhang L, Davies JE. A "best fit" approach for synergistic surface parameters to guide the design of candidate implant surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2165-2177. [PMID: 30677220 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human bone resorption surfaces can provide a template for endosseous implant surface design. We characterized the topography of such sites using four synergistic parameters (fractal dimension, lacunarity, porosity, and surface roughness) and compared the generated values with those obtained from two groups of candidate titanium implant surfaces. For the first group (n = 5/group): grit-blasted acid etched (BAE), BAE with either discrete calcium phosphate crystal deposition or nanotube formation, machined titanium with nanotubes, or a nanofiber surface; each measured synergistic parameter was statistically compared with that of the resorbed bone surface and scored for inclusion in a "best fit" analysis. The analysis informed changes that could be made to a candidate implant surface to render it a closer "best fit" to that of the resorbed bone surface. In a second group of either titanium or titanium alloy implants their micro-topography, created by dual acid etching, was the same for each material substrate; but their nanotopographic complexity was changed by varying the degree of calcium phosphate crystalline deposits. These implants were also used in vivo where bone anchorage was tested using a tensile disruption test; and the "best fit" of synergistic parameters coincided with the best biological outcome for both titanium and titanium alloy implants. In conclusion, the four chosen synergistic parameters can be used to guide the sub-micron surface design of candidate implants, and our "best fit" approach is capable of identifying the surfaces with the best biological outcomes. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2165-2177, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birol Ay
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa C Mendes
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - John E Davies
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Clarac F, Goussard F, Teresi L, Buffrénil V, Sansalone V. Do the ornamented osteoderms influence the heat conduction through the skin? A finite element analysis in Crocodylomorpha. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:39-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Clarac F, De Buffrénil V, Brochu C, Cubo J. The evolution of bone ornamentation in Pseudosuchia: morphological constraints versus ecological adaptation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, Pan Z, Zhu Y, Qiao T, Zhao W, Jia L, Lu J. A Silurian maxillate placoderm illuminates jaw evolution. Science 2016; 354:334-336. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Andreev P, Coates MI, Karatajūtė-Talimaa V, Shelton RM, Cooper PR, Wang NZ, Sansom IJ. The systematics of the Mongolepidida (Chondrichthyes) and the Ordovician origins of the clade. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1850. [PMID: 27350896 PMCID: PMC4918221 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mongolepidida is an Order of putative early chondrichthyan fish, originally erected to unite taxa from the Lower Silurian of Mongolia. The present study reassesses mongolepid systematics through the examination of the developmental, histological and morphological characteristics of scale-based specimens from the Upper Ordovician Harding Sandstone (Colorado, USA) and the Upper Llandovery–Lower Wenlock Yimugantawu (Tarim Basin, China), Xiushan (Guizhou Province, China) and Chargat (north-western Mongolia) Formations. The inclusion of the Mongolepidida within the Class Chondrichthyes is supported on the basis of a suite of scale attributes (areal odontode deposition, linear odontocomplex structure and lack of enamel, cancellous bone and hard-tissue resorption) shared with traditionally recognized chondrichthyans (euchondrichthyans, e.g., ctenacanthiforms). The mongolepid dermal skeleton exhibits a rare type of atubular dentine (lamellin) that is regarded as one of the diagnostic features of the Order within crown gnathostomes. The previously erected Mongolepididae and Shiqianolepidae families are revised, differentiated by scale-base histology and expanded to include the genera Rongolepisand Xinjiangichthys, respectively. A newly described mongolepid species (Solinalepis levis gen. et sp. nov.) from the Ordovician of North America is treated as family incertae sedis, as it possesses a type of basal bone tissue (acellular and vascular) that has yet to be documented in other mongolepids. This study extends the stratigraphic and palaeogeographic range of Mongolepidida and adds further evidence for an early diversification of the Chondrichthyes in the Ordovician Period, 50 million years prior to the first recorded appearance of euchondrichthyan teeth in the Lower Devonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamen Andreev
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , United Kingdom
| | - Michael I Coates
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago , Chicago , United States
| | | | - Richard M Shelton
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Cooper
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , United Kingdom
| | - Nian-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ivan J Sansom
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , United Kingdom
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14
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Keating JN, Donoghue PCJ. Histology and affinity of anaspids, and the early evolution of the vertebrate dermal skeleton. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20152917. [PMID: 26962140 PMCID: PMC4810860 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of the gnathostome bodyplan constitutes a formative episode in vertebrate evolutionary history, an interval in which the mineralized skeleton and its canonical suite of cell and tissue types originated. Fossil jawless fishes, assigned to the gnathostome stem-lineage, provide an unparalleled insight into the origin and evolution of the skeleton, hindered only by uncertainty over the phylogenetic position and evolutionary significance of key clades. Chief among these are the jawless anaspids, whose skeletal composition, a rich source of phylogenetic information, is poorly characterized. Here we survey the histology of representatives spanning anaspid diversity and infer their generalized skeletal architecture. The anaspid dermal skeleton is composed of odontodes comprising spheritic dentine and enameloid, overlying a basal layer of acellular parallel fibre bone containing an extensive shallow canal network. A recoded and revised phylogenetic analysis using equal and implied weights parsimony resolves anaspids as monophyletic, nested among stem-gnathostomes. Our results suggest the anaspid dermal skeleton is a degenerate derivative of a histologically more complex ancestral vertebrate skeleton, rather than reflecting primitive simplicity. Hypotheses that anaspids are ancestral skeletonizing lampreys, or a derived lineage of jawless vertebrates with paired fins, are rejected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Keating
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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15
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de Buffrénil V, Clarac F, Canoville A, Laurin M. Comparative data on the differentiation and growth of bone ornamentation in gnathostomes (Chordata: Vertebrata). J Morphol 2016; 277:634-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian de Buffrénil
- CR2P (UMR 7207), CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Département Histoire de la Terre; Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle; Bâtiment de Géologie CC 48, 57 Rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - François Clarac
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7193, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP); Sorbonne Universités; 4 Place Jussieu, BC 19, F-75005 Paris France
| | - Aurore Canoville
- Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology; Bonn University; Nußallee 8 Bonn 53115 Germany
| | - Michel Laurin
- CR2P (UMR 7207), CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Département Histoire de la Terre; Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle; Bâtiment de Géologie CC 48, 57 Rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
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New Insights in the Ontogeny and Taphonomy of the Devonian Acanthodian Triazeugacanthus affinis From the Miguasha Fossil-Lagerstätte, Eastern Canada. MINERALS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/min6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Torres FG, De la Torre D, Merino M. Dynamic mechanical analysis of fish dermal armour fromA. gigasandP. pardalis. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2015. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.15.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Clarac F, Souter T, Cornette R, Cubo J, de Buffrénil V. A quantitative assessment of bone area increase due to ornamentation in the Crocodylia. J Morphol 2015; 276:1183-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Clarac
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7193, Institut Des Sciences De La Terre Paris (ISTeP); 4 Place Jussieu, BC 19 Paris F-75005 France
- CNRS, UMR 7193, Institut Des Sciences De La Terre Paris (ISTeP); 4 Place Jussieu, BC 19 Paris F-75005 France
- Département Histoire De La Terre; Museum National D'histoire Naturelle, UMR 7207 (CR2P), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)/CNRS/UPMC; Bâtiment De Géologie Paris Cedex 05 F-75231 France
| | - Thibaud Souter
- Plateforme De Morphométrie Du MNHN -UMS 2700 Outils Et Méthodes De La Systématique Intégrative; 55 Rue Buffon Paris 75005 France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut De Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National D'histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités; 57 Rue Cuvier 75005 Paris France
| | - Jorge Cubo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7193, Institut Des Sciences De La Terre Paris (ISTeP); 4 Place Jussieu, BC 19 Paris F-75005 France
- CNRS, UMR 7193, Institut Des Sciences De La Terre Paris (ISTeP); 4 Place Jussieu, BC 19 Paris F-75005 France
| | - Vivian de Buffrénil
- Département Histoire De La Terre; Museum National D'histoire Naturelle, UMR 7207 (CR2P), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)/CNRS/UPMC; Bâtiment De Géologie Paris Cedex 05 F-75231 France
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Hirasawa T, Kuratani S. Evolution of the vertebrate skeleton: morphology, embryology, and development. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:2. [PMID: 26605047 PMCID: PMC4604106 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-014-0007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two major skeletal systems-the endoskeleton and exoskeleton-are recognized in vertebrate evolution. Here, we propose that these two systems are distinguished primarily by their relative positions, not by differences in embryonic histogenesis or cell lineage of origin. Comparative embryologic analyses have shown that both types of skeleton have changed their mode of histogenesis during evolution. Although exoskeletons were thought to arise exclusively from the neural crest, recent experiments in teleosts have shown that exoskeletons in the trunk are mesodermal in origin. The enameloid and dentine-coated postcranial exoskeleton seen in many vertebrates does not appear to represent an ancestral condition, as previously hypothesized, but rather a derived condition, in which the enameloid and dentine tissues became accreted to bones. Recent data from placoderm fossils are compatible with this scenario. In contrast, the skull contains neural crest-derived bones in its rostral part. Recent developmental studies suggest that the boundary between neural crest- and mesoderm-derived bones may not be consistent throughout evolution. Rather, the relative positions of bony elements may be conserved, and homologies of bony elements have been retained, with opportunistic changes in the mechanisms and cell lineages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hirasawa
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
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20
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Doherty AH, Ghalambor CK, Donahue SW. Evolutionary Physiology of Bone: Bone Metabolism in Changing Environments. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 30:17-29. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00022.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone evolved to serve many mechanical and physiological functions. Osteocytes and bone remodeling first appeared in the dermal skeleton of fish, and subsequently adapted to various challenges in terrestrial animals occupying diverse environments. This review discusses the physiology of bone and its role in mechanical and calcium homeostases from an evolutionary perspective. We review how bone physiology responds to changing environments and the adaptations to unique and extreme physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison H. Doherty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
| | - Cameron K. Ghalambor
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Seth W. Donahue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
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21
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Jerve A, Johanson Z, Ahlberg P, Boisvert C. Embryonic development of fin spines in Callorhinchus milii (Holocephali); implications for chondrichthyan fin spine evolution. Evol Dev 2014; 16:339-53. [PMID: 25378057 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fin spines are commonly known from fossil gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) and are usually associated with paired and unpaired fins. They are less common among extant gnathostomes, being restricted to the median fins of certain chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish), including chimaerids (elephant sharks) and neoselachians (sharks, skates, and rays). Fin spine growth is of great interest and relevance but few studies have considered their evolution and development. We investigated the development of the fin spine of the chimaerid Callorhinchus milii using stained histological sections from a series of larval, hatchling, and adult individuals. The lamellar trunk dentine of the Callorhinchus spine first condenses within the mesenchyme, rather than at the contact surface between mesenchyme and epithelium, in a manner more comparable to dermal bone formation than to normal odontode development. Trabecular dentine forms a small component of the spine under the keel; it is covered externally with a thin layer of lamellar trunk dentine, which is difficult to distinguish in sectioned adult spines. We suggest that the distinctive characteristics of the trunk dentine may reflect an origin through co-option of developmental processes involved in dermal bone formation. Comparison with extant Squalus and a range of fossil chondrichthyans shows that Callorhinchus is more representative than Squalus of generalized chondrichthyan fin-spine architecture, highlighting its value as a developmental model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jerve
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 58, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ, Cunningham JA, Marone F, Stampanoni M. DEVELOPMENTAL PALEOBIOLOGY OF THE VERTEBRATE SKELETON. JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY 2014; 88:676-683. [PMID: 26306050 PMCID: PMC4545513 DOI: 10.1666/13-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the development of organisms can reveal crucial information on homology of structures. Developmental data are not peculiar to living organisms, and they are routinely preserved in the mineralized tissues that comprise the vertebrate skeleton, allowing us to obtain direct insight into the developmental evolution of this most formative of vertebrate innovations. The pattern of developmental processes is recorded in fossils as successive stages inferred from the gross morphology of multiple specimens and, more reliably and routinely, through the ontogenetic stages of development seen in the skeletal histology of individuals. Traditional techniques are destructive and restricted to a 2-D plane with the third dimension inferred. Effective non-invasive methods of visualizing paleohistology to reconstruct developmental stages of the skeleton are necessary. In a brief survey of paleohistological techniques we discuss the pros and cons of these methods. The use of tomographic methods to reconstruct development of organs is exemplified by the study of the placoderm dentition. Testing evidence for the presence of teeth in placoderms, the first jawed vertebrates, we compare the methods that have been used. These include inferring the development from morphology, and using serial sectioning, microCT or synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) to reconstruct growth stages and directions of growth. The ensuing developmental interpretations are biased by the methods and degree of inference. The most direct and reliable method is using SRXTM data to trace sclerochronology. The resulting developmental data can be used to resolve homology and test hypotheses on the origin of evolutionary novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rücklin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland ; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Khonsari RH, Olivier J, Vigneaux P, Sanchez S, Tafforeau P, Ahlberg PE, Di Rocco F, Bresch D, Corre P, Ohazama A, Sharpe PT, Calvez V. A mathematical model for mechanotransduction at the early steps of suture formation. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122670. [PMID: 23516237 PMCID: PMC3619497 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and patterning of craniofacial sutures is subjected to the effects of mechanical stress. Mechanotransduction processes occurring at the margins of the sutures are not precisely understood. Here, we propose a simple theoretical model based on the orientation of collagen fibres within the suture in response to local stress. We demonstrate that fibre alignment generates an instability leading to the emergence of interdigitations. We confirm the appearance of this instability both analytically and numerically. To support our model, we use histology and synchrotron X-ray microtomography and reveal the fine structure of fibres within the sutural mesenchyme and their insertion into the bone. Furthermore, using a mouse model with impaired mechanotransduction, we show that the architecture of sutures is disturbed when forces are not interpreted properly. Finally, by studying the structure of sutures in the mouse, the rat, an actinopterygian (Polypterus bichir) and a placoderm (Compagopiscis croucheri), we show that bone deposition patterns during dermal bone growth are conserved within jawed vertebrates. In total, these results support the role of mechanical constraints in the growth and patterning of craniofacial sutures, a process that was probably effective at the emergence of gnathostomes, and provide new directions for the understanding of normal and pathological suture fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Khonsari
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Research, Comprehensive Biomedical Research, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
- Service de Chirurgie maxillofaciale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - J. Olivier
- Archimedes Center for Modeling, Analysis and Computation (ACMAC), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - P. Vigneaux
- Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR, 5669 Lyon, France
| | - S. Sanchez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - P. Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - P. E. Ahlberg
- Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F. Di Rocco
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - D. Bresch
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques (LAMA), Université de Savoie, CNRS UMR, 5127 Chambéry, France
| | - P. Corre
- Service de Chirurgie maxillofaciale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - A. Ohazama
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Research, Comprehensive Biomedical Research, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P. T. Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Research, Comprehensive Biomedical Research, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V. Calvez
- Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR, 5669 Lyon, France
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24
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Giles S, Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ. Histology of "placoderm" dermal skeletons: Implications for the nature of the ancestral gnathostome. J Morphol 2013; 274:627-44. [PMID: 23378262 PMCID: PMC5176033 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate dermal skeleton has long been interpreted to have evolved from a primitive condition exemplified by chondrichthyans. However, chondrichthyans and osteichthyans evolved from an ancestral gnathostome stem‐lineage in which the dermal skeleton was more extensively developed. To elucidate the histology and skeletal structure of the gnathostome crown‐ancestor we conducted a histological survey of the diversity of the dermal skeleton among the placoderms, a diverse clade or grade of early jawed vertebrates. The dermal skeleton of all placoderms is composed largely of a cancellar architecture of cellular dermal bone, surmounted by dermal tubercles in the most ancestral clades, including antiarchs. Acanthothoracids retain an ancestral condition for the dermal skeleton, and we record its secondary reduction in antiarchs. We also find that mechanisms for remodeling bone and facilitating different growth rates between adjoining plates are widespread throughout the placoderms. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Giles
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol, UK
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25
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Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ, Johanson Z, Trinajstic K, Marone F, Stampanoni M. Development of teeth and jaws in the earliest jawed vertebrates. Nature 2012; 491:748-51. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Fisher S, Franz-Odendaal T. Evolution of the bone gene regulatory network. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2012; 22:390-7. [PMID: 22663778 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current fossil, embryological and genetic data shed light on the evolution of the gene regulatory network (GRN) governing bone formation. The key proteins and genes involved in skeletogenesis are well accepted. We discuss when these essential components of the GRN evolved and propose that the Runx genes, master regulators of skeletogenesis, functioned in early cartilages well before they were co-opted to function in the making of bone. Two rounds of whole genome duplication, together with additional tandem gene duplications, created a genetic substrate for segregation of one GRN into several networks regulating the related tissues of cartilage, bone, enamel, and dentin. During this segregation, Runx2 assumed its position at the top of the bone GRN, and Sox9 was excluded from bone, retaining its ancient role in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Fisher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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