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Figueroa RT, Weinschütz LC, Giles S, Friedman M. Soft-tissue fossilization illuminates the stepwise evolution of the ray-finned fish brain. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2831-2840.e2. [PMID: 38866006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A complex brain is central to the success of backboned animals. However, direct evidence bearing on vertebrate brain evolution comes almost exclusively from extant species, leaving substantial knowledge gaps. Although rare, soft-tissue preservation in fossils can yield unique insights on patterns of neuroanatomical evolution. Paleontological evidence from an exceptionally preserved Pennsylvanian (∼318 Ma) actinopterygian, Coccocephalus, calls into question prior interpretations of ancestral actinopterygian brain conditions. However, the ordering and timing of major evolutionary innovations, such as an everted telencephalon, modified meningeal tissues, and hypothalamic inferior lobes, remain unclear. Here, we report two distinct actinopterygian morphotypes from the latest Carboniferous-earliest Permian (∼299 Ma) of Brazil that show extensive soft-tissue preservation of brains, cranial nerves, eyes, and potential cardiovascular tissues. These fossils corroborate inferences drawn from ✝Coccocephalus, while adding new information about neuroanatomical evolution. Skeletal features indicate that one of these Brazilian morphotypes is more closely related to living actinopterygians than the other, which is also reflected in soft-tissue features. Significantly, the more crownward morphotype shows a key neuroanatomical feature of extant actinopterygians-an everted telencephalon-that is absent in the other morphotype and ✝Coccocephalus. All preserved Paleozoic actinopterygian brains show broad similarities, including an invaginated cerebellum, hypothalamus inferior lobes, and a small forebrain. In each case, preserved brains are substantially smaller than the enclosing cranial chamber. The neuroanatomical similarities shared by this grade of Permo-Carboniferous actinopterygians reflect probable primitive conditions for actinopterygians, providing a revised model for interpreting brain evolution in a major branch of the vertebrate tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo T Figueroa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, North University Building, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Luiz Carlos Weinschütz
- Centro Paleontologico da Universidade do Contestado, CENPALEO, Av. Presidente Nereu Ramos 1071, Jardim Moinho, Mafra 89806-076, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sam Giles
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matt Friedman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, North University Building, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Latimer AE, Sherratt E, Bonnet T, Scheyer TM. Semicircular canal shape diversity among modern lepidosaurs: life habit, size, allometry. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:10. [PMID: 37046214 PMCID: PMC10091843 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shape of the semicircular canals of the inner ear of living squamate reptiles has been used to infer phylogenetic relationships, body size, and life habits. Often these inferences are made without controlling for the effects of the other ones. Here we examine the semicircular canals of 94 species of extant limbed lepidosaurs using three-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics, and analyze them in phylogenetic context to evaluate the relative contributions of life habit, size, and phylogeny on canal shape. RESULTS Life habit is not a strong predictor of semicircular canal shape across this broad sample. Instead, phylogeny plays a major role in predicting shape, with strong phylogenetic signal in shape as well as size. Allometry has a limited role in canal shape, but inner ear size and body mass are strongly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Our wide sampling across limbed squamates suggests that semicircular canal shape and size are predominantly a factor of phylogenetic relatedness. Given the small proportion of variance in semicircular canal shape explained by life habit, it is unlikely that unknown life habit could be deduced from semicircular canal shape alone. Overall, semicircular canal size is a good estimator of body length and even better for body mass in limbed squamates. Semiaquatic taxa tend to be larger and heavier than non-aquatic taxa, but once body size and phylogeny are accounted for, they are hard to distinguish from their non-aquatic relatives based on bony labyrinth shape and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Latimer
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Sherratt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Timothée Bonnet
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Exceptional fossil preservation and evolution of the ray-finned fish brain. Nature 2023; 614:486-491. [PMID: 36725931 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain anatomy provides key evidence for the relationships between ray-finned fishes1, but two major limitations obscure our understanding of neuroanatomical evolution in this major vertebrate group. First, the deepest branching living lineages are separated from the group's common ancestor by hundreds of millions of years, with indications that aspects of their brain morphology-like other aspects of their anatomy2,3-are specialized relative to primitive conditions. Second, there are no direct constraints on brain morphology in the earliest ray-finned fishes beyond the coarse picture provided by cranial endocasts: natural or virtual infillings of void spaces within the skull4-8. Here we report brain and cranial nerve soft-tissue preservation in Coccocephalus wildi, an approximately 319-million-year-old ray-finned fish. This example of a well-preserved vertebrate brain provides a window into neural anatomy deep within ray-finned fish phylogeny. Coccocephalus indicates a more complicated pattern of brain evolution than suggested by living species alone, highlighting cladistian apomorphies1 and providing temporal constraints on the origin of traits uniting all extant ray-finned fishes1,9. Our findings, along with a growing set of studies in other animal groups10-12, point to the importance of ancient soft tissue preservation in understanding the deep evolutionary assembly of major anatomical systems outside of the narrow subset of skeletal tissues13-15.
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Evers SW, Neenan JM, Ferreira GS, Werneburg I, Barrett PM, Benson RBJ. Neurovascular anatomy of the protostegid turtle Rhinochelys pulchriceps and comparisons of membranous and endosseous labyrinth shape in an extant turtle. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChelonioid turtles are the only surviving group of reptiles that secondarily evolved marine lifestyles during the Mesozoic Early chelonioid evolution is documented by fossils of their stem group, such as protostegids, which yield insights into the evolution of marine adaptation. Neuroanatomical features are commonly used to infer palaeoecology owing to the functional adaptation of the senses of an organism to its environment. We investigated the neuroanatomy and carotid circulation of the early Late Cretaceous protostegid Rhinochelys pulchriceps based on micro-computed tomography data. We show that the trigeminal foramen of turtles is not homologous to that of other reptiles. The endosseous labyrinth of R. pulchriceps has thick semicircular canals and a high aspect ratio. Comparisons among turtles and other reptiles show that the endosseous labyrinth aspect ratio is not a reliable predictor of the degree of aquatic adaptation, contradicting previous hypotheses. We provide the first models of neuroanatomical soft tissues of an extant turtle. Turtle brain morphology is not reflected by the brain cavity, and the endosseous labyrinth provides an incomplete reflection of membranous semicircular duct morphology. Membranous labyrinth geometry is conserved across gnathostomes, which allows approximate reconstruction of the total membranous labyrinth morphology from the endosseous labyrinth despite their poor reflection of duct morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serjoscha W Evers
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Gabriel S Ferreira
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Werneburg
- Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP) an der Eberhard Karls Universität, Sigwartstraße, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul M Barrett
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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Argyriou T, Giles S, Friedman M, Romano C, Kogan I, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Internal cranial anatomy of Early Triassic species of †Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: †Saurichthyiformes): implications for the phylogenetic placement of †saurichthyiforms. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:161. [PMID: 30382811 PMCID: PMC6211452 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND †Saurichthyiformes were a successful group of latest Permian-Middle Jurassic predatory actinopterygian fishes and constituted important, widely-distributed components of Triassic marine and freshwater faunas. Their systematic affinities have long been debated, with †saurichthyiforms often being aligned with chondrosteans, a group today comprising sturgeons and paddlefishes. However, their character-rich endocranial anatomy has not been investigated in detail since the first half of the 20th century. Since then, major advances have occurred in terms of our understanding of early actinopterygian anatomy, as well as techniques for extracting morphological data from fossils. RESULTS We used μCT to study the internal cranial anatomy of two of the stratigraphically oldest representatives of †Saurichthys, from the Early Triassic of East Greenland and Nepal. Our work revealed numerous previously unknown characters (e.g., cryptic oticooccipital fissure; intramural diverticula of braincase; nasobasal canals; lateral cranial canal; fused dermohyal), and permitted the reevalution of features relating to the structure of cranial fossae, basicranial circulation and opercular anatomy of the genus. Critically, we reinterpret the former †saurichthyiform opercle as an expanded subopercle. For comparison, we also produced the first digital models of a braincase and endocast of a sturgeon (A. brevirostrum). New information from these taxa was included in a broad phylogenetic analysis of Actinopterygii. †Saurichthyiforms are resolved as close relatives of †Birgeria, forming a clade that constitutes the immediate sister group of crown actinopterygians. However, these and other divergences near the actinopterygian crown node are weakly supported. CONCLUSIONS Our phylogeny disagrees with the historically prevalent hypothesis favoring the chondrostean affinities of †saurichthyiforms. Previously-proposed synapomorphies uniting the two clades, such as the closure of the oticooccipital fissure, the posterior extension of the parasphenoid, and the absence of an opercular process, are all widespread amongst actinopterygians. Others, like those relating to basicranial circulation, are found to be based on erroneous interpretations. Our work renders the †saurichthyiform character complex adequately understood, and permits detailed comparisons with other stem and crown actinopterygians. Our phylogenetic scheme highlights outstanding questions concerning the affinity of many early actinopterygians, such as the Paleozoic-early Mesozoic deep-bodied forms, which are largely caused by lack of endoskeletal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thodoris Argyriou
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sam Giles
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontogy and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carlo Romano
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilja Kogan
- Department of Palaeontology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Geological Institute, Bernhard-von-Cotta-Str. 2, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.,Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
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Latimer AE, Giles S. A giant dapediid from the Late Triassic of Switzerland and insights into neopterygian phylogeny. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180497. [PMID: 30225040 PMCID: PMC6124034 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new Triassic neopterygian is described on the basis of a large three-dimensional neurocranium from the Rhaetian (Late Triassic) of the Kössen Formation (Schesaplana, Grisons, Switzerland). CT scanning reveals neurocranial features similar to Dapedium, suggesting that this new genus, Scopulipiscis saxciput gen. et sp. nov., was deep-bodied and potentially durophagous, although no associated dental material is known. An expanded phylogenetic analysis of actinopterygians resolves Dapediidae as a clade (inclusive of Tetragonolepis), although fails to recover any characters supporting the monophyly of the genus Dapedium. Dapediids are resolved as stem holosteans, filling a conspicuous gap in early neopterygian relationships. Pycnodonts, previously suggested as either stem teleosts or the sister group to dapediids, are resolved as a clade on the neopterygian stem. Similarities between the new taxon described here and Dapedium provide insights into morphological disparity within early members of the group-suggesting that the ecological expansion of dapediids originated prior to the End-Triassic extinction-as well as contributing to a growing understanding of endocranial anatomy in Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic actinopterygians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Latimer
- Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich 8052, Switzerland
| | - Sam Giles
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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Henderson SAC, Challands TJ. The cranial endocast of the Upper Devonian dipnoan ' Chirodipterus' australis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5148. [PMID: 30002977 PMCID: PMC6037139 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the first endocasts of a dipnoan (lungfish) to be realised was that of the Upper Devonian taxon Chirodipterus australis. This early interpretation was based on observations of the shape of the cranial cavity alone and was not based on a natural cast or ‘steinkern’ nor from serial sectioning. The validity of this reconstruction is therefore questionable and continued reference to and use of this interpretation in analyses of sarcopterygian cranial evolution runs the risk of propagation of error. Here we present a new detailed anatomical description of the endocast of ‘Chirodipterus’ australis from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia, known for exceptional 3D preservation which enables fine-scale scrutiny of endocranial anatomy. We show that it exhibits a suite of characters more typical of Lower and Middle Devonian dipnoan taxa. Notably, the small utricular recess is unexpected for a taxon of this age, whereas the ventral expansion of the telencephalon is more typical of more derived taxa. The presence of such ’primitive’ characters in ‘C.’ australis supports its relatively basal position as demonstrated in the most recent phylogenies of Devonian Dipnoi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom J Challands
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Clement AM, King B, Giles S, Choo B, Ahlberg PE, Young GC, Long JA. Neurocranial anatomy of an enigmatic Early Devonian fish sheds light on early osteichthyan evolution. eLife 2018; 7:e34349. [PMID: 29807569 PMCID: PMC5973833 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skull of 'Ligulalepis' from the Early Devonian of Australia (AM-F101607) has significantly expanded our knowledge of early osteichthyan anatomy, but its phylogenetic position has remained uncertain. We herein describe a second skull of 'Ligulalepis' and present micro-CT data on both specimens to reveal novel anatomical features, including cranial endocasts. Several features previously considered to link 'Ligulalepis' with actinopterygians are now considered generalized osteichthyan characters or of uncertain polarity. The presence of a lateral cranial canal is shown to be variable in its development between specimens. Other notable new features include the presence of a pineal foramen, the some detail of skull roof sutures, the shape of the nasal capsules, a placoderm-like hypophysial vein, and a chondrichthyan-like labyrinth system. New phylogenetic analyses place 'Ligulalepis' as a stem osteichthyan, specifically as the sister taxon to 'psarolepids' plus crown osteichthyans. The precise position of 'psarolepids' differs between parsimony and Bayesian analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Clement
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
- Department of Organismal BiologyEvolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of SciencesMuseum VictoriaMelbourneAustralia
| | - Benedict King
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Sam Giles
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Brian Choo
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | - Per E Ahlberg
- Department of Organismal BiologyEvolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Gavin C Young
- Department of Applied MathematicsResearch School of Physics & Engineering, Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Australian Museum Research InstituteSydneyAustralia
| | - John A Long
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
- Department of SciencesMuseum VictoriaMelbourneAustralia
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Pfaff C, Czerny S, Nagel D, Kriwet J. Functional morphological adaptations of the bony labyrinth in marsupials (Mammalia, Theria). J Morphol 2017; 278:742-749. [PMID: 28345247 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diprotodontia represents the largest and ecologically most distinct order of marsupials occurring in Australasian being highly divers in size, locomotion, habitat preferences, feeding, and activity pattern. The spatial orientation in the habitat and therefore the three-dimensional space is detected by the vestibular system of the inner ear, more precisely by the three semicircular canals. In this study, we investigated the bony labyrinth of diprotodontian and selected non-diprotodontian marsupial mammals of almost all genera with noninvasive micro-CT scanning and 3D-reconstructions. In principal component analyses, the subterranean taxon can be separated from gliding and saltatorial taxa, whereas arboreal species can be separated from saltatorial specimens. The highest PCA loadings of this functional distinction are clearly found in the diameter of the semicircular canals, whereas the overall shape (height, width, length) of the semicircular canals is less important. Additionally, the investigated arboreal and fossorial species of South America are nested in the morphospace of the Australasian taxa. Even if a phylogenetic signal in the anatomy of the bony labyrinth cannot be excluded entirely, the main functional morphological signal of the vestibular system is found in the diameter of the semicircular canals. With the large dataset of extant marsupial mammals analysed here, the locomotion mode of extinct taxa can be inferred in future studies independent of any evidence of postcranial material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Pfaff
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Czerny
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Nagel
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kriwet
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Clement AM, Challands TJ, Long JA, Ahlberg PE. The cranial endocast of Dipnorhynchus sussmilchi (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) and the interrelationships of stem-group lungfishes. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2539. [PMID: 27781157 PMCID: PMC5075708 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The first virtual cranial endocast of a lungfish from the Early Devonian, Dipnorhynchus sussmilchi, is described. Dipnorhynchus, only the fourth Devonian lungfish for which a near complete cranial endocast is known, is a key taxon for clarifying primitive character states within the group. A ventrally-expanded telencephalic cavity is present in the endocast of Dipnorhynchus demonstrating that this is the primitive state for “true” Dipnoi. Dipnorhynchus also possesses a utricular recess differentiated from the sacculolagenar pouch like that seen in stratigraphically younger lungfish (Dipterus, Chirodipterus, Rhinodipterus), but absent from the dipnomorph Youngolepis. We do not find separate pineal and para-pineal canals in contrast to a reconstruction from previous authors. We conduct the first phylogenetic analysis of Dipnoi based purely on endocast characters, which supports a basal placement of Dipnorhynchus within the dipnoan stem group, in agreement with recent analyses. Our analysis demonstrates the value of endocast characters for inferring phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Clement
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Sciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tom J Challands
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - John A Long
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Per E Ahlberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala Universitet , Uppsala , Sweden
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Lu J, Giles S, Friedman M, den Blaauwen J, Zhu M. The Oldest Actinopterygian Highlights the Cryptic Early History of the Hyperdiverse Ray-Finned Fishes. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1602-1608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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