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Wahia H, Fakayode OA, Mintah BK, Mustapha AT, Zhou C, Dabbour M. Effect of dual-frequency thermosonication, food matrix, and germinants on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spore germination. Food Res Int 2023; 171:113054. [PMID: 37330854 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The off-odors associated with spoilage of acidic beverages are linked to the germination and growth of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris (AAT) spores. As a consequence, we determined the influence of nutrients, non-nutrient germinants, dual-frequency thermosonication (DFTS), and food matrix on spore germination. AAT spores in orange juice (OJ), supplemented by L-alanine (L-ala), had the highest germination rate and lowest DPA content at 10 h of incubation. The formation of microscopic pores in cell membranes during DFTS caused irreversible damage in AAT spores in citrate buffer solution (CBS); however, it stimulated AAT spore germination in CBS containing L-ala. Hence, the germination potential was established in the order: L-ala > Calcium dipicolinate > asparagine, glucose, fructose, and potassium ion mixture (AGFK) > L-valine. The conductivity analysis indicated that membrane damage could be a key factor contributing to the artificial germination in CBS. AFM images revealed that after 2 h of adding L-ala, the protein content increased with increased germinated cells. TEM showed that membrane poration and coat detachment were the main pre-germination morphological changes detected after DFTS treatment. This study provides evidence that germination stimulated with DFTS might be an effective strategy for reducing A. acidoterrestris spores in fruit juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafida Wahia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | | | | | | | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; School of Biological and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, PR China.
| | - Mokhtar Dabbour
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, PO Box 13736, Moshtohor, Qaluobia, Egypt
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2
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Arreola J, Keusgen M, Wagner T, Schöning MJ. Combined calorimetric gas- and spore-based biosensor array for online monitoring and sterility assurance of gaseous hydrogen peroxide in aseptic filling machines. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111628. [PMID: 31476599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A combined calorimetric gas- and spore-based biosensor array is presented in this work to monitor and evaluate the sterilization efficacy of gaseous hydrogen peroxide in aseptic filling machines. H2O2 has been successfully measured under industrial conditions. Furthermore, the effect of H2O2 on three different spore strains , namely Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus subtilis and Geobacillus stearothermophilus, has been investigated by means of SEM, AFM and impedimetric measurements. In addition, the sterilization efficacy of a spore-based biosensor and the functioning principle are addressed and discussed: the sensor array is convenient to be used in aseptic food industry to guarantee sterile packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Arreola
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Campus Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Wagner
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Campus Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Complex Systems 8 (ICS-8), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael J Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Campus Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Complex Systems 8 (ICS-8), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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3
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Pellequer JL, Parot P, Navajas D, Kumar S, Svetličić V, Scheuring S, Hu J, Li B, Engler A, Sousa S, Lekka M, Szymoński M, Schillers H, Odorico M, Lafont F, Janel S, Rico F. Fifteen years of Servitude et Grandeur
to the application of a biophysical technique in medicine: The tale of AFMBioMed. J Mol Recognit 2018; 32:e2773. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Navajas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | | | - Simon Scheuring
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York City New York USA
| | - Jun Hu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Adam Engler
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California San Diego; La Jolla California USA
| | - Susana Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- ISEP-Instituto Superior de Engenharia; Politécnico do Porto; Portugal
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences; Kraków Poland
| | - Marek Szymoński
- Center for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | | | - Michael Odorico
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule; Montpellier France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille; Lille France
| | - Sebastien Janel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille; Lille France
| | - Felix Rico
- LAI, U1067, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM; Marseille France
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4
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Trunet C, Carlin F, Coroller L. Investigating germination and outgrowth of bacterial spores at several scales. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Mwita L, Chan WY, Pretorius T, Lyantagaye SL, Lapa SV, Avdeeva LV, Reva ON. Gene expression regulation in the plant growth promoting Bacillus atrophaeus UCMB-5137 stimulated by maize root exudates. Gene 2016; 590:18-28. [PMID: 27259668 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful use of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in agriculture, little is known about specific mechanisms of gene regulation facilitating the effective communication between bacteria and plants during plant colonization. Active PGPR strain Bacillus atrophaeus UCMB-5137 was studied in this research. RNA sequencing profiles were generated in experiments where root exudate stimulations were used to mimic interactions between bacteria and plants. It was found that the gene regulation in B. atrophaeus UCMB-5137 in response to the root exudate stimuli differed from the reported gene regulation at similar conditions in B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42, which was considered as a paradigm PGPR. This difference was explained by hypersensitivity of UCMB-5137 to the root exudate stimuli impelling it to a sessile root colonization behavior through the CcpA-CodY-AbrB regulation. It was found that the transcriptional factor DegU also could play an important role in gene regulations during plant colonization. A significant stress caused by the root exudates on in vitro cultivated B. atrophaeus UCMB-5137 was noticed and discussed. Multiple cases of conflicted gene regulations showed scantiness of our knowledge on the regulatory network in Bacillus. Some of these conflicted regulations could be explained by interference of non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Search through differential expressed intergenic regions revealed 49 putative loci of ncRNA regulated by the root exudate stimuli. Possible target mRNA were predicted and a general regulatory network of B. atrophaeus UCMB-5137 genome was designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberata Mwita
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Dep. Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Rd, Hillcrest, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Wai Yin Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Rd, Hillcrest, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Theresa Pretorius
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Rd, Hillcrest, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Sylvester L Lyantagaye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Svitlana V Lapa
- Dep. Antibiotics, D. K. Zabolotnogo Institute of Microbiology and Virology, 154 Zabolotnogo Str., Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Lilia V Avdeeva
- Dep. Antibiotics, D. K. Zabolotnogo Institute of Microbiology and Virology, 154 Zabolotnogo Str., Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Oleg N Reva
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Dep. Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Rd, Hillcrest, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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6
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D'Angelo PA, Bromberg L, Hatton TA, Wilusz E. Sensing and inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Sterne by polymer-bromine complexes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6847-6857. [PMID: 27087522 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report on the performance of brominated poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP-Br), brominated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-Br), and brominated poly(allylamine-co-4-aminopyridine) (PAAm-APy-Br) for their ability to decontaminate Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores in solution while also allowing for the sensing of the spores. The polymers were brominated by bromine using carbon tetrachloride or potassium tribromide as solvents, with bromine loadings ranging from 1.6 to 4.2 mEq/g of polymer. B. anthracis Sterne spores were exposed to increasing concentrations of brominated polymers for 5 min, while the kinetics of the sporicidal activity was assessed. All brominated polymers demonstrated spore log-kills of 8 within 5 min of exposure at 12 mg/mL aqueous polymer concentration. Sensing of spores was accomplished by measuring the release of dipicolinic acid (DPA) from the spore using time-resolved fluorescence. Parent, non-brominated polymers did not cause any release of DPA and the spores remained viable. In contrast, spores exposed to the brominated polymers were inactivated and the release of DPA was observed within minutes of exposure. Also, this release of DPA continued for a long time after spore inactivation as in a controlled release process. The DPA release was more pronounced for spores exposed to brominated PVP and brominated PEG-8000 compared to brominated PAAm-APy and brominated PEG-400. Using time-resolved fluorescence, we detected as low as 2500 B. anthracis spores, with PEG-8000 being more sensitive to low spore numbers. Our results suggest that the brominated polymers may be used effectively as decontamination agents against bacterial spores while also providing the sensing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A D'Angelo
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Warfighter Directorate, 15 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
| | - Lev Bromberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Eugene Wilusz
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Warfighter Directorate, 15 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
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7
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Balestrini JL, Liu A, Gard AL, Huie J, Blatt KM, Schwan J, Zhao L, Broekelmann TJ, Mecham RP, Wilcox EC, Niklason LE. Sterilization of Lung Matrices by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:260-9. [PMID: 26697757 PMCID: PMC4782026 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung engineering is a potential alternative to transplantation for patients with end-stage pulmonary failure. Two challenges critical to the successful development of an engineered lung developed from a decellularized scaffold include (i) the suppression of resident infectious bioburden in the lung matrix, and (ii) the ability to sterilize decellularized tissues while preserving the essential biological and mechanical features intact. To date, the majority of lungs are sterilized using high concentrations of peracetic acid (PAA) resulting in extracellular matrix (ECM) depletion. These mechanically altered tissues have little to no storage potential. In this study, we report a sterilizing technique using supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) that can achieve a sterility assurance level 10(-6) in decellularized lung matrix. The effects of ScCO2 treatment on the histological, mechanical, and biochemical properties of the sterile decellularized lung were evaluated and compared with those of freshly decellularized lung matrix and with PAA-treated acellular lung. Exposure of the decellularized tissue to ScCO2 did not significantly alter tissue architecture, ECM content or organization (glycosaminoglycans, elastin, collagen, and laminin), observations of cell engraftment, or mechanical integrity of the tissue. Furthermore, these attributes of lung matrix did not change after 6 months in sterile buffer following sterilization with ScCO2, indicating that ScCO2 produces a matrix that is stable during storage. The current study's results indicate that ScCO2 can be used to sterilize acellular lung tissue while simultaneously preserving key biological components required for the function of the scaffold for regenerative medicine purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Balestrini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Angela Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ashley L. Gard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Jonas Schwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Liping Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tom J. Broekelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elise C. Wilcox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laura E. Niklason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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8
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WANG CONGZHOU, STANCIU CRISTINA, EHRHARDT CHRISTOPHERJ, YADAVALLI VAMSIK. Morphological and mechanical imaging of Bacillus cereus
spore formation at the nanoscale. J Microsc 2015; 258:49-58. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CONGZHOU WANG
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284 U.S.A
| | - CRISTINA STANCIU
- Department of Forensic Science; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284 U.S.A
| | - CHRISTOPHER J. EHRHARDT
- Department of Forensic Science; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284 U.S.A
| | - VAMSI K. YADAVALLI
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284 U.S.A
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9
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Sella SRBR, Vandenberghe LPS, Soccol CR. Life cycle and spore resistance of spore-forming Bacillus atrophaeus. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:931-9. [PMID: 24880805 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus endospores have a wide variety of important medical and industrial applications. This is an overview of the fundamental aspects of the life cycle, spore structure and factors that influence the spore resistance of spore-forming Bacillus. Bacillus atrophaeus was used as reference microorganism for this review because their spores are widely used to study spore resistance and morphology. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the cell cycle and spore survival is important for developing strategies for spore killing; producing highly resistant spores for biodefense, food and pharmaceutical applications; and developing new bioactive molecules and methods for spore surface display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R B R Sella
- Production and Research Centre of Immunobiological Products, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Piraquara, PR, Brazil; Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Luciana P S Vandenberghe
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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10
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Xing Y, Li A, Felker DL, Burggraf LW. Nanoscale structural and mechanical analysis of Bacillus anthracis spores inactivated with rapid dry heating. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1739-49. [PMID: 24375142 PMCID: PMC3957622 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03483-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective killing of Bacillus anthracis spores is of paramount importance to antibioterrorism, food safety, environmental protection, and the medical device industry. Thus, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of spore resistance and inactivation is highly desired for developing new strategies or improving the known methods for spore destruction. Previous studies have shown that spore inactivation mechanisms differ considerably depending upon the killing agents, such as heat (wet heat, dry heat), UV, ionizing radiation, and chemicals. It is believed that wet heat kills spores by inactivating critical enzymes, while dry heat kills spores by damaging their DNA. Many studies have focused on the biochemical aspects of spore inactivation by dry heat; few have investigated structural damages and changes in spore mechanical properties. In this study, we have inactivated Bacillus anthracis spores with rapid dry heating and performed nanoscale topographical and mechanical analysis of inactivated spores using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results revealed significant changes in spore morphology and nanomechanical properties after heat inactivation. In addition, we also found that these changes were different under different heating conditions that produced similar inactivation probabilities (high temperature for short exposure time versus low temperature for long exposure time). We attributed the differences to the differential thermal and mechanical stresses in the spore. The buildup of internal thermal and mechanical stresses may become prominent only in ultrafast, high-temperature heat inactivation when the experimental timescale is too short for heat-generated vapor to efficiently escape from the spore. Our results thus provide direct, visual evidences of the importance of thermal stresses and heat and mass transfer to spore inactivation by very rapid dry heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xing
- Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alex Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel L. Felker
- Department of Systems Engineering & Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, WPAFB, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Larry W. Burggraf
- Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Dayton, Ohio, USA
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11
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Pillet F, Chopinet L, Formosa C, Dague E. Atomic Force Microscopy and pharmacology: from microbiology to cancerology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1028-50. [PMID: 24291690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used to study biological samples. Researchers take advantage of its ability to image living samples to increase our fundamental knowledge (biophysical properties/biochemical behavior) on living cell surface properties, at the nano-scale. SCOPE OF REVIEW AFM, in the imaging modes, can probe cells morphological modifications induced by drugs. In the force spectroscopy mode, it is possible to follow the nanomechanical properties of a cell and to probe the mechanical modifications induced by drugs. AFM can be used to map single molecule distribution at the cell surface. We will focus on a collection of results aiming at evaluating the nano-scale effects of drugs, by AFM. Studies on yeast, bacteria and mammal cells will illustrate our discussion. Especially, we will show how AFM can help in getting a better understanding of drug mechanism of action. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates that AFM is a versatile tool, useful in pharmacology. In microbiology, it has been used to study the drugs fighting Candida albicans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The major conclusions are a better understanding of the microbes' cell wall and of the drugs mechanism of action. In cancerology, AFM has been used to explore the effects of cytotoxic drugs or as an innovative diagnostic technology. AFM has provided original results on cultured cells, cells extracted from patient and directly on patient biopsies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review enhances the interest of AFM technologies for pharmacology. The applications reviewed range from microbiology to cancerology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Pillet
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Louise Chopinet
- CNRS, IPBS-UMR 5089, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Cécile Formosa
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 7565, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - Etienne Dague
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS; ITAV-USR 3505; F31106 Toulouse, France.
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12
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Pinzón-Arango PA, Nagarajan R, Camesano TA. Interactions of Antimicrobial Peptide Chrysophsin-3 with Bacillus anthracis in Sporulated, Germinated, and Vegetative States. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:6364-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400489u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola A. Pinzón-Arango
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
01609, United States
- U.S.
Army Natick Soldier Research,
Development and Engineering Center, Molecular Sciences and Engineering
Team, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Ramanathan Nagarajan
- U.S.
Army Natick Soldier Research,
Development and Engineering Center, Molecular Sciences and Engineering
Team, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Terri A. Camesano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
01609, United States
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13
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Stone BR, Heimbuch BK, Wu CY, Wander JD. Design, construction and validation of a nose-only inhalation exposure system to measure infectivity of filtered bioaerosols in mice. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:757-66. [PMID: 22817383 PMCID: PMC7166589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aims The aim of this project was to validate a method to deliver a reproducible, selected dose of infective bioaerosol through a respiratory protective technology to an animal that exhibits a proportional clinical response. Methods and Results The Controlled Aerosol Test System (CATS) was designed to generate and condition a viable infective aerosol, pass it through a treatment technology and thence to the breathing zone of a mouse constrained in a Nose‐Only Inhalation Exposure System (NOIES). A scanning mobility particle sizer and impingers at sampling ports were used to show that viability is preserved and particle size distribution (PSD) is acceptably uniform throughout the open CATS, including the 12 ports of the NOIES, and that a particle filter used caused the expected attenuation of particle counts. Conclusions Controlled Aerosol Test System delivers uniformly to mice constrained in the NOIES a selectable dose of viral bioaerosol whose PSD and viable counts remain consistent for an hour. Significance and Impact of the Study This study's characterization of CATS provides a new test system in which a susceptible small‐animal model can be used as the detector in a quantitative method to evaluate the ability of respiratory protective technologies to attenuate the infectivity of an inspired pathogenic aerosol. This provides a major improvement over the use of viable bioaerosol collectors (e.g. impactors and impingers), which provide data that are difficult to relate to the attenuation of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Stone
- Applied Research Associates, Panama City, FL, USA
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14
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Pinzón-Arango PA, Nagarajan R, Camesano TA. Effects of L-alanine and inosine germinants on the elasticity of Bacillus anthracis spores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6535-6541. [PMID: 20095533 DOI: 10.1021/la904071y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of dormant Bacillus anthracis spores consists of a multilayer of protein coats and a thick peptidoglycan layer that allow the cells to resist chemical and environmental insults. During germination, the spore coat is degraded, making the spore susceptible to chemical inactivation by antisporal agents as well as to mechanical inactivation by high-pressure or mechanical abrasion processes. While chemical changes during germination, especially the release of the germination marker, dipicolinic acid (DPA), have been extensively studied, there is as yet no investigation of the corresponding changes in the mechanical properties of the spore. In this work, we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to characterize the mechanical properties of the surface of Bacillus anthracis spores during germination. The Hertz model of continuum mechanics of contact was used to evaluate the Young's moduli of the spores before and after germination by applying the model to load-indentation curves. The highest modulus was observed for dormant spores, with average elasticity values of 197 +/- 81 MPa. The elasticity decreased significantly after incubation of the spores with the germinants L-alanine or inosine (47.5 +/- 41.7 and 35.4 +/- 15.8 MPa, respectively). Exposure of B. anthracis spores to a mixture of both germinants resulted in a synergistic effect with even lower elasticity, with a Young's modulus of 23.5 +/- 14.8 MPa. The elasticity of the vegetative B. anthracis cells was nearly 15 times lower than that of the dormant spores (12.4 +/- 6.3 MPa vs 197.0 +/- 80.5 MPa, respectively). Indeed from a mechanical strength point of view, the germinated spores were closer to the vegetative cells than to the dormant spores. Further, the decrease in the elasticity of the cells was accompanied by increasing AFM tip indentation depths on the cell surfaces. Indentation depths of up to 246.2 nm were observed for vegetative B. anthracis compared to 20.5 nm for the dormant spores. These results provide quantitative information on how the mechanical properties of the cell wall change during germination, which may explain how spores become susceptible to inactivation processes based on mechanical forces during germination and outgrowth. The study of spore elasticity may be a valuable tool in the design of improved antisporal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Pinzón-Arango
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
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