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de Morais SV, Calado GP, Carvalho RC, Garcia JBS, de Queiroz TM, Cantanhede Filho AJ, Lopes AJO, Cartágenes MDSDS, Domingues GRDS. Impact of Cuminaldehyde and Indomethacin Co-Administration on Inflammatory Responses in MIA-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:630. [PMID: 38794200 PMCID: PMC11125240 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) remains a chronic incurable condition, presenting substantial challenges in treatment. This study explores a novel strategy by investigating the concurrent use of cuminaldehyde, a natural compound, with indomethacin in animal models of MIA-induced OA. Our results demonstrate that the co-administration of cuminaldehyde and indomethacin does indeed produce a superior effect when compared to these compounds individually, significantly enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This effect is evidenced by a marked reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IFN-γ, alongside a significant increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, compared to treatments with each compound alone. Radiographic analyses further confirm the preservation of joint integrity and a reduction in osteoarthritic damage, highlighting the association's efficacy in cartilage-reducing damage. These findings suggests that the association of cuminaldehyde and indomethacin not only slows OA progression but also offers enhanced cartilage-reducing damage and fosters the production of protective cytokines. This study underscores the potential benefits of integrating natural products with pharmaceuticals in OA management and stresses the importance of further research to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the observed potentiated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastião Vieira de Morais
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65085-580, Brazil; (R.C.C.); (J.B.S.G.); (M.d.S.d.S.C.)
| | - Gustavo Pereira Calado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas—PPGCF, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB Brasília-DF, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cardoso Carvalho
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65085-580, Brazil; (R.C.C.); (J.B.S.G.); (M.d.S.d.S.C.)
| | - João Batista Santos Garcia
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65085-580, Brazil; (R.C.C.); (J.B.S.G.); (M.d.S.d.S.C.)
| | - Thyago Moreira de Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil;
| | - Antonio José Cantanhede Filho
- Chemistry Postgraduate Program, Federal Institute of Science Education and Technology of Maranhão, São Luís 65030-005, Brazil
| | - Alberto Jorge Oliveira Lopes
- Chemistry Postgraduate Program, Federal Institute of Science Education and Technology of Maranhão, São Luís 65030-005, Brazil
- Bacabal Science Center (CCBa), Federal University of Maranhão, Bacabal 65700-000, Brazil
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Kratz D, Wilken-Schmitz A, Sens A, Hahnefeld L, Scholich K, Geisslinger G, Gurke R, Thomas D. Post-mortem changes of prostanoid concentrations in tissues of mice: Impact of fast cervical dislocation and dissection delay. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2022; 162:106660. [PMID: 35714920 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids are potent lipid mediators involved in a wide variety of physiological functions like blood pressure regulation or inflammation as well as cardiovascular and malign diseases. Elucidation of their modes of action is mainly carried out in pre-clinical animal models by quantifying prostanoids in tissues of interest. Unfortunately, prostanoids are prone to post-mortem artifact formation and de novo synthesis can already be caused by external stimuli during the euthanasia of animals like prolonged hypercapnia or ischemia. Therefore, this study investigates the suitability and impact of fast cervical dislocation for the determination of prostanoids (6-keto-PGF1α, TXB2, PGF2α, PGD2, PGE2) in seven tissues of mice (spinal cord, brain, sciatic nerve, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen) to minimize time-dependent effects and approximate physiological concentrations. Tissues were dissected in a standardized sequence directly or after 10 min to investigate the influence of dissection delays. The enzyme inhibitor indomethacin (10 µM) in combination with low processing temperatures was employed to preserve prostanoid concentrations during sample preparation. Quantification of prostanoids was performed via LC-MS/MS. This study shows, that prostanoids are differentially susceptible to post-mortem artifact formation which is closely connected to their physiological function and metabolic stability in the respective tissues. Prostanoids in the brain, spinal cord, and kidney that are not involved in the regulatory response post-mortem, i.e. blood flow regulation (6-keto-PGF1α, PGE2, PGF2α) showed high reproducibility even after dissection delay and could be assessed after fast cervical dislocation if prerequisites like standardized pre-analytical workflows with immediate dissection and inhibition of residual enzymatic activity are in place. However, in tissues with high metabolic activity (liver, lung) more stable prostanoid metabolites should be used. Moreover, prostanoids in the spleen were strongly affected by dissection delays and presumably the method of euthanasia itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kratz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Wilken-Schmitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Sens
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - K Scholich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - G Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - D Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Kim RR, Chen Z, J. Mann T, Bastard K, F. Scott K, Church WB. Structural and Functional Aspects of Targeting the Secreted Human Group IIA Phospholipase A 2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194459. [PMID: 32998383 PMCID: PMC7583969 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) promotes the proliferation of cancer cells, making it a compelling therapeutic target, but it is also significant in other inflammatory conditions. Consequently, suitable inhibitors of hGIIA have always been sought. The activation of phospholipases A2 and the catalysis of glycerophospholipid substrates generally leads to the release of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipid, which are then converted to mediator compounds, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and the platelet-activating factor. However, this ability of hGIIA to provide AA is not a complete explanation of its biological role in inflammation, as it has now been shown that it also exerts proinflammatory effects by a catalysis-independent mechanism. This mechanism is likely to be highly dependent on key specific molecular interactions, and the full mechanistic descriptions of this remain elusive. The current candidates for the protein partners that may mediate this catalysis-independent mechanism are also introduced in this review. A key discovery has been that selective inhibition of the catalysis-independent activity of hGIIA is achieved with cyclised derivatives of a pentapeptide, FLSYK, derived from the primary sequence of hGIIA. The effects of hGIIA on cell function appear to vary depending on the pathology studied, and so its mechanism of action is complex and context-dependent. This review is comprehensive and covers the most recent developments in the understanding of the many facets of hGIIA function and inhibition and the insight they provide into their clinical application for disease treatment. A cyclic analogue of FLSYK, c2, the most potent analogue known, has now been taken into clinical trials targeting advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryung Rae Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Timothy J. Mann
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Centre for Oncology, Education and Research Translation and The Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Karine Bastard
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Kieran F. Scott
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Centre for Oncology, Education and Research Translation and The Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.); (W.B.C.); Tel.: +61-2-8738-9026 (K.F.S.); +61-2-9036-6569 (W.B.C.)
| | - W. Bret Church
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.); (W.B.C.); Tel.: +61-2-8738-9026 (K.F.S.); +61-2-9036-6569 (W.B.C.)
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Gilberg E, Gütschow M, Bajorath J. Promiscuous Ligands from Experimentally Determined Structures, Binding Conformations, and Protein Family-Dependent Interaction Hotspots. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1729-1737. [PMID: 31459430 PMCID: PMC6648413 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Compound promiscuity is often attributed to nonspecific binding or assay artifacts. On the other hand, it is well-known that many pharmaceutically relevant compounds are capable of engaging multiple targets in vivo, giving rise to polypharmacology. To explore and better understand promiscuous binding characteristics of small molecules, we have searched X-ray structures (and very few qualifying solution structures) for ligands that bind to multiple distantly related or unrelated target proteins. Experimental structures of a given ligand bound to different targets represent high-confidence data for exploring promiscuous binding events. A total of 192 ligands were identified that formed crystallographic complexes with proteins from different families and for which activity data were available. These "multifamily" compounds included endogenous ligands and were often more polar than other bound compounds and active in the submicromolar range. Unexpectedly, many promiscuous ligands displayed conserved or similar binding conformations in different active sites. Others were found to conformationally adjust to binding sites of different architectures. A comprehensive analysis of ligand-target interactions revealed that multifamily ligands frequently formed different interaction hotspots in binding sites, even if their bound conformations were similar, thus providing a rationale for promiscuous binding events at the molecular level of detail. As a part of this work, all multifamily ligands we have identified and associated activity data are made freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Gilberg
- Department
of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department
of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
- E-mail: .
Phone: 49-228-2699-306 (J.B.)
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Kim RR, Malde AK, Nematollahi A, Scott KF, Church WB. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal structural insights into inhibitor binding modes and functionality in human Group IIA phospholipase A 2. Proteins 2017; 85:827-842. [PMID: 28056488 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human Group IIA phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) promotes inflammation in immune-mediated pathologies by regulating the arachidonic acid pathway through both catalysis-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The hGIIA crystal structure, both alone and inhibitor-bound, together with structures of closely related snake-venom-derived secreted phospholipase enzymes has been well described. However, differentiation of biological and nonbiological contacts and the relevance of structures determined from snake venom enzymes to human enzymes are not clear. We employed molecular dynamics (MD) and docking approaches to understand the binding of inhibitors that selectively or nonselectively block the catalysis-independent mechanism of hGIIA. Our results indicate that hGIIA behaves as a monomer in the solution environment rather than a dimer arrangement that is in the asymmetric unit of some crystal structures. The binding mode of a nonselective inhibitor, KH064, was validated by a combination of the experimental electron density and MD simulations. The binding mode of the selective pentapeptide inhibitor FLSYK to hGIIA was stipulated to be different to that of the snake venom phospholipases A2 of Daboia russelli pulchella (svPLA2 ). Our data suggest that the application of MD approaches to crystal structure data is beneficial in evaluating the robustness of conclusions drawn based on crystal structure data alone. Proteins 2017; 85:827-842. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryung Rae Kim
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alpeshkumar K Malde
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4072
| | - Alireza Nematollahi
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kieran F Scott
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, The Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia, 2170.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), The Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia, 2170
| | - W Bret Church
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Structural Insight into Binding Mode of 9-Hydroxy Aristolochic Acid, Diclofenac and Indomethacin to PLA 2. Interdiscip Sci 2016; 10:400-410. [PMID: 27878455 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-016-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid is modified by cyclooxygenases into active compounds called eicosanoids that act as signaling molecules in a number of physiological processes. Excessive production of eicosanoids leads to several pathological conditions such as inflammation. In order to block the inflammatory effect of these compounds, upstream enzymes such as PLA2 are valid targets. In the present contribution, molecular dynamic analysis was performed to evaluate the binding of diclofenac, 9-hydroxy aristolochic acid (9-HAA) and indomethacin to PLA2. Obtained results revealed that 9-HAA could form a more stable complex with PLA2 when compared to diclofenac and indomethacin. Furthermore, analysis of intermolecular binding energy components indicated that hydrophobic interactions were dominant in binding process. On the basis of obtained data, inhibitors bearing fused rings with hydrogen acceptor/donor substituent(s) interacted with His48 and Asp49 residues of the active site. More affinity toward PLA2 might be envisaged through negatively charged moieties via interaction with Trp31, Lys34 and Lys69.
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7
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Anilkumar NC, Sundaram MS, Mohan CD, Rangappa S, Bulusu KC, Fuchs JE, Girish KS, Bender A, Basappa, Rangappa KS. A One Pot Synthesis of Novel Bioactive Tri-Substitute-Condensed-Imidazopyridines that Targets Snake Venom Phospholipase A2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131896. [PMID: 26196520 PMCID: PMC4511007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs such as necopidem, saripidem, alpidem, zolpidem, and olprinone contain nitrogen-containing bicyclic, condensed-imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines as bioactive scaffolds. In this work, we report a high-yield one pot synthesis of 1-(2-methyl-8-aryl-substitued-imidazo[1,2-α]pyridin-3-yl)ethan-1-onefor the first-time. Subsequently, we performed in silico mode-of-action analysis and predicted that the synthesized imidazopyridines targets Phospholipase A2 (PLA2). In vitro analysis confirmed the predicted target PLA2 for the novel imidazopyridine derivative1-(2-Methyl-8-naphthalen-1-yl-imidazo [1,2-α]pyridine-3-yl)-ethanone (compound 3f) showing significant inhibitory activity towards snake venom PLA2 with an IC50 value of 14.3 μM. Evidently, the molecular docking analysis suggested that imidazopyridine compound was able to bind to the active site of the PLA2 with strong affinity, whose affinity values are comparable to nimesulide. Furthermore, we estimated the potential for oral bioavailability by Lipinski's Rule of Five. Hence, it is concluded that the compound 3f could be a lead molecule against snake venom PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvanappa C. Anilkumar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College campus, Palace Road, Bangalore-560 001, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahalingam S. Sundaram
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Shobith Rangappa
- Frontier Research Center for Post-genome Science and Technology Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060–0808, Japan
| | - Krishna C. Bulusu
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kesturu S. Girish
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur-572 103, Karnataka, India
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Basappa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College campus, Palace Road, Bangalore-560 001, Karnataka, India
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Dwivedi AK, Gurjar V, Kumar S, Singh N. Molecular basis for nonspecificity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:863-73. [PMID: 25794602 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the production of inflammatory mediators by the action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is highly accredited to their recognition of cyclooxygenase enzymes. Along with inflammation relief, however, NSAIDs also cause adverse effects. Although NSAIDs strongly inhibit enzymes of the prostaglandin synthesis pathways, several other proteins also serve as fairly potent targets for these drugs. Based on their recognition pattern, these receptors are categorised as enzymes modifying NSAIDs, noncatalytic proteins binding to NSAIDs and enzymes with catalytic functions that are inhibited by NSAIDs. The extensive binding of NSAIDs is responsible for their limited in vivo efficacy as well as the large spectrum of their effects. The biochemical nature of drugs binding to multiple protein targets and its implications on physiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avaneesh K Dwivedi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201308, India
| | - Vaishali Gurjar
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201308, India
| | - Sanjit Kumar
- Center for Bioseparation Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Nagendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201308, India.
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Keerthy HK, Vivek HK, Bharathkumar H, Rangappa S, Bulusu KC, Mervin LH, Fuchs JE, Priya BS, Basappa B, Swamy S N, Bender A, Rangappa KS. MOLPRINT 2D-based identification and synthesis of novel chromene based small molecules that target PLA2: validation through chemo- and bioinformatics approaches. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A chemoinformatics approach identified 2-Amino-4-(2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3-carbonitrile as a snake venom PLA2 inhibitor, this was confirmed with an IC50 = 12.5 μM.
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Ramakrishnan C, Joshi V, Joseph JM, Vishwanath BS, Velmurugan D. Identification of Novel Inhibitors ofDaboia russelliPhospholipase A2Using the Combined Pharmacophore Modeling Approach. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:379-92. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekaran Ramakrishnan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics; University of Madras; Maraimalai (Guindy) Campus Chennai 600025 India
| | - Vikram Joshi
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry; University of Mysore; Manasagangotri Mysore Karnataka 570006 India
| | - Joseph Mavelithuruthel Joseph
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics; University of Madras; Maraimalai (Guindy) Campus Chennai 600025 India
| | - Bannikuppe S. Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry; University of Mysore; Manasagangotri Mysore Karnataka 570006 India
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics; University of Madras; Maraimalai (Guindy) Campus Chennai 600025 India
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Yin Z, Wang Y, Whittell L, Jergic S, Liu M, Harry E, Dixon N, Kelso M, Beck J, Oakley A. DNA Replication Is the Target for the Antibacterial Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:481-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Structure of N-terminal sequence Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser of Aβ-peptide with phospholipase A2 from venom of Andaman Cobra sub-species Naja naja sagittifera at 2.0 Å resolution. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4221-36. [PMID: 24619194 PMCID: PMC3975393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most significant social and health burdens of the present century. Plaques formed by extracellular deposits of amyloid β (Aβ) are the prime player of AD’s neuropathology. Studies have implicated the varied role of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in brain where it contributes to neuronal growth and inflammatory response. Overall contour and chemical nature of the substrate-binding channel in the low molecular weight PLA2s are similar. This study involves the reductionist fragment-based approach to understand the structure adopted by N-terminal fragment of Alzheimer’s Aβ peptide in its complex with PLA2. In the current communication, we report the structure determined by X-ray crystallography of N-terminal sequence Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser (DAEFRHDS) of Aβ-peptide with a Group I PLA2 purified from venom of Andaman Cobra sub-species Naja naja sagittifera at 2.0 Å resolution (Protein Data Bank (PDB) Code: 3JQ5). This is probably the first attempt to structurally establish interaction between amyloid-β peptide fragment and hydrophobic substrate binding site of PLA2 involving H bond and van der Waals interactions. We speculate that higher affinity between Aβ and PLA2 has the therapeutic potential of decreasing the Aβ–Aβ interaction, thereby reducing the amyloid aggregation and plaque formation in AD.
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Bucolo C, Marrazzo G, Platania CBM, Romano GL, Drago F, Salomone S. Effects of topical indomethacin, bromfenac and nepafenac on lipopolysaccharide-induced ocular inflammation†. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:954-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate the effects of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on retinal vascular leakage, and inflammatory markers in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats.
Methods
EIU was induced in rats by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Topical 0.5% indomethacin, 0.09% bromfenac and 0.1% nepafenac were given before and after LPS. Twenty-four hours after LPS, the animals were euthanized and plasma along with retina were collected to assess prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Retinal vascular leakage was assessed by Evans blue. Molecular modelling was used to evaluate interaction of compounds with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
Key findings
All NSAIDs tested significantly prevented PGE2 production with higher effect of indomethacin and bromfenac in comparison with nepafenac. The three drugs did not affect plasma CRP levels. The analysis of retinal vascular leakage revealed a significant (P < 0.01) decrease after treatment with indomethacin, but no significant changes were observed after treatment with bromfenac and nepafenac. Indomethacin had a different interaction with COX-2 in comparison with bromfenac and amfenac (active metabolite of nepafenac).
Conclusions
Topical treatment with indomethacin, bromfenac and nepafenac has significant anti-inflammatory effects. However, only indomethacin was able to prevent retinal vascular leakage in LPS-injected rats, likely due to the distinctive molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Bianca Maria Platania
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Romano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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14
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Kaushik S, Singh N, Yamini S, Singh A, Sinha M, Arora A, Kaur P, Sharma S, Singh TP. The mode of inhibitor binding to peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase: binding studies and structure determination of unbound and bound peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase from Acinetobacter baumannii. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67547. [PMID: 23844024 PMCID: PMC3701073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidences of infections caused by an aerobic Gram-negative bacterium, Acinetobacter baumannii are very common in hospital environments. It usually causes soft tissue infections including urinary tract infections and pneumonia. It is difficult to treat due to acquired resistance to available antibiotics is well known. In order to design specific inhibitors against one of the important enzymes, peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase from Acinetobacter baumannii, we have determined its three-dimensional structure. Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (AbPth) is involved in recycling of peptidyl-tRNAs which are produced in the cell as a result of premature termination of translation process. We have also determined the structures of two complexes of AbPth with cytidine and uridine. AbPth was cloned, expressed and crystallized in unbound and in two bound states with cytidine and uridine. The binding studies carried out using fluorescence spectroscopic and surface plasmon resonance techniques revealed that both cytidine and uridine bound to AbPth at nanomolar concentrations. The structure determinations of the complexes revealed that both ligands were located in the active site cleft of AbPth. The introduction of ligands to AbPth caused a significant widening of the entrance gate to the active site region and in the process of binding, it expelled several water molecules from the active site. As a result of interactions with protein atoms, the ligands caused conformational changes in several residues to attain the induced tight fittings. Such a binding capability of this protein makes it a versatile molecule for hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNAs having variable peptide sequences. These are the first studies that revealed the mode of inhibitor binding in Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases which will facilitate the structure based ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kaushik
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shavait Yamini
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Avinash Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mau Sinha
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tej P. Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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15
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CRUZ RODRIGOBDA, GALDINO PABLINNYM, PENNA KARLLAG, HOFFMANN KAREN, COSTA ELSONA, BATAUS LUIZA. Acetone extract from Streptoverticillium sp., a bacterium isolated from Brazilian Cerrado soil, induces anti-inflammatory activity in mice. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:595-603. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652013000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptoverticillium sp. Z1 is an actinomycete isolated from the soil under Cerrado vegetation, the extract of this strain was investigated in nociceptive and inflammatory models. The Streptoverticillium extract (ExS) 50 and 100 mg/kg (s.c.) produced a significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhings thereby demonstrating an anti-nociceptive effect. In the tail flick test the ExS (s.c.) was inactive. This result implited that ExS does not contain opioid-like compounds with central analgesic properties. In the inflammatory models, ExS 100 and 200 mg/kg (s.c.) were able to inhibit the croton oil-induced ear edema and, ExS 200 and 500 mg/kg (s.c.) inhibited the leukocyte migration on the carrageenan-induced peritonitis. The phospholipase A2 enzymatic assay showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of ExS was not due to direct effect on phospholipase A2 activity. These data suggest that Streptoverticillium sp. produces metabolites with anti-inflammatory effect and that these metabolites are unable to directly inhibit phospholipase A2 enzyme.
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16
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Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as inhibitor of anti-coagulation and inflammation activities of phospholipase A 2 : insight from molecular docking studies. J Biol Phys 2013; 39:419-38. [PMID: 23860918 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-013-9299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), isolated from Daboia russelli pulchella (Russell's viper), is enzymatically active as well as induces several pharmacological disorders including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, anti-coagulant, hemolytic, and platelet effects. Indomethacin reduces the effects of anti-coagulant and pro-inflammatory actions of PLA2. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines constitute a class of naturally occurring fused uracils that posses diverse biological activities. The in-silico docking studies of nine pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine molecules have been carried out with the X-ray crystal structure of Russell's viper PLA2 (PDB ID: 3H1X) to predict the binding affinity, molecular recognition, and to explicate the binding modes, using AUTODOCK and GLIDE (Standard precision and Extra precision) modules, respectively. Docking results through each method make obvious that pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine molecules with trimethylene linker can bind with both anti-coagulation and enzymatic regions of PLA2.
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17
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Wadood A, Ali SA, Sattar R, Lodhi MA, Ul-Haq Z. A novel pharmacophore model to identify leads for simultaneous inhibition of anti-coagulation and anti-inflammatory activities of snake venom phospholipase A(2). Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:431-41. [PMID: 22136624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In addition to catalytic action, snake venom phospholipase A(2) induces several pharmacological effects including neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity as well as anti-coagulant and anti-platelet aggregation effects. Therefore, strategy to identify dual inhibitor for this enzyme will be of much importance in medical research. In this paper, structure-based pharmacophore mapping, molecular docking, protein-ligand interaction fingerprints, binding energy calculations, and binding affinity predictions were employed in a virtual screening strategy to identify new hits for dual inhibition of anti-coagulation and inflammation of phospholipase A(2) . A structure-based pharmacophore map was modeled which comprised of important interactions as observed in co-crystal of phospholipase A(2) and its dual inhibitor indomethacin. The generated model was used to retrieve molecules from ChemBridge, a free database of commercially available compounds. A total of 381 molecules mapped on the developed pharmacophore model from ChemBridge database. The hits retrieved were further screened by molecular docking, protein-ligand interaction fingerprints, binding energy calculations, and binding affinity predictions using Genetic Optimization for Ligand Docking and moe. Based on these results, 32 chemo-types molecules were predicted as potential lead scaffolds for developing novel, potent and structurally diverse dual inhibitor of phospholipase A(2.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wadood
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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18
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Nargotra A, Sharma S, Alam MI, Ahmed Z, Bhagat A, Taneja SC, Qazi GN, Koul S. In silico identification of viper phospholipaseA2 inhibitors: validation by in vitro, in vivo studies. J Mol Model 2011; 17:3063-73. [PMID: 21360175 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-0994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom, particularly of vipers from the Indian subcontinent, contains Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) as one its constituents which is widely implicated in hemorrhagic, cardiac arrest and death. Development of inhibitors of the protein can facilitate the weakening or annihilation of the venom toxicity and save many human lives. In the present communication, our studies relate to the design and development of structure-based ligands as inhibitors of PLA2 of Viper venom. The study involves the computational approach towards evaluating a library of molecules comprising of natural products, and synthetic molecules through docking studies on the venom protein PDB ID: 1OXL (a dimer, available in the literature). In silico experiments have resulted in the identification of several of them as PLA2 inhibitors. The inhibitory effect of PLA2 by these compounds is attributed to a great extent to their interaction with the residues Phe 46 and Val47 of chain B of the target protein and hence these two residues are identified as the key contributor for the said activity. In order to validate the in silico findings, a selected panel of compounds have been tested by in vitro and in vivo experiments against the venom, which has led to the observance of significant corroboration between the wet lab and in silico findings, validating thereby the in silico approach used in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Nargotra
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
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19
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Vinuchakkaravarthy T, Kumaravel KP, Ravichandran S, Velmurugan D. Active compound from the leaves of Vitex negundo L. shows anti-inflammatory activity with evidence of inhibition for secretory Phospholipase A(2) through molecular docking. Bioinformation 2011; 7:199-206. [PMID: 22102777 PMCID: PMC3218522 DOI: 10.6026/97320630007199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel compounds with significant medicinal properties have gained much interest in therapeutic approaches for treating various inflammatory disorders like arthritis, odema and snake bites and the post-envenom (impregnating with venom) consequences. Inflammation is caused by the increased concentration of secretory Phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) at the site of envenom. A novel compound Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDTBPP) was isolated from the leaves of Vitex negundo and the crystal structure was reported recently. The acute anti-inflammatory activity of TDTBPP was assessed by Carrageenan-induced rat paw odema method. TDTBPP reduced the raw paw odema volume significantly at the tested doses of 50 mg/kg and 70 mg/kg body weight. Molecular docking studies were carried out with the X-ray crystal structures of Daboia russelli pulchella's (Vipera russelli, Indian Russell's viper) venom sPLA(2) and Human non-pancreatic secretory PLA(2) (Hnps PLA(2)) as targets to illustrate the antiinflammatory and antidote activities of TDTBPP. Docking results showed hydrogen bond (H-bond) interaction with Lys69 residue lying in the anti-coagulant loop of D. russelli's venom PLA(2), which is essential in the catalytic activity of the enzyme and hydrophobic interactions with the residues at the binding site (His48, Asp49). Docking of TDTBPP with Hnps PLA(2) structure showed coordination with calcium ion directly as well as through the catalytically important water molecule (HOH1260) located at the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Vinuchakkaravarthy
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaliya Perumal Kumaravel
- Center of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Chidambaram-608 508, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samuthirapandian Ravichandran
- Center of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Chidambaram-608 508, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility (DBT-BIF), University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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20
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A comparison of crystallographic and DFT optimized geometries on two taxane diterpenoids and docking studies with phospholipase A2. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Kang TS, Georgieva D, Genov N, Murakami MT, Sinha M, Kumar RP, Kaur P, Kumar S, Dey S, Sharma S, Vrielink A, Betzel C, Takeda S, Arni RK, Singh TP, Kini RM. Enzymatic toxins from snake venom: structural characterization and mechanism of catalysis. FEBS J 2011; 278:4544-76. [PMID: 21470368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are cocktails of enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins used for both the immobilization and digestion of prey. The most common snake venom enzymes include acetylcholinesterases, l-amino acid oxidases, serine proteinases, metalloproteinases and phospholipases A(2) . Higher catalytic efficiency, thermal stability and resistance to proteolysis make these enzymes attractive models for biochemists, enzymologists and structural biologists. Here, we review the structures of these enzymes and describe their structure-based mechanisms of catalysis and inhibition. Some of the enzymes exist as protein complexes in the venom. Thus we also discuss the functional role of non-enzymatic subunits and the pharmacological effects of such protein complexes. The structures of inhibitor-enzyme complexes provide ideal platforms for the design of potent inhibitors which are useful in the development of prototypes and lead compounds with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse Siang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Thwin M, Samy RP, Satyanarayanajois SD, Gopalakrishnakone P. Venom neutralization by purified bioactive molecules: Synthetic peptide derivatives of the endogenous PLA2 inhibitory protein PIP (a mini-review). Toxicon 2010; 56:1275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Ramakrishnan C, Subramanian V, Velmurugan D. Molecular Dynamics Study of Secretory Phospholipase A2 of Russell’s Viper and Bovine Pancreatic Sources. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:13463-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102073f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ramakrishnan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India, and Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | - V. Subramanian
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India, and Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | - D. Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India, and Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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