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Oshima Y, Ogiso S, Imai H, Nakamura M, Wakama S, Tomofuji K, Ito T, Fukumitsu K, Ishii T, Matsuda T, Taura K. Fluid dynamics analyses of the intrahepatic portal vein tributaries using 7-T MRI. HPB (Oxford) 2021; 23:1692-1699. [PMID: 33958282 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing portal vein (PV) hemodynamics is an essential part of liver disease management/liver surgery, yet the optimal methods of assessing intrahepatic PV flow have not yet been established. This study investigated the usefulness of 7-Tesla MRI with hemodynamic analysis for detecting small flow changes within narrow intrahepatic PV branches. METHODS Flow data in the main PV was obtained by two methods, two-dimensional cine phase contrast-MRI (2D cine PC-MRI) and three-dimensional non-cine phase contrast-MRI (3D PC-MRI). Hemodynamic parameters, such as flow volume rate, flow velocity, and wall shear stress in intrahepatic PV branches were calculated before and after a meal challenge using 3D PC-MRI and hemodynamic analysis. RESULTS The hemodynamic parameters obtained using 3D PC-MRI and 2D cine PC-MRI were similar. All intrahepatic PV branches were clearly depicted in eight planes, and significant changes in flow volume rate were seen in three planes. Average and maximum velocities, cross-sectional area, and wall shear stress were similar between before and after a meal challenge in all planes. CONCLUSION 7-Tesla 3D PC-MRI combined with hemodynamic analysis is a promising tool for assessing intrahepatic PV flow and enables future studies in small animals to investigate PV hemodynamics associated with liver disease/postoperative liver recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Oshima
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakama
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Tomofuji
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kojiro Taura
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Akiba Y, Maruta K, Takajo T, Narimatsu K, Said H, Kato I, Kuwahara A, Kaunitz JD. Lipopolysaccharides transport during fat absorption in rodent small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G1070-G1087. [PMID: 32390462 PMCID: PMC7311662 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00079.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are potent pro-inflammatory molecules that enter the systemic circulation from the intestinal lumen by uncertain mechanisms. We investigated these mechanisms and the effect of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) on LPS transport in the rodent small intestine. Transmucosal LPS transport was measured in Ussing-chambered rat jejunal mucosa. In anesthetized rats, the appearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-LPS into the portal vein (PV) and the mesenteric lymph was simultaneously monitored after intraduodenal perfusion of FITC-LPS with oleic acid and taurocholate (OA/TCA). In vitro, luminally applied LPS rapidly appeared in the serosal solution only with luminal OA/TCA present, inhibited by the lipid raft inhibitor methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and the CD36 inhibitor sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO), or by serosal GLP-2. In vivo, perfusion of FITC-LPS with OA/TCA rapidly increased FITC-LPS appearance into the PV, followed by a gradual increase of FITC-LPS into the lymph. Rapid PV transport was inhibited by the addition of MβCD or by SSO, whereas transport into the lymph was inhibited by chylomicron synthesis inhibition. Intraveous injection of the stable GLP-2 analog teduglutide acutely inhibited FITC-LPS transport into the PV, yet accelerated FITC-LPS transport into the lymph via Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)- and PG97-269-sensitive mechanisms. In vivo confocal microscopy in mouse jejunum confirmed intracellular FITC-LPS uptake with no evidence of paracellular localization. This is the first direct demonstration in vivo that luminal LPS may cross the small intestinal barrier physiologically during fat absorption via lipid raft- and CD36-mediated mechanisms, followed by predominant transport into the PV, and that teduglutide inhibits LPS uptake into the PV in vivo.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report direct in vivo confirmation of transcellular lipopolysaccharides (LPS) uptake from the intestine into the portal vein (PV) involving CD36 and lipid rafts, with minor uptake via the canonical chylomicron pathway. The gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) inhibited uptake into the PV. These data suggest that the bulk of LPS absorption is via the PV to the liver, helping clarify the mechanism of LPS transport into the PV as part of the "gut-liver" axis. These data do not support the paracellular transport of LPS, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the "leaky gut" syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Koji Maruta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Takeshi Takajo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hyder Said
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Surgery, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
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