1
|
Zhang YX, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Liu YJ, Ren A, Zhou Y, Shi D, Feng XS. Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
|
2
|
Wachełko O, Szpot P, Tusiewicz K, Nowak K, Chłopaś-Konowałek A, Zawadzki M. An ultra-sensitive UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method for determination of 54 benzodiazepines (pharmaceutical drugs, NPS and metabolites) and z-drugs in biological samples. Talanta 2022; 251:123816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
3
|
Jagerdeo E, Auger S. Rapid screening procedures for a variety of complex forensic samples using laser diode thermal desorption (LDTD) coupled to different mass spectrometers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9244. [PMID: 34984743 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The applications shared in this paper demonstrate the wide variety of samples that can be analyzed when Laser Diode Thermal Desorption (LDTD) is interfaced with a high-resolution mass spectrometer and show the speed at which high quality data can be generated from complex matrices. METHODS Samples are solvent extracted and spotted in a 96-well plate. In the case of biological fluids, hydrolysis followed by solid-phase extraction is required. The solvent in the 96-well plate is evaporated followed by mass spectrometric (MS) analysis with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Where applicable, the instrument is operated in data-dependent mode, with a full-scan mass spectrum followed by MS/MS spectra of the top 10 ions with a total runtime of 0.4 min. RESULTS Four applications (MAAQ and Tear Gas, twelve rodenticides, seven explosives, and 40 drugs of abuse) are reported in this paper. MAAQ, tear gas, and rodenticides were identified by full-scan, followed by MS/MS experiments at levels of 125 μg/L, 125 μg/L, and 500 μg/L, respectively. Explosives were all identified at 102 μg/L by full-scan experiments. The drugs of abuse were identified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments at defined cutoff levels from 2 to 1000 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS Interfacing LDTD with a mass spectrometer allows for rapid screening of a wide range of samples, with either minimal or complex sample preparation. Using a high-resolution mass spectrometer with the combination to perform full-scan and MS/MS experiments adds a high level of specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Jagerdeo
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Severina H, Bezruk I, Ivanauskas L, Georgiyants V. Development of HPLC method for quantitative determination of epimidin - new perspective АPhI with anticonvulsive activity. SCIENCERISE: PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.15587/2519-4852.2020.203181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
6
|
Femoral blood concentrations of flualprazolam in 33 postmortem cases. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 307:110101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
7
|
Ketola RA, Ojanperä I. Summary statistics for drug concentrations in post‐mortem femoral blood representing all causes of death. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1326-1337. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimo A. Ketola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Forensic Toxicology P.O. Box 30 FI‐00271 Helsinki Finland
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Forensic Toxicology P.O. Box 30 FI‐00271 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Helsinki P.O. Box 40 FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Jagerdeo E, Schaff JE. UPLC-Orbitrap ® Screening for over 35 Drugs of Abuse and Metabolites in Biological Fluids in Under 10 min. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1810:75-87. [PMID: 29974419 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8579-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a UPLC®-High Resolution Mass Spectrometric method to simultaneously screen for 19 benzodiazepines, 12 opiates, cocaine and three metabolites, and 3 "Z-drug" hypnotic sedatives in both blood and urine specimens. Sample processing consists of a high-speed, high-temperature enzymatic hydrolysis for urine samples followed by a rapid supported liquid extraction (SLE). The combination of ultrahigh-resolution chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry allows all analytes to be uniquely detected with a 10 min analytical run. Limits of detection for all target analytes are 3 ng/mL or better, with only 300 μL of specimen used for analysis. The combination of low sample volume with fast processing and analysis makes this method a suitable replacement for immunoassay screening of the targeted drug classes, while providing far superior specificity and better limits of detection than can routinely be obtained by immunoassay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Jagerdeo
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, USA.
| | - Jason E Schaff
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee JH, Park HN, Choi JY, Kim NS, Park HJ, Park SS, Baek SY. Simultaneous analysis by Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry and UHPLC-MS/MS for the determination of sedative-hypnotics and sleep inducers in adulterated products. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4677-4688. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Park
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Choi
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Sook Kim
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Joon Park
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Park
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Baek
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rapid screening for drugs of abuse in biological fluids by ultra high performance liquid chromatography/Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1027:11-8. [PMID: 27236533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a UPLC(®)-High Resolution Mass Spectrometric method to simultaneously screen for nineteen benzodiazepines, twelve opiates, cocaine and three metabolites, and three "Z-drug" hypnotic sedatives in both blood and urine specimens. Sample processing consists of a high-speed, high-temperature enzymatic hydrolysis for urine samples followed by a rapid supported liquid extraction (SLE). The combination of ultra-high resolution chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry allows all 38 analytes to be uniquely detected with a ten minute analytical run. Limits of detection for all target analytes are 3ng/mL or better, with only 0.3mL of specimen used for analysis. The combination of low sample volume with fast processing and analysis makes this method a suitable replacement for immunoassay screening of the targeted drug classes, while providing far superior specificity and better limits of detection than can routinely be obtained by immunoassay.
Collapse
|
12
|
Matrix-free analysis of selected benzodiazepines in human serum samples using alternating trilinear decomposition modeling of fast liquid chromatography diode array detection data. Talanta 2016; 148:454-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Jeong YD, Kim MK, Suh SI, In MK, Kim JY, Paeng KJ. Rapid determination of benzodiazepines, zolpidem and their metabolites in urine using direct injection liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Persona K, Madej K, Knihnicki P, Piekoszewski W. Analytical methodologies for the determination of benzodiazepines in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:239-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
Karlonas N, Ramanavicius A, Ramanaviciene A. Development of an SPE method for the determination of zaleplon and zopiclone in hemolyzed blood using fast GC with negative-ion chemical ionization MS. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:551-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerijus Karlonas
- Center of Nanotechnology and Material Science; Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
- State Forensic Medicine Service Under the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology; Semiconductor Physics Institute; State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Center of Nanotechnology and Material Science; Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Launiainen T, Ojanperä I. Drug concentrations in post-mortem femoral blood compared with therapeutic concentrations in plasma. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:308-16. [PMID: 23881890 PMCID: PMC4237191 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug concentrations measured in plasma are of limited value as reference intervals for interpretation in post-mortem (PM) toxicology. In this study, drug concentration distributions were studied in PM femoral venous blood from 57 903 Finnish autopsy cases representing all causes of death during an 11-year period. Cause-of-death information was obtained from death certificates issued by forensic pathologists. Median, mean, and upper percentile (90th, 95th, 97.5th) concentrations were calculated for 129 drugs. To illustrate how PM median concentrations relate to established therapeutic ranges in plasma, a PM blood/plasma relationship was calculated for each drug. Males represented 75% of the subjects and showed a lower median age (55 yrs) than females (59 yrs). In 43% of these cases, blood alcohol concentration was higher than 0.2‰, and the median was 1.8‰. Sixty-one (47%) of the 129 drugs showed a PM blood/plasma relationship of 1. For 22 drugs (17%), the relationship was <1, and for 46 drugs (35%), the relationship was >1. No marked correlation was found between the PM blood/plasma relationship and the volume of distribution (Vd). For 36 drugs, more than 10% of cases were fatal poisonings attributed to this drug as the main finding. These drug concentration distributions based on a large database provide a helpful reference not only to forensic toxicologists and pathologists but also to clinical pharmacologists in charge of interpreting drug concentrations in PM cases. © 2013 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Launiainen
- University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, PO Box 40 (Kytösuontie 11), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vuori E, Pelander A, Rasanen I, Juote M, Ojanperä I. A rare case of serial killing by poisoning. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:725-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erkki Vuori
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | - Anna Pelander
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | - Ilpo Rasanen
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | - Mikko Juote
- Violent Crime Unit; Helsinki Police Department; Finland
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine; University of Helsinki; Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karlonas N, Padarauskas A, Ramanavicius A, Ramanaviciene A. Mixed-mode SPE for a multi-residue analysis of benzodiazepines in whole blood using rapid GC with negative-ion chemical ionization MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1437-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrius Padarauskas
- Center of Nanotechnology and Material Science; Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; Vilnius; Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; Vilnius; Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Center of Nanotechnology and Material Science; Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; Vilnius; Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hakkarainen P, Kiianmaa K, Kuoppasalmi K, Tigerstedt C. Addiction research centres and the nurturing of creativity: the Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction at the National Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland: diverse problems, diverse perspectives. Addiction 2012; 107:1741-6. [PMID: 21992550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction started operations on 1 January 2009, when the National Institute of Public Health (KTL) and the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES) were merged. The newly formed institute, called the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), operates under the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The scope of the research and preventive work conducted in the Department covers alcohol, drugs, tobacco and gambling issues. The two main tasks of the Department are (i) to research, produce and disseminate information on alcohol and drugs, substance use, addictions and their social and health-related effects and (ii) to develop prevention and good practices with a view to counteracting the onset and development of alcohol and drug problems and the damaging effects of smoking and other addictions. The number of staff hovers at approximately 60 people. The Department is organized into three units, one specialized in social sciences (the Alcohol and Drug Research Unit), another in laboratory analytics (the Alcohol and Drug Analytics Unit) and the third primarily in preventive work (the Addiction Prevention Unit). These units incorporate a rich variety and long traditions of both research and preventive work. The mixture of different disciplines creates good opportunities for interdisciplinary research projects and collaboration within the Department. Also, the fact that in the same administrative context there are both researchers and people specialized in preventive work opens up interesting possibilities for combining efforts from these two branches. Nationally, the Department is a key player in all its fields of interest. It engages in a great deal of cooperation both nationally and internationally, and among its strengths are the high-quality, regularly collected long-term data sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Hakkarainen
- Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Blencowe T, Pehrsson A, Mykkänen S, Gunnar T, Lillsunde P. Cannabis findings in drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs in Finland from 2006 to 2008. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
21
|
Kriikku P, Wilhelm L, Rintatalo J, Hurme J, Kramer J, Ojanperä I. Phenazepam abuse in Finland: findings from apprehended drivers, post-mortem cases and police confiscations. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 220:111-7. [PMID: 22391477 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Phenazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine that, unlike other benzodiazepines, is currently not scheduled as a narcotic in Finland, most other European countries or the USA. It is used as an anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and anti-epileptic, mainly in Russia. In Finland, as well as in some other countries, an increase in the unauthorized use of phenazepam has been observed in recent years. In the one year period between July 1, 2010 and June 30, 2011 the prevalence of phenazepam in Finland was assessed among drivers apprehended for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID), in medico-legal autopsy cases and in police confiscations of illicit drugs. In DUID cases an LC-MS/MS method preceded by solid phase extraction was used for the determination of phenazepam. In the post-mortem investigations the sample preparation consisted of liquid-liquid extraction followed by derivatization and the determination was carried out by GC-MS. The police confiscations were analysed by GC-MS. There were 141 positive phenazepam cases among apprehended drivers, representing approximately 3.5% of all confirmed drug cases (n=4007) in this time period. The median (range) phenazepam blood concentration in DUID cases was 0.061 mg/L (0.004-3.600 mg/L). The median phenazepam concentration in cases with no concomitant stimulant use was significantly higher than the overall median concentration. Phenazepam was found in 17 medico-legal autopsy cases and the median (range) blood concentration was 0.048 mg/L (0.007-1.600 mg/L). Phenazepam was not considered by the medico-legal team to be the sole cause of death in any of the cases, the majority of them being accidental opiod overdoses. There were 26 seizures of phenazepam by the Police in the time period studied, some of the batches consisted of a mixture of phenazepam and stimulant designer drugs. The data show that phenazepam abuse is a widespread phenomenon in Finland. A typical user was a male multi-drug user in his 30s. The concentration range of phenazepam among apprehended drivers and medico-legal autopsy cases was wide and the drug was usually found along with other psychoactive drugs. Therefore, although it seems likely that phenazepam contributed to impairment of driving in some DUID cases, the extent of its effect remains unclear and further studies are needed to define the concentrations causing impairment and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirkko Kriikku
- Vita Health Care Services Ltd, Vita Laboratory, Laivakatu 5 F, 00150 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Methods for the analysis of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:291-304. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon (Z-drugs) are nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs that are used for the treatment of insomnia. These drugs were developed with the intent to overcome some disadvantages of benzodiazepines, such as dependence and next day sedation. In general, the nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs are administered in oral doses daily and are widely biotransformed in the body. A large number of analytical methods based on chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques for the quantification of Z-drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices have been reported. In this review, the bioanalytical methods for Z-drugs were reviewed with the focus placed on sample preparation procedures and the separation techniques used. Furthermore, as these drugs are also reported as drugs of abuse or in drug-facilitated crime, screening methods that simultaneously cover these drugs and also other drugs of abuse were included in this review.
Collapse
|
23
|
Determination of midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam from plasma by gas chromatography coupled to methane negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry after sublingual administration of midazolam. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1668-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
24
|
Kang J, Park YS, Kim SH, Kim SH, Jun MY. Modern methods for analysis of antiepileptic drugs in the biological fluids for pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence and therapeutic drug monitoring. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 15:67-81. [PMID: 21660146 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease occurring in approximately 1.0% of the world's population. About 30% of the epileptic patients treated with availably antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) continue to have seizures and are considered therapy-resistant or refractory patients. The ultimate goal for the use of AEDs is complete cessation of seizures without side effects. Because of a narrow therapeutic index of AEDs, a complete understanding of its clinical pharmacokinetics is essential for understanding of the pharmacodynamics of these drugs. These drug concentrations in biological fluids serve as surrogate markers and can be used to guide or target drug dosing. Because early studies demonstrated clinical and/or electroencephalographic correlations with serum concentrations of several AEDs, It has been almost 50 years since clinicians started using plasma concentrations of AEDs to optimize pharmacotherapy in patients with epilepsy. Therefore, validated analytical method for concentrations of AEDs in biological fluids is a necessity in order to explore pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence and TDM in various clinical situations. There are hundreds of published articles on the analysis of specific AEDs by a wide variety of analytical methods in biological samples have appears over the past decade. This review intends to provide an updated, concise overview on the modern method development for monitoring AEDs for pharmacokinetic studies, bioequivalence and therapeutic drug monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juseop Kang
- Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology Lab, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brown SD, Melton TC. Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000-2010. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:300-21. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Nilsson GH, Kugelberg FC, Kronstrand R, Ahlner J. Stability tests of zopiclone in whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 200:130-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
27
|
Remane D, Meyer MR, Peters FT, Wissenbach DK, Maurer HH. Fast and simple procedure for liquid–liquid extraction of 136 analytes from different drug classes for development of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric quantification method in human blood plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2303-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
Karjalainen KK, Lintonen TP, Impinen AO, Lillsunde PM, Ostamo AI. Poly-drug findings in drugged driving cases during 1977–2007. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/14659890903271608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
29
|
Foda NH, Bakhaidar RB. Zaleplon. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2010; 35:347-371. [PMID: 22469226 DOI: 10.1016/s1871-5125(10)35008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
30
|
Fernández P, Vázquez C, Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Álvarez I, Cabarcos P. Experimental design for optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of benzodiazepines in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:677-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
31
|
Use of the dried blood spot sampling process coupled with fast gas chromatography and negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry: application to fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, reboxetine, and paroxetine analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2523-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
32
|
Bai HY, Lin SL, Chan SA, Fuh MR. Characterization and evaluation of two-dimensional microfluidic chip-HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of 7-aminoflunitrazepam in human urine. Analyst 2010; 135:2737-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00355g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
33
|
Relationship Between Oral Fluid and Blood Concentrations of Drugs of Abuse in Drivers Suspected of Driving Under the Influence of Drugs. Ther Drug Monit 2009; 31:511-9. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181ae46ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
34
|
Analysis of pesticide residues by fast gas chromatography in combination with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6326-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
35
|
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization–mass spectrometry method for the quantification of alprazolam, flunitrazepam, and their main metabolites in haemolysed blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
36
|
Ojaniemi KK, Lintonen TP, Impinen AO, Lillsunde PM, Ostamo AI. Trends in driving under the influence of drugs: a register-based study of DUID suspects during 1977-2007. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2009; 41:191-196. [PMID: 19114154 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to describe the incidence and trends of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and to examine the main drug findings and their trends in suspected DUID cases in Finland. A register-based study was conducted of all suspected DUID cases during 1977-2007. The data included 31,963 DUID offenders apprehended by the police with a positive finding for illicit/licit drug impairing driving performance. Toxicological results were analyzed in blood and/or urine specimens in one central laboratory. The incidence of suspected DUID cases increased 18-fold during 1977-2007. Most of the suspects were men (89.7%). However, the male-female ratio decreased from 13.9 to 7.3. The mean age decreased from 36.2 years in 1977 to 29.9 years in 2001 but has since reincreased. Most often found substances were benzodiazepines (75.7%), amphetamines (46.0%), cannabinoids (27.7%) and opioids (13.8%). Most common illicit drugs, amphetamines and cannabinoids, started to appear at the end of the 1980s. Poly-drug findings were common (77.1%). Suspected DUID cases have increased sharply after the introduction of a zero tolerance law, especially in regard to amphetamines. DUID is an increasing problem in Finland, and needs serious attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina K Ojaniemi
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mass spectrometric approaches in impaired driving toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:97-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
Analytical techniques for detection of drugs in oral fluid (OF) are reviewed with emphasis on applications used in European Union (EU) roadside testing projects. Oral fluid is readily accessible and collectible. It has become an interesting material because no medical personnel are needed for sampling. This matrix is especially applicable for preliminary drug testing in driving under the influence controls and for monitoring illicit drug use in drug treatment. Oral fluid is also an increasingly used specimen in epidemiologic studies and in workplace drug testing. Drugs are present at lower levels in OF than in urine. The window of detection of drugs in OF reflects the corresponding window in blood, suggesting OF as a specimen of choice for roadside testing. Saliva/blood ratios vary from drug to drug, from person to person, and even intraindividually making therapeutic drug monitoring in OF challenging. Several sensitive methods for drug testing in OF have been developed during the last years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Lillsunde
- National Public Health Institute, Drug Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Extending the molecular application range of gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
40
|
Pehrsson A, Gunnar T, Engblom C, Seppä H, Jama A, Lillsunde P. Roadside oral fluid testing: Comparison of the results of Drugwipe 5 and Drugwipe Benzodiazepines on-site tests with laboratory confirmation results of oral fluid and whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 175:140-8. [PMID: 17640837 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drugged drivers pose a serious threat to other people in traffic as well as to themselves. Reliable oral fluid screening devices for on-site screening of drugged drivers would be both a useful and convenient means for traffic control. In this study we evaluated the appropriateness of Drugwipe 5 and Drugwipe Benzodiazepines oral fluid on-site tests for roadside drug screening. Drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs were screened with the Drugwipe tests. Oral fluid and whole blood samples were collected from the drivers and tested for amphetamine-type stimulant drugs, cannabis, opiates, cocaine and benzodiazepines by immunological methods, GC and GC-MS. The performance evaluations of the tests were made by comparing the results of the Drugwipe tests with laboratory GC-MS confirmation results of oral fluid or whole blood. In addition to the performance evaluations of the Drugwipe tests based on laboratory results, a questionnaire on the practical aspects of the tests was written for the police officers who performed the tests. The aim of the questionnaire was to obtain user comments on the practicality of the tests as well as the advantages and weak points of the tests. The results of the performance evaluations were: for oral fluid (sensitivity; specificity; accuracy) amphetamines (95.5%; 92.9%; 95.3%), cannabis (52.2%; 91.2%; 85.1%), cocaine (50.0%; 99.3%; 98.6%), opiates (100%; 95.8%; 95.9%), benzodiazepines (74.4%; 84.2%; 79.2%) and for whole blood accordingly, amphetamines (97.7%; 86.7%; 95.9%), cannabis (68.3%; 87.9%; 84.9%), cocaine (50.0%; 98.5%; 97.7%), opiates (87.5%; 96.9%; 96.6%) and benzodiazepines (66.7%; 87.0%; 74.4%). Although the Drugwipe 5 successfully detected amphetamine-type stimulant drugs and the police officers were quite pleased with the current features of the Drugwipe tests, improvements must still be made regarding the detection of cannabis and benzodiazepines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pehrsson
- National Public Health Institute, Drug Research Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Metwally FH, Abdelkawy M, Abdelwahab NS. Application of spectrophotometric, densitometric, and HPLC techniques as stability indicating methods for determination of Zaleplon in pharmaceutical preparations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:1220-30. [PMID: 17353143 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spectrophotometric, spectrodensitometric and HPLC are stability indicating methods described for determination of Zaleplon in pure and dosage forms. As Zaleplon is easily degradable, the proposed techniques in this manuscript are adopted for its determination in presence of its alkaline degradation product, namely N-[4-(3-cyano-pyrazolo[1,5a]pyridin-7-yl)-phenyl]-N-ethyl-acetamide. These approaches are successfully applied to quantify Zaleplon using the information included in the absorption spectra of appropriate solutions. The second derivative (D(2)) spectrophotometric method, allows determination of Zaleplon without interference of its degradate at 235.2 nm using 0.01N HCl as a solvent with obedience to Beer's law over a concentration range of 1-10 microg ml(-1) with mean percentage recovery 100.24+/-0.86%. The first derivative of the ratio spectra ((1)DD) based on the simultaneous use of ((1)DD) and measurement at 241.8 nm using the same solvent and over the same concentration range as (D(2)) spectrophotometric method, with mean percentage recovery 99.9+/-1.07%. The spectrodensitometric analysis allows the separation and quantitation of Zaleplon from its degradate on silica gel plates using chloroform:acetone:ammonia solution (9:1:0.2 by volume) as a mobile phase. This method depends on quantitave densitometric evaluation of thin layer chromatogram of Zaleplon at 338 nm over a concentration range of 0.2-1 microg band(-1), with mean percentage recovery 99.73+/-1.35. Also a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method using 5-C8 (22 cm x 4.6 mm i.d. 5 microm particle size) column was described and validated for quantitation of Zaleplon using acetonitrile:deionised water (35:65, v/v) as a mobile phase using Paracetamol as internal standard and a flow rate of 1.5 ml min(-1) with UV detection of the effluent at 232 nm at ambient temperature over a concentration range of 2-20 microg ml(-1) with mean percentage recovery 100.19+/-1.15%. The insignificance difference of the proposed methods results with those of the reference one proved their accuracy and precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadia H Metwally
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gunnar T, Engblom C, Ariniemi K. Pressure-adjusted continual flow heart-cutting for the high throughput determination of amphetamine-type stimulant drugs in whole blood by fast multidimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1166:171-80. [PMID: 17727863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Innovative features and technical improvements in modern bench-top quadrupole gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) have prepared the way for faster and more cost-effective applications while still maintaining sufficient chromatographic resolution, speed of MS data acquisition and reliability of analytical methodology. In this paper, a short wide-bore capillary column with low film thickness (5 m x 0.32 mm i.d., 0.1 microm) was used a pre-fractionating column and only chosen heart-cuts were transferred to the second chromatographic dimension (15 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 microm) by means of a pressure-adjusted continual flow type switching device for quantification of five common amphetamine-type stimulant drugs. The instrumental setting used, in combination with carefully optimized operational fast GC and MS parameters, markedly decreased the retention times of the targeted analytes, e.g., amphetamine 0.891 min and methamphetamine 1.037 min, and the total chromatographic runtime (1.700 min), as well as reducing the need for continuous cleaning of the MS ion source and increasing column life compared with conventional GC-MS approaches. The performance of the instrumental configuration and analytical method was evaluated in validation experiments and the method was also applied to authentic samples. The method demonstrates the potential of fast GC-MS in combination with a gas-phase microfluidic Deans switch device for analysing of (semi)volatile compounds, such as amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) drugs. This should be particularly useful in modern laboratories aiming at cost-efficient analysis as well as the optimum use of available laboratory capacity and instrumentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Gunnar
- National Public Health Institute, Drug Research Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Smith ML, Vorce SP, Holler JM, Shimomura E, Magluilo J, Jacobs AJ, Huestis MA. Modern instrumental methods in forensic toxicology. J Anal Toxicol 2007; 31:237-53, 8A-9A. [PMID: 17579968 PMCID: PMC2745311 DOI: 10.1093/jat/31.5.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews modern analytical instrumentation in forensic toxicology for identification and quantification of drugs and toxins in biological fluids and tissues. A brief description of the theory and inherent strengths and limitations of each methodology is included. The focus is on new technologies that address current analytical limitations. A goal of this review is to encourage innovations to improve our technological capabilities and to encourage use of these analytical techniques in forensic toxicology practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Smith
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Shawn P. Vorce
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Justin M. Holler
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Eric Shimomura
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Joe Magluilo
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Aaron J. Jacobs
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
- Army Medical Department Board, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Maurer HH. Hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques-indispensable tools in clinical and forensic toxicology and in doping control. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1399-413. [PMID: 17051522 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques, particularly gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), are indispensable tools in clinical and forensic toxicology and in doping control owing to their high sensitivity and specificity. They are used for screening, library-assisted identification and quantification of drugs, poisons and their metabolites, prerequisites for competent expertise in these fields. In addition, they allow the study of metabolism of new drugs or poisons as a basis for developing screening procedures in biological matrices, most notably in urine, or toxicological risk assessment. Concepts and procedures using GC/MS and LC/MS techniques in the areas of analytical toxicology and the role of mass spectral libraries are presented and discussed in this feature article. Finally, perspectives of their future position are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|