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Pfeffer S, Gmeiner G, Forsdahl G. Methylation of phase II metabolites of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids to improve analytical performance. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38643973 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The study of intact phase II metabolites of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) gives important information about metabolism and has the potential to improve the detection of doping with testosterone. For analysis with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), chemical derivatization at the steroid moiety is a technique to improve the positive ionization efficiency of glucuronidated/sulfated EAAS under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. However, regarding the chromatographic performance, there are still challenges to address, for example, poor peak shape, which is mainly caused by nondefined adsorption in the chromatographic system. Here, we show a novel derivatization technique for the analysis of selected phase II metabolites of EAAS, where the acidic moiety of the glucuronide/sulfate is methylated with different methylation reagents to reduce nondefined adsorption. The methylation reagent trimethylsilyl-diazomethane (TMSD) was preferred over the other tested reagents methyl iodide (MeI) and dimethyl sulfate (DMS). Glucuronidated and sulfated testosterone and epitestosterone were methylated, and their chromatographic performance and CID ion mass spectra obtained in positive ionization mode were investigated. The peak width and peak height were significantly improved for all substances. Methylated testosterone sulfate showed the best results with a 3.5 times narrower peak and 14 times increased intensity compared with underivatized testosterone sulfate. Furthermore, CID ion mass spectra obtained in positive ionization mode showed product ions characteristically for the steroidal backbone for all substances. This preliminary study shows the potential of methylation as a supplementary derivatization technique, which can assist in the development of more sensitive methods due to the improvements in method performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pfeffer
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Guenter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
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2
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Esquivel A, Matabosch X, Kotronoulas A, Balcells G, Joglar J, Ventura R. Ionization and collision induced dissociation of steroid bisglucuronides. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:759-769. [PMID: 28732133 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on steroid metabolism are of utmost importance to improve the detection capabilities of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) misuse in sports drug testing. In humans, glucuronoconjugates are the most abundant phase II metabolites of AAS. Bisglucuronidation is a reaction where two separated functional groups on the same molecule are conjugated with glucuronic acid. These metabolites have not been studied in depth for steroids and could be interesting markers for doping control. The aim of the present work was to study the ionization and collision-induced dissociation of steroid bisglucuronides to be able to develop mass spectrometric analytical strategies for their detection in urine samples after AAS administration. Because steroid bisglucuronides are not commercially available, 19 of them were qualitatively synthesized to study their mass spectrometric behavior. Bisglucuronides ionized as [M+NH4 ]+ in positive mode, and as [M-H]- and [M-2H]2- in negative mode. The most specific product ions of steroid bisglucuronides in positive mode resulted from the neutral losses of 387 and 405 Da (corresponding to [M+NH4 -NH3 -2gluc-H2 O]+ and [M+NH4 -NH3 -2gluc-2H2 O]+ , respectively, being "gluc" a dehydrated glucuronide moiety), and in negative mode, the fragmentation of [M-2H]2- showed ion losses of m/z 175 and 75 (gluc- and HOCH2 CO2- , respectively). On the basis of the common behavior, a selected reaction monitoring method was developed to detect bisglucuronide metabolites in urine samples. As a proof of concept, urines obtained after administration of norandrostenediol were studied, and a bisglucuronide metabolite was detected in those urines. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the analytical strategy to detect bisglucuronide metabolites in urine samples, and the formation of these metabolites after administration of AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurocience Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Balcells
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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Vinš P, Černý I, Mikšátková P, Drašar P. Synthesis of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol 17-O-glucuronide histaminyl conjugate for immunoassays. Steroids 2016; 109:56-9. [PMID: 26898541 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple method of preparation of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol 17-O-glucuronide N-histaminyl amide was developed for the construction of immunoanalytical kit. Improved method of glucuronide derivative synthesis was used, followed by hydroxybenzotriazole-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide coupling with histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vinš
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Černý
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Mikšátková
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Drašar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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Thevis M, Dib J, Thomas A, Höppner S, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Sander M, Opfermann G, Schänzer W. Complementing the characterization ofin vivogeneratedN-glucuronic acid conjugates of stanozolol by collision cross section computation and analysis. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:1050-6. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA); Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Josef Dib
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Sebastian Höppner
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer CropScience AG; Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Dirk Kuehne
- Bayer CropScience AG; Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Mark Sander
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Georg Opfermann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Liesenfeld DB, Habermann N, Toth R, Owen RW, Frei E, Staffa J, Schrotz-King P, Klika KD, Ulrich CM. Changes in urinary metabolic profiles of colorectal cancer patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study (ColoCare). Metabolomics 2015; 11:998-1012. [PMID: 29250455 PMCID: PMC5730072 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics is a valuable tool for biomarker screening of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we profiled the urinary metabolomes of patients enrolled in a prospective patient cohort (ColoCare). We aimed to describe changes in the metabolome in the longer clinical follow-up and describe initial predictors as candidate markers with possibly prognostic significance. METHODS In total, 199 urine samples from CRC patients pre-surgery (n=97), 1-8 days post-surgery (n=12) and then after 6 and 12 months (n=52 and 38, respectively) were analyzed using both GC-MS and 1H-NMR. Both datasets were analyzed separately with built in uni- and multivariate analyses of Metaboanalyst 2.0. Furthermore, adjusted linear mixed effects regression models were constructed. RESULTS Many concentrations of the metabolites derived from the gut microbiome were affected by CRC surgery, presumably indicating a tumor-induced shift in bacterial species. Associations of the microbial metabolites with disease stage indicate an important role of the gut microbiome in CRC.We were able to differentiate the metabolite profiles of CRC patients prior to surgery from those at any post-surgery timepoint using a multivariate model containing 20 marker metabolites (AUCROC=0.89; 95% CI:0.84-0.95). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first metabolomic studies to follow CRC patients in a prospective setting with repeated urine sampling over time. We were able to confirm markers initially identified in case-control studies and pin point metabolites which may serve as candidates for prognostic biomarkers of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Liesenfeld
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Nina Habermann
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Reka Toth
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Robert W. Owen
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Eva Frei
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Jürgen Staffa
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Petra Schrotz-King
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Karel D. Klika
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia M. Ulrich
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington
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Ma P, Kanizaj N, Chan SA, Ollis DL, McLeod MD. The Escherichia coli glucuronylsynthase promoted synthesis of steroid glucuronides: improved practicality and broader scope. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6208-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00984c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Steroid glucuronides can be quickly and conveniently prepared on the milligram scale using theE. coliglucuronylsynthase enzyme followed by purification with solid-phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ma
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicholas Kanizaj
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Shu-Ann Chan
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
| | - David L. Ollis
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
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Schänzer W, Guddat S, Thomas A, Opfermann G, Geyer H, Thevis M. Expanding analytical possibilities concerning the detection of stanozolol misuse by means of high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric detection of stanozolol glucuronides in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:810-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Georg Opfermann
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne/Bonn Germany
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8
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Stachulski AV, Meng X. Glucuronides from metabolites to medicines: a survey of the in vivo generation, chemical synthesis and properties of glucuronides. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:806-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Mareck U, Geyer H, Fußhöller G, Schwenke A, Haenelt N, Piper T, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Reporting and managing elevated testosterone/epitestosterone ratios-Novel aspects after five years' experience. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:637-42. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Nandrolone or nortestosterone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, has been prohibited by doping control regulations for more than 30 years. Although its main metabolism in the human body was already known at that time, and detection of its misuse by gas or liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection is straightforward, many interesting aspects regarding this doping agent have appeared since.Over the years, nandrolone preparations have kept their position among the prohibited substances that are most frequently detected in WADA-accredited laboratories. Their forms of application range from injectable fatty acid esters to orally administered nandrolone prohormones. The long detection window for nandrolone ester preparations and the appearance of orally available nandrolone precursors have changed the pattern of misuse.At the same time, more refined analytical methods with lowered detection limits led to new insights into the pharmacology of nandrolone and revelation of its natural production in the body.Possible contamination of nutritional supplements with nandrolone precursors, interference of nandrolone metabolism by other drugs and rarely occurring critical changes during storage of urine samples have to be taken into consideration when interpreting an analytical finding.A set of strict identification criteria, including a threshold limit, is applied to judge correctly an analytical finding of nandrolone metabolites. The possible influence of interfering drugs, urine storage or natural production is taken into account by applying appropriate rules and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hemmersbach
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0514, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Determination of Adrenosterone and its Metabolites in Human Urine by LC/APCI/MS and GC/MS. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.7.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Bowers LD. The analytical chemistry of drug monitoring in athletes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:485-507. [PMID: 20636072 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The detection and deterrence of the abuse of performance-enhancing drugs in sport are important to maintaining a level playing field among athletes and to decreasing the risk to athletes' health. The World Anti-Doping Program consists of six documents, three of which play a role in analytical development: The World Anti-Doping Code, The List of Prohibited Substances and Methods, and The International Standard for Laboratories. Among the classes of prohibited substances, three have given rise to the most recent analytical developments in the field: anabolic agents; peptide and protein hormones; and methods to increase oxygen delivery to the tissues, including recombinant erythropoietin. Methods for anabolic agents, including designer steroids, have been enhanced through the use of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Protein and peptide identification and quantification have benefited from advances in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Incorporation of techniques such as flow cytometry and isoelectric focusing have supported the detection of blood doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Bowers
- United States Anti-Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80906, USA.
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Mareck U, Geyer H, Opfermann G, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Factors influencing the steroid profile in doping control analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:877-91. [PMID: 18570179 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Steroid profiling is one of the most versatile and informative screening tools for the detection of steroid abuse in sports drug testing. Concentrations and ratios of various endogenously produced steroidal hormones, their precursors and metabolites including testosterone (T), epitestosterone (E), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androsterone (And), etiocholanolone (Etio), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (Adiol), and 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (Bdiol) as well as androstenedione, 6alpha-OH-androstenedione, 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (17-epi-Bdiol), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (17-epi-Adiol), 3alpha,5-cyclo-5alpha-androstan-6beta-ol-17-one (3alpha,5-cyclo), 5alpha-androstanedione (Adion), and 5beta-androstanedione (Bdion) add up to a steroid profile that is highly sensitive to applications of endogenous as well as synthetic anabolic steroids, masking agents, and bacterial activity. Hence, the knowledge of factors that do influence the steroid profile pattern is a central aspect, and pharmaceutical (application of endogenous steroids and various pharmaceutical preparations), technical (hydrolysis, derivatization, matrix), and biological (bacterial activities, enzyme side activities) issues are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mareck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Hintikka L, Kuuranne T, Leinonen A, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Halket J, Cowan D, Grosse J, Hemmersbach P, Nielen MWF, Kostiainen R. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of glucuronide-conjugated anabolic steroid metabolites: method validation and interlaboratory comparison. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:965-973. [PMID: 18563858 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method for simultaneous and direct detection of 12 glucuronide-conjugated anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) metabolites in human urine is described. The compounds selected were the main metabolites detected in human urine after dosing of the most widely abused AAS in sports, e.g. methandienone, methenolone, methyltestosterone, nandrolone and testosterone, and certain deuterium-labeled analogs of these metabolites. Sample preparation and the LC-ESI-MS/MS method were optimized, validated, and the overall process was implemented and the results between seven laboratories were compared. All the metabolites were extracted simultaneously by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS with positive ionization mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Recovery of the SPE for the AAS glucuronides was 89-100% and ten out of twelve compounds had detection limits in the range of 1-10 ng/ml in urine. The results for inter/intraday repeatability were satisfactory and the interlaboratory comparison with authentic urine samples demonstrated the ease of method transfer from one instrument setup to another. When equivalent triple quadrupole analyzers were employed the overall performance was independent from instrument manufacturer, electrospray ionisation (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and liquid chromatohraphic (LC) column, whereas major differences were encountered when changing from one analyzer type to another, especially in the analysis of those AAS glucuronides ionized mainly as adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hintikka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Hintikka L, Kuuranne T, Aitio O, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Kostiainen R. Enzyme-assisted synthesis and structure characterization of glucuronide conjugates of eleven anabolic steroid metabolites. Steroids 2008; 73:257-65. [PMID: 18082235 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-assisted in vitro synthesis of eleven glucuronide-conjugated anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) metabolites was performed using biphenyl-induced rat liver microsomal enzymes. The substrates within the study were the main compounds and metabolites detected in human urine after dosing of, e.g. metandienone, metenolone, methyltestosterone, nandrolone, and testosterone. Yields of glucuronidation reactions were 13-28% for most compounds, but significantly higher (77-78%) for the substrates with 4-ene-3-one double bond system of the steroid A-ring. Characterization of glucuronide-conjugated AAS structures was based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR) and on liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) and tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analyses in positive and negative ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI). Only minor differences were observed in optimal synthesis conditions between various substrates, which offer a potential to apply this in vitro assay as a default method for glucuronidation of new AAS substrates. The method allowed for a rapid production pathway of stereochemically pure AAS glucuronides in milligram amount, such as needed, e.g. in the development of analytical methods in forensic or pharmaceutical sciences, as well as in doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hintikka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Hauser B, Deschner T, Boesch C. Development of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 23 endogenous steroids in small quantities of primate urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 862:100-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Mareck U, Geyer H, Flenker U, Piper T, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Detection of dehydroepiandrosterone misuse by means of gas chromatography- combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2007; 13:419-426. [PMID: 18417762 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
According to World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) rules (WADA Technical Document-TD2004EAAS) urine samples containing dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations greater than 100 ng ML(-1) shall be submitted to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analysis. The threshold concentration is based on the equivalent to the glucuronide, and the DHEA concentrations have to be adjusted for a specific gravity value of 1.020. In 2006, 11,012 doping control urine samples from national and international federations were analyzed in the Cologne doping control laboratory, 100 (0.9%) of them yielding concentrations of DHEA greater than 100 ng mL(-1). Sixty-eight percent of the specimens showed specific gravity values higher than 1.020, 52% originated from soccer players, 95% were taken in competition, 85% were male urines, 99% of the IRMS results did not indicate an application of testosterone or related prohormones. Only one urine sample was reported as an adverse analytical finding having 319 ng mL(-1) DHEA (screening result), more than 10,000 ng mL(-1) androsterone and depleted carbon isotope ratio values for the testosterone metabolites androsterone and etiocholanolone. Statistical evaluation showed significantly different DHEA concentrations between specimens taken in- and out-of- competition, whereas females showed smaller DHEA values than males for both types of control. Also a strong influence of the DHEA excretion on different sport disciplines was detectable. The highest DHEA values were detected for game sports (soccer, basketball, handball, ice hockey), followed by boxing and wrestling. In 2007, 6622 doping control urine samples were analyzed for 3alpha,5-cyclo-5alpha-androstan-6beta-ol-17-one (3alpha,5-cyclo), a DHEA metabolite which was described as a useful gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening marker for DHEA abuse. Nineteen urine specimens showed concentrations higher than the suggested threshold of 140 ng mL(-1), six urine samples yielded additionally DHEA concentrations higher than 100 ng mL(-1), none of them showing positive IRMS findings. These results should be taken into consideration in future discussions about threshold values for endogenous steroids in doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mareck
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. - koeln.de
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Mareck U, Geyer H, Guddat S, Haenelt N, Koch A, Kohler M, Opfermann G, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Identification of the aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and exemestane in human urine using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1954-62. [PMID: 16715475 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anastrozole (2,2'-[5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1.3-phenylene]bis(2-methylpropionitrile)) and exemestane (6-methylenandrostan-1,4-diene-3,17-dione) are therapeutically used to treat hormone-sensitive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. For doping purposes they may be used to counteract adverse effects of an extensive abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (gynaecomastia) and to increase plasma testosterone concentrations. Excretion study urine samples and spot urine samples from women suffering from metastatic breast cancer, being treated with anastrozole or exemestane, were collected and analyzed to develop/optimize a detection system for anastrozole and exemestane to allow the identification of athletes who do not comply with the internationally prohibited use of these cancer drugs. The assay was based on liquid-liquid extraction after enzymatic hydrolysis following liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Anastrozole, exemestane and its main metabolite (17-dihydroexemestane) were identified in urine by comparison of mass spectra and retention times with respective reference substances. An assay validation for the analysis of anastrozole and exemestane was performed regarding lower limits of detection (anastrozole: 0.02 ng/mL; exemestane: 3.1 ng/mL; dihydroexemestane: 0.5 ng/mL), interday precisions (6.6-11.1%, 4.9-9.1% and 5.6-8.3% for low [10 ng/mL], medium [50 ng/mL] and high [100 ng/mL] concentration) and recoveries (ranged from 85-97%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mareck
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Hebestreit M, Flenker U, Fusshöller G, Geyer H, Güntner U, Mareck U, Piper T, Thevis M, Ayotte C, Schänzer W. Determination of the origin of urinary norandrosterone traces by gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Analyst 2006; 131:1021-6. [PMID: 17047802 DOI: 10.1039/b603668f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On the one hand, 19-norandrosterone (NA) is the most abundant metabolite of the synthetic anabolic steroid 19-nortestosterone and related prohormones. On the other hand, small amounts are biosynthesized by pregnant women and further evidence exists for physiological origin of this compound. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) formerly introduced threshold concentrations of 2 or 5 ng of NA per ml of urine to discriminate 19-nortestosterone abuse from biosynthetic origin. Recent findings showed however, that formation of NA resulting in concentrations in the range of the threshold levels might be due to demethylation of androsterone in urine, and the WADA 2006 Prohibited List has defined NA as endogenous steroid. To elucidate the endogenous or exogenous origin of NA, (13)C/(12)C-analysis is the method of choice since synthetic 19-nortestosterone is derived from C(3)-plants by partial synthesis and shows delta(13)C(VPDB)-values of around -28 per thousand. Endogenous steroids are less depleted in (13)C due to a dietary mixture of C(3)- and C(4)-plants. An extensive cleanup based on two high performance liquid chromatography cleanup steps was applied to quality control and doping control samples, which contained NA in concentrations down to 2 ng per ml of urine. (13)C/(12)C-ratios of NA, androsterone and etiocholanolone were measured by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. By comparing delta(13)C(VPDB)-values of androsterone as endogenous reference compound with NA, the origin of NA in doping control samples was determined as either endogenous or exogenous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hebestreit
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, Cologne, Germany.
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Thevis M, Opfermann G, Schänzer W. N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide-promoted synthesis and mass spectrometric characterization of deuterated ephedrines. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2004; 10:673-681. [PMID: 15531801 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and mass spectrometric characterization of drugs or metabolites labeled by stable isotopes has been of great interest in fields of clinical, forensic and doping control analysis. Deuterated ephedrine and p-hydroxypseudoephedrine were prepared from corresponding amines by a novel procedure utilizing N- methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide and deuterated iodomethane. The mechanism of methylation was studied by mass spectrometry using phenylethylamine as a model compound, and a rearrangement based on an intermediate six-membered ring structure with a trimethylsilyl-enol-ether is proposed giving rise to a leaving group of trimethyliodosilane and the desired monomethylated product. Deuterated analogues to frequently quantitated ephedrines were readily synthesized with purities >90%, and mass spectra recorded under different ionization and dissociation conditions presented distinct fragmentation processes including eliminations of water and methylamine as well as the generation of a benzyl cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. - koeln.de
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Gärtner P, Novak C, Einzinger C, Felzmann W, Knollmüller M, Gmeiner G, Schänzer W. A facile and high yielding synthesis of 2,2,3,4,4-d5-androsterone-beta-D-glucuronide--an internal standard in dope. Steroids 2003; 68:85-96. [PMID: 12575693 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(02)00119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A facile six-step synthesis of 2,2,3,4,4-d5-androsterone-beta-D-glucuronide (1) starting from epiandrosterone (2) in 63% yield is described and compared with several alternative synthetic pathways. Compound 1 can be used as an internal standard in screening procedures for anabolic steroids to monitor the hydrolysis step of the steroid glucuronides prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Thus, a time consuming solid-phase extraction step to remove possible hydrolysis inhibitors can be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Kuuranne T, Kotiaho T, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Einar Rasmussen K, Leinonen A, Westwood S, Kostiainen R. Feasibility of a liquid-phase microextraction sample clean-up and liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric screening method for selected anabolic steroid glucuronides in biological samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:16-26. [PMID: 12526002 DOI: 10.1002/jms.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are metabolized extensively in the human body, resulting mainly in the formation of glucuronide conjugates. Current detection methods for AAS are based on gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of the hydrolyzed steroid aglycones. These analyses require laborious sample preparation steps and are therefore time consuming. Our interest was to develop a rapid and straightforward method for intact steroid glucuronides in biological samples, using liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) sample clean-up and concentration method combined with liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) analysis. The applicability of LPME was optimized for 13 steroid glucuronides, and compared with conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures. An LC/MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative detection of AAS glucuronides, using a deuterium-labeled steroid glucuronide as the internal standard. LPME, owing to its high specificity, was shown to be better suited than conventional LLE and SPE for the clean-up of urinary AAS glucuronides. The LPME/LC/MS/MS method was fast and reliable, offering acceptable reproducibility and linearity with detection limits in the range 2-20 ng ml(-1) for most of the selected AAS glucuronides. The method was successfully applied to in vitro metabolic studies, and also tested with an authentic forensic urine sample. For a urine matrix the method still has some unsolved problems with specificity, which should be overcome before the method can be reliably used for doping analysis, but still offering additional and complementary data for current GC/MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kuuranne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Thevis M, Opfermann G, Schmickler H, Schänzer W. Mass spectrometry of steroid glucuronide conjugates. II-Electron impact fragmentation of 3-keto-4-en- and 3-keto-5alpha-steroid-17-O-beta glucuronides and 5alpha-steroid-3alpha,17beta-diol 3- and 17-glucuronides. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:998-1012. [PMID: 11599078 DOI: 10.1002/jms.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The steroid glucuronide conjugates of 16,16,17-d(3)-testosterone, epitestosterone, nandrolone (19-nortestosterone), 16,16,17-d(3)-nortestosterone, methyltestosterone, metenolone, mesterolone, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, 2,2,3,4,4-d(5)-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, 19-nor-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, 2,2,4,4-d(4)-19-nor-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol and 1alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstane-3alpha/beta,17beta-diol were synthesized by means of the Koenigs-Knorr reaction. Selective 3- or 17-O-conjugation of bis-hydroxylated steroids was performed either by glucuronidation of the corresponding steroid ketole and subsequent reduction of the keto group or via a four-step synthesis starting from a mono-hydroxylated steroid including (a) protection of the hydroxy group, (b) reduction of the keto group, (c) conjugation reaction and (d) removal of protecting groups. The mass spectra and fragmentation patterns of all glucuronide conjugates were compared with those of the commercially available testosterone glucuronide and their characterization was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. For mass spectrometry the substances were derivatized to methyl esters followed by trimethylsilylation of hydroxy groups and to pertrimethylsilylated products using labelled and unlabelled trimethylsilylating agents. The resulting electron ionization mass spectra obtained by GC/MS quadrupole and ion trap instruments, full scan and selected reaction monitoring experiments are discussed, common and individual fragment ions are described and their origins are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:446-457. [PMID: 11333450 DOI: 10.1002/jms.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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