1
|
Raju CM, Buchowiecki K, Urban PL. An economical setup for atmospheric pressure chemical ionization drift tube ion-mobility mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1268:341359. [PMID: 37268338 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ion-mobility (IM) separations-performed in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS)-increase selectivity of MS analyses. However, IM-MS instruments are costly, and many laboratories are only equipped with standard MS instruments without an IM separation stage. Therefore, it is appealing to upgrade the existing mass spectrometers with low-cost IM separation devices. Such devices can be constructed using widely available materials such as printed-circuit boards (PCBs). We demonstrate coupling of an economical PCB-based IM spectrometer (disclosed previously) with a commercial triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometer. The presented PCB-IM-QQQ-MS system incorporates an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source, drift tube comprising desolvation and drift regions, ion gates, and transfer line to the mass spectrometer. The ion gating is accomplished with the aid of two floated pulsers. The separated ions are divided into packets, which are sequentially introduced to the mass spectrometer. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are transferred with the aid of nitrogen gas flow from the sample chamber to the APCI source. The operation of the system has been demonstrated using standard compounds. The limits of detection for 2,4-lutidine, (-)-nicotine, and pyridine are 2.02 × 10-7 M, 1.54 × 10-9 mol, and 4.79 × 10-10 mol, respectively. The system was also used to monitor VOCs emitted from the porcine skin after exposure to nicotine patches, and VOCs released from meat undergoing the spoilage process. We believe this simple APCI-PCB-IM-QQQ-MS platform can be reproduced by others to augment the capabilities of the existing MS instrumentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Krzysztof Buchowiecki
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Géhin C, Tokarska J, Fowler SJ, Barran PE, Trivedi DK. No skin off your back: the sampling and extraction of sebum for metabolomics. Metabolomics 2023; 19:21. [PMID: 36964290 PMCID: PMC10038389 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-01982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sebum-based metabolomics (a subset of "sebomics") is a developing field that involves the sampling, identification, and quantification of metabolites found in human sebum. Sebum is a lipid-rich oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands onto the skin surface for skin homeostasis, lubrication, thermoregulation, and environmental protection. Interest in sebomics has grown over the last decade due to its potential for rapid analysis following non-invasive sampling for a range of clinical and environmental applications. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of various sebum sampling techniques with their associated challenges. To evaluate applications of sebum for clinical research, drug monitoring, and human biomonitoring. To provide a commentary of the opportunities of using sebum as a diagnostic biofluid in the future. METHODS Bibliometric analyses of selected keywords regarding skin surface analysis using the Scopus search engine from 1960 to 2022 was performed on 12th January 2023. The published literature was compartmentalised based on what the work contributed to in the following areas: the understanding about sebum, its composition, the analytical technologies used, or the purpose of use of sebum. The findings were summarised in this review. RESULTS Historically, about 15 methods of sampling have been used for sebum collection. The sample preparation approaches vary depending on the analytes of interest and are summarised. The use of sebum is not limited to just skin diseases or drug monitoring but also demonstrated for other systemic disease. Most of the work carried out for untargeted analysis of metabolites associated with sebum has been in the recent two decades. CONCLUSION Sebum has a huge potential beyond skin research and understanding how one's physiological state affects or reflects on the skin metabolome via the sebaceous glands itself or by interactions with sebaceous secretion, will open doors for simpler biomonitoring. Sebum acts as a sink to environmental metabolites and has applications awaiting to be explored, such as biosecurity, cross-border migration, localised exposure to harmful substances, and high-throughput population screening. These applications will be possible with rapid advances in volatile headspace and lipidomics method development as well as the ability of the metabolomics community to annotate unknown species better. A key issue with skin surface analysis that remains unsolved is attributing the source of the metabolites found on the skin surface before meaningful biological interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Géhin
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - J Tokarska
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - S J Fowler
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - P E Barran
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - D K Trivedi
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu B. Non-invasive Sampling of Human Body Fluids Using In Vivo SPME. EVOLUTION OF SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY 2023:451-465. [DOI: 10.1039/bk9781839167300-00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive body fluids offer attractive sources to gain insights into human health. The in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique is a fast and versatile sample preparation technique for the noninvasive sampling of human body fluids in various fields. This chapter summarizes the applications of SPME coupled with mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches for noninvasive investigations of human body fluids, including urine, sweat, and saliva. New features of noninvasive SPME sampling and MS-based analysis are highlighted, and the prospects on their further development are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Panitchpakdi M, Weldon KC, Jarmusch AK, Gentry EC, Choi A, Sepulveda Y, Aguirre S, Sun K, Momper JD, Dorrestein PC, Tsunoda SM. Non-invasive skin sampling detects systemically administered drugs in humans. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271794. [PMID: 35881585 PMCID: PMC9321436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical testing typically relies on invasive blood draws and biopsies. Alternative methods of sample collection are continually being developed to improve patient experience; swabbing the skin is one of the least invasive sampling methods possible. To show that skin swabs in combination with untargeted mass spectrometry (metabolomics) can be used for non-invasive monitoring of an oral drug, we report the kinetics and metabolism of diphenhydramine in healthy volunteers (n = 10) over the course of 24 hours in blood and three regions of the skin. Diphenhydramine and its metabolites were observed on the skin after peak plasma levels, varying by compound and skin location, and is an illustrative example of how systemically administered molecules can be detected on the skin surface. The observation of diphenhydramine directly from the skin supports the hypothesis that both parent drug and metabolites can be qualitatively measured from a simple non-invasive swab of the skin surface. The mechanism of the drug and metabolites pathway to the skin’s surface remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Panitchpakdi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly C. Weldon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alan K. Jarmusch
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Gentry
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Arianna Choi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yadira Sepulveda
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shaden Aguirre
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kunyang Sun
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah D. Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shirley M. Tsunoda
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grajewski M, Hermann M, Oleschuk R, Verpoorte E, Salentijn G. Leveraging 3D printing to enhance mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1166:338332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
6
|
Elpa DP, Chiu HY, Wu SP, Urban PL. Skin Metabolomics. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:66-75. [PMID: 33353809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin retains numerous low-molecular-weight compounds (metabolites). Some of these compounds fulfill specific physiological roles, while others are by-products of metabolism. The skin surface can be sampled to detect and quantify skin metabolites related to diseases. Miniature probes have been developed to detect selected high-abundance metabolites secreted with sweat. To characterize a broad spectrum of skin metabolites, specimens are collected with one of several available methods, and the processed specimens are analyzed by chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), or other techniques. Diseases for which skin-related biomarkers have been found include cystic fibrosis (CF), psoriasis, Parkinson's disease (PD), and lung cancer. To increase the clinical significance of skin metabolomics, it is desirable to verify correlations between metabolite levels in skin and other biological tissues/matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shih CP, Yu KC, Ou HT, Urban PL. Portable Pen-Probe Analyzer Based on Ion Mobility Spectrometry for in Situ Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Emanating from Surfaces and Wireless Transmission of the Acquired Spectra. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2424-2432. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Pei Shih
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ting Ou
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
With the rapid development of high technology, chemical science is not as it used to be a century ago. Many chemists acquire and utilize skills that are well beyond the traditional definition of chemistry. The digital age has transformed chemistry laboratories. One aspect of this transformation is the progressing implementation of electronics and computer science in chemistry research. In the past decade, numerous chemistry-oriented studies have benefited from the implementation of electronic modules, including microcontroller boards (MCBs), single-board computers (SBCs), professional grade control and data acquisition systems, as well as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In particular, MCBs and SBCs provide good value for money. The application areas for electronic modules in chemistry research include construction of simple detection systems based on spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry principles, customizing laboratory devices for automation of common laboratory practices, control of reaction systems (batch- and flow-based), extraction systems, chromatographic and electrophoretic systems, microfluidic systems (classical and nonclassical), custom-built polymerase chain reaction devices, gas-phase analyte detection systems, chemical robots and drones, construction of FPGA-based imaging systems, and the Internet-of-Chemical-Things. The technology is easy to handle, and many chemists have managed to train themselves in its implementation. The only major obstacle in its implementation is probably one's imagination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dutkiewicz EP, Hsieh KT, Urban PL, Chiu HY. Temporal Correlations of Skin and Blood Metabolites with Clinical Outcomes of Biologic Therapy in Psoriasis. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 5:877-888. [PMID: 32365194 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease causing multisystem effects. Introduction of biologic drugs has led to promising results in treatment of this disease. Here, we carry out time-dependent profiling of psoriasis-related putative metabolic biomarkers. METHODS Skin excretion specimens were collected from 17 patients with psoriasis treated with biologics for 7 months. Blood specimens were obtained from the same patients at intervals of 1-3 months. A hydrogel micropatch sampling technique was implemented to collect lesional (L) and nonlesional (NL) skin specimens. The collected skin and blood specimens were analyzed by mass spectrometric methods. RESULTS The metabolites present on L skin-in particular, choline, and citrulline-showed greater dynamics, corresponding to the resolution of psoriasis than the metabolites present in NL skin or blood. Choline levels in L skin and blood correlated positively, while citrulline correlated negatively with the severity of individual psoriasis plaques and general disease severity, respectively. Nevertheless, the correlations between the metabolite levels in blood and general disease severity were weaker than those between the metabolite levels on L skin and severity of individual plaques. The changes of these skin metabolites were more prominent in the responders to the treatment than in the nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS The results support the feasibility of characterizing dynamic changes in psoriatic skin metabolic profiles with the hydrogel micropatch probes and mass spectrometric tests. The study represents one of few attempts to explore relationships between skin and blood metabolite concentrations. However, practical use of the methodology in close clinical monitoring is yet to be demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ta Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nagamine K, Nomura A, Ichimura Y, Izawa R, Sasaki S, Furusawa H, Matsui H, Tokito S. Printed Organic Transistor-based Biosensors for Non-invasive Sweat Analysis. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:291-302. [PMID: 31904007 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19r007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in biosensors for non-invasive human healthcare applications, especially focusing on sweat analysis, along with approaches for fabricating these biosensors based on printed electronics technology. Human sweat contains various kinds of biomarkers. The relationship between a trace amount of sweat biomarkers partially partitioned from blood and diseases has been investigated by omic analysis. Recent progress in wearable or portable biosensors has enabled periodic or continuous monitoring of some sweat biomarkers while supporting the results of the omic analysis. In this review, we particularly focused on a transistor-based biosensor that is highly sensitive in quantitatively detecting the low level of sweat biomarkers. Furthermore, we showed a new approach of flexible hybrid electronics that has been applied to advanced sweat biosensors to realize fully integrated biosensing systems wirelessly connected to a networked IoT system. These technologies are based on uniquely advanced printing techniques that will facilitate mass fabrication of high-performance biosensors at low cost for future smart healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Nagamine
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Ayako Nomura
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ichimura
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ryota Izawa
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shiori Sasaki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furusawa
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (REOL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Facilitating chemical and biochemical experiments with electronic microcontrollers and single-board computers. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:925-990. [PMID: 31996842 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of modern science, researchers have had to rely on their technical skills or the support of specialized workshops to construct analytical instruments. The notion of the 'fourth industrial revolution' promotes construction of customized systems by individuals using widely available, inexpensive electronic modules. This protocol shows how chemists and biochemists can utilize a broad range of microcontroller boards (MCBs) and single-board computers (SBCs) to improve experimental designs and address scientific questions. We provide seven example procedures for laboratory routines that can be expedited by implementing this technology: (i) injection of microliter-volume liquid plugs into microscale capillaries for low-volume assays; (ii) transfer of liquid extract to a mass spectrometer; (iii) liquid-gas extraction of volatile organic compounds (called 'fizzy extraction'), followed by mass spectrometric detection; (iv) monitoring of experimental conditions over the Internet cloud in real time; (v) transfer of analytes to a mass spectrometer via a liquid microjunction interface, data acquisition, and data deposition into the Internet cloud; (vi) feedback control of a biochemical reaction; and (vii) optimization of sample flow rate in direct-infusion mass spectrometry. The protocol constitutes a primer for chemists and biochemists who would like to take advantage of MCBs and SBCs in daily experimentation. It is assumed that the readers have not attended any courses related to electronics or programming. Using the instructions provided in this protocol and the cited material, readers should be able to assemble simple systems to facilitate various procedures performed in chemical and biochemical laboratories in 1-2 d.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin S, Wang B, Zhao Y, Shih R, Cheng X, Yu W, Hojaiji H, Lin H, Hoffman C, Ly D, Tan J, Chen Y, Di Carlo D, Milla C, Emaminejad S. Natural Perspiration Sampling and in Situ Electrochemical Analysis with Hydrogel Micropatches for User-Identifiable and Wireless Chemo/Biosensing. ACS Sens 2020; 5:93-102. [PMID: 31786928 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in microelectronics, microfluidics, and electrochemical sensing platforms have enabled the development of an emerging class of fully integrated personal health monitoring devices that exploit sweat to noninvasively access biomarker information. Despite such advances, effective sweat sampling remains a significant challenge for reliable biomarker analysis, with many existing methods requiring active stimulation (e.g., iontophoresis, exercise, heat). Natural perspiration offers a suitable alternative as sweat can be collected with minimal effort on the part of the user. To leverage this phenomenon, we devised a thin hydrogel micropatch (THMP), which simultaneously serves as an interface for sweat sampling and a medium for electrochemical sensing. To characterize the performance of the THMP, caffeine and lactate were selected as two representative target molecules. We demonstrated the suitability of the sampling method to track metabolic patterns, as well as to render sample-to-answer biomarker data for personal monitoring (through coupling with an electrochemical sensing system). To inform its potential application, this biomarker sampling and sensing system is incorporated within a distributed terminal-based sensing network, which uniquely capitalizes on the fingertip as a site for simultaneous biomarker data sampling and user identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Milla
- The Stanford Cystic Fibrosis Center, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liao PH, Urban PL. Agarose-Based Gel-Phase Microextraction Technique for Quick Sampling of Polar Analytes Adsorbed on Surfaces. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19063-19070. [PMID: 31763529 PMCID: PMC6868603 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sampling and extraction of chemical residues present on flat or curved surfaces as well as touch-sensitive objects are challenging. Hydrogels are characterized by high mechanical flexibility and water content. Thus, they are an ideal medium for transferring water-soluble analytes from a sampled surface to the next stage of an analytical workflow. Here, we demonstrate gel-phase microextraction (GPME), in which disks of blended hydrogels are utilized to lift traces of water-soluble substances adsorbed on surfaces. The protocol has been optimized in a series of tests involving fluorometric and mass spectrometric measurements. Compared with the pure agarose hydrogel, most of the tested blended hydrogels provide a higher efficiency for the sampling/extraction of a model analyte, fluorescein. The blended hydrogel disks are incorporated into three-dimensional (3D)-printed acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene chips to create easy-to-use sampling probes. We exemplify the suitability of this improved GPME approach in sampling chemical residues present on the skin, glass, and daily use objects. In these tests, the extracts were analyzed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer fitted with an electrospray ion source operated in the positive- and negative-ion modes. The method enabled the detection of diclofenac on excised porcine skin fragments exposed to a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and sweat residues (lactic acid) left on surfaces touched by humans. The limits of detection for diclofenac and lactic acid in hydrogel extract were 6.4 × 10-6 and 2.1 × 10-5 M, respectively. In a model experiment, conducted using the presented approach, the amount of lactic acid on a glass slide with fingerprints was estimated to be ∼1.4 × 10-7 mol cm-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Han Liao
- Department
of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and
Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing
Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung
University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department
of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and
Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing
Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Biological surfaces such as skin and ocular surface provide a plethora of information about the underlying biological activity of living organisms. However, they pose unique problems arising from their innate complexity, constant exposure of the surface to the surrounding elements, and the general requirement of any sampling method to be as minimally invasive as possible. Therefore, it is challenging but also rewarding to develop novel analytical tools that are suitable for in vivo and in situ sampling from biological surfaces. In this context, wearable extraction devices including passive samplers, extractive patches, and different microextraction technologies come forward as versatile, low-invasive, fast, and reliable sampling and sample preparation tools that are applicable for in vivo and in situ sampling. This review aims to address recent developments in non-invasive in vivo and in situ sampling methods from biological surfaces that introduce new ways and improve upon existing ones. Directions for the development of future technology and potential areas of applications such as clinical, bioanalytical, and doping analyses will also be discussed. These advancements include various types of passive samplers, hydrogels, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) patches/microarrays, and other wearable extraction devices used mainly in skin sampling, among other novel techniques developed for ocular surface and oral tissue/fluid sampling.
Collapse
|
15
|
Delgado-Povedano MM, Castillo-Peinado LS, Calderón-Santiago M, Luque de Castro MD, Priego-Capote F. Dry sweat as sample for metabolomics analysis. Talanta 2019; 208:120428. [PMID: 31816748 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sweat is gaining popularity in clinical metabolomics as this biofluid is non-invasively sampled and its composition is modified by several pathologies. There is a lack of standardized strategies for collection of human sweat. Most studies have been carried out with fresh sweat collected after stimulation. A promising and simple alternative is sampling dry sweat by a solid support impregnated with a suited solvent. This research was aimed at comparing the metabolomics coverage provided by dry sweat collected by two solid supports (gauzes and filter papers) impregnated with different solvents. The dissolved dry sweat was analyzed by a dual approach: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among the tested sampling strategies, filter paper impregnated with 1:1 (v/v) ethanol‒phosphate buffer resulted the combination providing the highest metabolomics coverage (tentative identification of one hundred seventy-five compounds). Dry and fresh sweat were compared by using pools from the same individuals to evaluate compositional differences. Families of metabolites such as carnitines, sphingolipids and N-acyl-amino acids, among others, were exclusively identified in dry sweat. Comparison of both samples allowed concluding that dry sweat is better for analysis of low polar metabolites and fresh sweat is more suited for polar compounds. As most of the identified metabolites are involved in key biochemical pathways, this study opens interesting possibilities to the use of dry sweat as a source of metabolite markers for specific disorders. Sampling of dry sweat could provide a standardized approach for collection of this biofluid, thus overcoming the variability limitations of fresh sweat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Delgado-Povedano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - L S Castillo-Peinado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - M Calderón-Santiago
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - M D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - F Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Institute, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Usui K, Minami E, Fujita Y, Kubota E, Kobayashi H, Hanazawa T, Yoshizawa T, Kamijo Y, Funayama M. Application of probe electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry to ultra-rapid determination of glufosinate and glyphosate in human serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:175-181. [PMID: 31170631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glufosinate and glyphosate, which are non-selective herbicides that include an amino acid moiety in their structures, are frequently used worldwide to control unwanted vegetation. Unfortunately, these readily available herbicides are also used by people to commit suicide, and thus represent important chemicals of interest in the fields of clinical medicine and forensics. Because of the high water solubility of these herbicides, most analytical methods for their detection require a derivatization step, which results in longer analysis times. Therefore, derivatization-based methods do not currently contribute to judgements on treatment decisions in emergency medicine. In this study, we addressed this limiting factor by developing an ultra-rapid and simple analytical technique using a combination of probe electrospray ionization (PESI) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), which gives quantitative results within 0.3 min. Herbicide standards were added to human serum that was then subjected to analysis (N = 5 per concentration). The analysis was repeated daily over eight consecutive days. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.59 μg/mL for glufosinate and 0.20 μg/mL for glyphosate. The limit of quantitation (LOQ), i.e., the lowest point on the calibration curves, was 1.56 μg/mL for both the herbicides. The matrix effects were observed at three different concentrations (between 95.7%-104% for glufosinate, and between 90.7%-95.7% for glyphosate). When applied to samples taken from actual poisoning cases (six samples for each herbicide), the present method gave almost the same quantitative values as those obtained by conventional high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Thus, we believe that PESI-MS/MS could emerge as a rapid diagnosis method in the clinical emergency field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Usui
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Eriko Minami
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Eito Kubota
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Haruka Kobayashi
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hanazawa
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshizawa
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Masato Funayama
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nagamine K, Mano T, Nomura A, Ichimura Y, Izawa R, Furusawa H, Matsui H, Kumaki D, Tokito S. Noninvasive Sweat-Lactate Biosensor Emplsoying a Hydrogel-Based Touch Pad. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10102. [PMID: 31300711 PMCID: PMC6626002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first report demonstrating proof-of-concept for a hydrogel-based touch sensor pad used for the non-invasive extraction and detection of sweat components. The sensor device was composed of an electrochemical L-lactate biosensor covered with an agarose gel in a phosphate buffer saline. When human skin contacts the agarose gel, L-lactate in sweat was continuously extracted into the gel, followed by in-situ potentiometric detection without controlled conditions. This novel type of sweat sensor is expected to enable the simple, non-invasive daily periodic monitoring of sweat biomarkers for advanced personal healthcare methods in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Nagamine
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Taisei Mano
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ayako Nomura
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ichimura
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ryota Izawa
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furusawa
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kumaki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu PC, Dutkiewicz EP, Liao PH, Chiu HY, Urban PL. Blotting paper as a disposable tool for sampling chemical residues from skin surface. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:610-613. [PMID: 30987733 PMCID: PMC9296200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013,
Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300,
Taiwan
| | - Ewelina P. Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300,
Taiwan
| | - Pei-Han Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013,
Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300,
Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, 25 Jingguo Rd., Hsinchu, 300,
Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan South Rd., Taipei, 100,
Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 1, Jen Ai Rd., Taipei, 100,
Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013,
Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013,
Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. E-mail address: (P.L. Urban)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Usui K, Kobayashi H, Fujita Y, Kubota E, Hanazawa T, Yoshizawa T, Kamijo Y, Funayama M. An ultra-rapid drug screening method for acetaminophen in blood serum based on probe electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:786-792. [PMID: 31324294 PMCID: PMC9307038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poisoning incidents caused by drugs, accidental ingestion of poisons, attempted suicide, homicide, and exposure to toxic compounds occur frequently every year across the globe. This raises the need to rapidly identify toxic agents in poisoned patients in a clinical emergency setting. In addition, determining drug/poison concentration is undoubtedly necessary to arrive at a toxicological treatment plan. The purpose of this study was to develop an ultra-rapid drug screening method for the clinical treatment of poisoning. Probe electrospray ionization (PESI), one of the ambient ionization techniques, is able to detect compounds from various biological materials almost directly. We applied the PESI technique to the rapid detection of acetaminophen (APAP). Blood serum samples were diluted 100-fold with 10 mM ammonium formate/ethanol (1:1 v/v) solution including deuterium-labeled internal standards (IS; APAP-d4). Only 10 μL of the diluted sample was used for measurement. The tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) equipped with a PESI was used in selected reaction monitoring mode for the quantitation of APAP; the measurement time was only 18 s. Transitions were set at 152 > 110 for quantitation, 152 > 65 for qualifier, and 156 > 114 for IS (APAP-d4). All measurements were conducted in positive mode. The calibration curve (1/x2) was linear over the range of 1.56–200 μg/mL (r2 = 0.998), and the limit of detection and quantitation were 0.37 μg/mL and 1.56 μg/mL, respectively. The accuracy (bias) and precision (RSD%) of the method were within an acceptable range (−0.15–2.8% and 2.3–6.1%, respectively) and matrix effect at 3 concentrations (95.1–104%) indicated that PESI-MS/MS is only slightly affected by matrices. In real forensic cases, quantitative values of APAP determined by the PESI-MS/MS were almost identical to those determined by the liquid chromatography-MS/MS method. Since PESI-MS/MS is a simple, reliable, and rapid determination method for toxic agents with virtually no need for blood serum pretreatment, it would be highly suitable for poisoning cases in clinical emergency settings. In the future, a method for simultaneous rapid determination of multiple toxic agents will be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Usui
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Haruka Kobayashi
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Eito Kubota
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hanazawa
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshizawa
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Masato Funayama
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ambient surface mass spectrometry–ion mobility spectrometry of intact proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 42:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
21
|
Dutkiewicz EP, Chiu HY, Urban PL. Probing Skin for Metabolites and Topical Drugs with Hydrogel Micropatches. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2664-2670. [PMID: 28192981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sampling the skin surface is a convenient way to obtain biological specimens bearing clinically relevant information. Hydrogel micropatches enable noninvasive collection of skin excretion specimens, which can subsequently be subjected to rapid mass spectrometric analysis providing insights into the skin metabolome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch , 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dutkiewicz EP, Urban PL. Quantitative mass spectrometry of unconventional human biological matrices. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150380. [PMID: 27644966 PMCID: PMC5031645 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensitive and versatile mass spectrometric methodology has fuelled interest in the analysis of metabolites and drugs in unconventional biological specimens. Here, we discuss the analysis of eight human matrices-hair, nail, breath, saliva, tears, meibum, nasal mucus and skin excretions (including sweat)-by mass spectrometry (MS). The use of such specimens brings a number of advantages, the most important being non-invasive sampling, the limited risk of adulteration and the ability to obtain information that complements blood and urine tests. The most often studied matrices are hair, breath and saliva. This review primarily focuses on endogenous (e.g. potential biomarkers, hormones) and exogenous (e.g. drugs, environmental contaminants) small molecules. The majority of analytical methods used chromatographic separation prior to MS; however, such a hyphenated methodology greatly limits analytical throughput. On the other hand, the mass spectrometric methods that exclude chromatographic separation are fast but suffer from matrix interferences. To enable development of quantitative assays for unconventional matrices, it is desirable to standardize the protocols for the analysis of each specimen and create appropriate certified reference materials. Overcoming these challenges will make analysis of unconventional human biological matrices more common in a clinical setting.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dutkiewicz EP, Hsieh KT, Wang YS, Chiu HY, Urban PL. Hydrogel Micropatch and Mass Spectrometry-Assisted Screening for Psoriasis-Related Skin Metabolites. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1120-8. [PMID: 27324733 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.256396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease. Screening skin metabolites could unravel the pathophysiology of psoriasis and provide new diagnostic approaches. Due to the lack of suitable methodologies for collecting scarce amounts of skin excretions, the psoriatic skin metabolome has not been extensively studied. METHODS We implemented biocompatible hydrogel micropatch probes combined with mass spectrometry to investigate the skin metabolome. This noninvasive approach was applied to examine samples obtained from 100 psoriatic patients and 100 healthy individuals. We also developed custom data treatment tools and used chemometric and statistical tools to reveal the alterations in the skin metabolome caused by psoriasis. RESULTS The proposed methodology enabled us to capture alterations in the composition of skin excretions caused by the disease. Chemometric analysis revealed the major differences between the metabolomes of psoriatic skin and healthy skin. Several polar metabolites were positively (choline and glutamic acid) or negatively (urocanic acid and citrulline) correlated with the plaque severity scores. The amounts of these metabolites in the excretions sampled from psoriatic skin were significantly different (P < 0.001) from the excretions sampled from healthy skin. The role of biological variability and various confounding factors, which might affect the skin metabolome, was also investigated. CONCLUSIONS Sampling lesional and healthy skin with the hydrogel micropatch probes and subsequent direct mass spectrometry scanning provided information on the alterations in the skin metabolome caused by psoriasis, increasing the understanding of the complex pathophysiology of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ta Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|