1
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Zhou X, Song W, Novotny MV, Jacobson SC. Fractionation and characterization of sialyl linkage isomers of serum N-glycans by CE-MS. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3348-3361. [PMID: 35819141 PMCID: PMC9473921 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Structural isomers of sialylated N-glycans contribute to the diversity of the N-glycome and to a range of biological functions. Sialyl linkage isomers can be readily distinguished by mass spectrometry with mass differences between α2,3- and α2,6-linkages generated by a two-step sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidation. To improve the identification of N-glycans from complex mixtures, we added a delactonization step after the first alkylamidation step, which regenerates negatively charged carboxylic acids on α2,3-sialic acids. N-glycan isomers with α2,3-sialic acids are then fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography prior to the second alkylamidation step. With this modified alkylamidation method, sialylated N-glycans were enriched and stabilized for structural characterization by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 52 sialylated N-glycan structures, including 107 linkage isomers, in human serum and confirmed the presence of positional isomers of specific sialyl linkage isomers. Due to the reduced sample complexity after ion-exchange fractionation and CE separation, substructural features of N-glycans were rapidly evaluated and included core- and antenna-fucosylation and poly-lactosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401-7102, U.S.A
| | - Woran Song
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401-7102, U.S.A
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401-7102, U.S.A
| | - Stephen C. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401-7102, U.S.A
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2
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirschbaum C, Greis K, Manz C, Pagel K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7840-7908. [PMID: 34491038 PMCID: PMC9052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about the "sugar code" and the biological roles of these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with nucleic acids and proteins lies in the complexity of carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only in the configuration of a single stereocenter, combined with the vast possibilities to connect monosaccharide units, lead to an immense variety of isomers, which poses a formidable challenge to conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, a combination of innovative ion activation methods, commercialization of ion mobility-mass spectrometry, progress in gas-phase ion spectroscopy, and advances in computational chemistry have led to a revolution in mass spectrometry-based glycan analysis. The present review focuses on the above techniques that expanded the traditional glycomics toolkit and provided spectacular insight into the structure of these fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize the specific challenges associated with them, major classes of mammalian glycans are discussed in separate sections. By doing so, we aim to put the spotlight on the most important element of glycobiology: the glycans themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Harvey DJ, Struwe WB, Behrens AJ, Vasiljevic S, Crispin M. Formation and fragmentation of doubly and triply charged ions in the negative ion spectra of neutral N-glycans from viral and other glycoproteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7277-7294. [PMID: 34342671 PMCID: PMC8329908 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Structural determination of N-glycans by mass spectrometry is ideally performed by negative ion collision-induced dissociation because the spectra are dominated by cross-ring fragments leading to ions that reveal structural details not available by many other methods. Most glycans form [M - H]- or [M + adduct]- ions but larger ones (above approx. m/z 2000) typically form doubly charged ions. Differences have been reported between the fragmentation of singly and doubly charged ions but a detailed comparison does not appear to have been reported. In addition to [M + adduct]- ions (this paper uses phosphate as the adduct) other doubly, triply, and quadruply charged ions of composition [Mn + (H2PO4)n]n- have been observed in mixtures of N-glycans released from viral and other glycoproteins. This paper explores the formation and fragmentation of these different types of multiply charged ions with particular reference to the presence of diagnostic fragments in the CID spectra and comments on how these ions can be used to characterize these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- GlycoEra AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Snezana Vasiljevic
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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4
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Virág D, Kremmer T, Lőrincz K, Kiss N, Jobbágy A, Bozsányi S, Gulyás L, Wikonkál N, Schlosser G, Borbély A, Huba Z, Dalmadi Kiss B, Antal I, Ludányi K. Altered Glycosylation of Human Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein as a Biomarker for Malignant Melanoma. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196003. [PMID: 34641547 PMCID: PMC8513036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-resolution HILIC-MS/MS method was developed to analyze anthranilic acid derivatives of N-glycans released from human serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). The method was applied to samples obtained from 18 patients suffering from high-risk malignant melanoma as well as 19 healthy individuals. It enabled the identification of 102 glycan isomers separating isomers that differ only in sialic acid linkage (α-2,3, α-2,6) or in fucose positions (core, antenna). Comparative assessment of the samples revealed that upregulation of certain fucosylated glycans and downregulation of their nonfucosylated counterparts occurred in cancer patients. An increased ratio of isomers with more α-2,6-linked sialic acids was also observed. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) combining 10 variables with the highest discriminatory power was employed to categorize the samples based on their glycosylation pattern. The performance of the method was tested by cross-validation, resulting in an overall classification success rate of 96.7%. The approach presented here is significantly superior to serological marker S100B protein in terms of sensitivity and negative predictive power in the population studied. Therefore, it may effectively support the diagnosis of malignant melanoma as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Virág
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (T.K.); (Z.H.); (B.D.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Tibor Kremmer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (T.K.); (Z.H.); (B.D.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Kende Lőrincz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária utca. 41., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.L.); (N.K.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (N.W.)
| | - Norbert Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária utca. 41., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.L.); (N.K.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (N.W.)
| | - Antal Jobbágy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária utca. 41., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.L.); (N.K.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (N.W.)
| | - Szabolcs Bozsányi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária utca. 41., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.L.); (N.K.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (N.W.)
| | - Lili Gulyás
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária utca. 41., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.L.); (N.K.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (N.W.)
| | - Norbert Wikonkál
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária utca. 41., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (K.L.); (N.K.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (N.W.)
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Adina Borbély
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Zsófia Huba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (T.K.); (Z.H.); (B.D.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Borbála Dalmadi Kiss
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (T.K.); (Z.H.); (B.D.K.); (I.A.)
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (T.K.); (Z.H.); (B.D.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Krisztina Ludányi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (T.K.); (Z.H.); (B.D.K.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Harvey DJ. NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF N-LINKED GLYCANS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:586-679. [PMID: 32329121 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans from glycoproteins are complex, branched structures whose structural determination presents many analytical problems. Mass spectrometry, usually conducted in positive ion mode, often requires extensive sample manipulation, usually by derivatization such as permethylation, to provide the necessary structure-revealing fragment ions. The newer but, so far, lesser used negative ion techniques, on the contrary, provide a wealth of structural information not present in positive ion spectra that greatly simplify the analysis of these compounds and can usually be conducted without the need for derivatization. This review describes the use of negative ion mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of N-linked glycans and emphasises the many advantages that can be gained by this mode of operation. Biosynthesis and structures of the compounds are described followed by methods for release of the glycans from the protein. Methods for ionization are discussed with emphasis on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and methods for producing negative ions from neutral compounds. Acidic glycans naturally give deprotonated species under most ionization conditions. Fragmentation of negative ions is discussed next with particular reference to those ions that are diagnostic for specific features such as the branching topology of the glycans and substitution positions of moieties such as fucose and sulfate, features that are often difficult to identify easily by conventional techniques such as positive ion fragmentation and exoglycosidase digestions. The advantages of negative over positive ions for this structural work are emphasised with an example of a series of glycans where all other methods failed to produce a structure. Fragmentation of derivatized glycans is discussed next, both with respect to derivatives at the reducing terminus of the molecules, and to methods for neutralization of the acidic groups on sialic acids to both stabilize them for MALDI analysis and to produce the diagnostic fragments seen with the neutral glycans. The use of ion mobility, combined with conventional mass spectrometry is described with emphasis on its use to extract clean glycan spectra both before and after fragmentation, to separate isomers and its use to extract additional information from separated fragment ions. A section on applications follows with examples of the identification of novel structures from lower organisms and tables listing the use of negative ions for structural identification of specific glycoproteins, glycans from viruses and uses in the biopharmaceutical industry and in medicine. The review concludes with a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li J. Mass spectrometry for protein sialoglycosylation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:652-680. [PMID: 29228471 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of structurally unique and negatively charged nine-carbon sugars, normally found at the terminal positions of glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. The glycosylation of proteins is a universal post-translational modification in eukaryotic species and regulates essential biological functions, in which the most common sialic acid is N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (2-keto-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactononulopyranos-1-onic acid) (Neu5NAc). Because of the properties of sialic acids under general mass spectrometry (MS) conditions, such as instability, ionization discrimination, and mixed adducts, the use of MS in the analysis of protein sialoglycosylation is still challenging. The present review is focused on the application of MS related methodologies to the study of both N- and O-linked sialoglycans. We reviewed MS-based strategies for characterizing sialylation by analyzing intact glycoproteins, proteolytic digested glycopeptides, and released glycans. The review concludes with future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zack Li
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Snyder CM, Zhou X, Karty JA, Fonslow BR, Novotny MV, Jacobson SC. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for direct structural identification of serum N-glycans. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:127-139. [PMID: 28989033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Through direct coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to mass spectrometry (MS) with a sheathless interface, we have identified 77 potential N-glycan structures derived from human serum. We confirmed the presence of N-glycans previously identified by indirect methods, e.g., electrophoretic mobility standards, obtained 31 new N-glycan structures not identified in our prior work, differentiated co-migrating structures, and determined specific linkages on isomers featuring sialic acids. Serum N-glycans were cleaved from proteins, neutralized via methylamidation, and labeled with the fluorescent tag 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, which renders the glycan fluorescent and provides a -3 charge for electrophoresis and negative-mode MS detection. The neutralization reaction also stabilizes the labile sialic acids. In addition to methylamidation, native charges from sialic acids were neutralized through reaction with 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium to amidate α2,6-linked sialic acids in the presence of ammonium chloride and form lactones with α2,3-linked sialic acids. This neutralization effectively labels each type of sialic acid with a unique mass to determine specific linkages on sialylated N-glycans. For both neutralization schemes, we compared the results from microchip electrophoresis and CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa M Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States
| | - Xiaomei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States
| | - Jonathan A Karty
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States
| | | | - Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States
| | - Stephen C Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States.
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8
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Nishikaze T, Tsumoto H, Sekiya S, Iwamoto S, Miura Y, Tanaka K. Differentiation of Sialyl Linkage Isomers by One-Pot Sialic Acid Derivatization for Mass Spectrometry-Based Glycan Profiling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2353-2360. [PMID: 28194959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been used for high-throughput glycan profiling analysis. In spite of the biological importance of sialic acids on nonreducing ends of glycans, it is still difficult to analyze glycans containing sialic acid residues due to their instability and the presence of linkage isomers. In this Article, we describe a one-pot glycan purification/derivatization method employing a newly developed linkage-specific sialic acid derivatization for MS-based glycan profiling with differentiation of sialyl linkage isomer. The derivatization, termed sialic acid linkage specific alkylamidation (SALSA), consists of sequential two-step alkylamidations. As a result of the reactions, α2,6- and α2,3-linked sialic acids are selectively amidated with different length of alkyl chains, allowing distinction of α2,3-/α2,6-linkage isomers from given mass spectra. Our studies using N-glycan standards with known sialyl linkages proved high suitability of SALSA for reliable relative quantification of α2,3-/α2,6-linked sialic acids compared with existing sialic acid derivatization approaches. SALSA fully stabilizes both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids by alkylamidation; thereby, it became possible to combine SALSA with existing glycan analysis/preparation methods as follows. The combination of SALSA and chemoselective glycan purification using hydrazide beads allows easy one-pot purification of glycans from complex biological samples, together with linkage-specific sialic acid stabilization. Moreover, SALSA-derivatized glycans can be labeled via reductive amination without causing byproducts such as amide decomposition. This solid-phase SALSA followed by glycan labeling has been successfully applied to human plasma N-glycome profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishikaze
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation , 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsumoto
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology , 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Sadanori Sekiya
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation , 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Shinichi Iwamoto
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation , 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology , 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Koichi Tanaka
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation , 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
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9
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Váradi C, Mittermayr S, Millán-Martín S, Bones J. Quantitative twoplex glycan analysis using 12C6 and 13C6 stable isotope 2-aminobenzoic acid labelling and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8691-8700. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Orthogonal Technologies for NISTmAb N-Glycan Structure Elucidation and Quantitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1201.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
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11
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Nwosu C, Yau HK, Becht S. Assignment of Core versus Antenna Fucosylation Types in Protein N-Glycosylation via Procainamide Labeling and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5905-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Nwosu
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, 8551 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Hoi Kei Yau
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, 8551 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Steven Becht
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, 8551 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
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12
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Li L, Jiao J, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Lu H. Fluorinated Carbon Tag Derivatization Combined with Fluorous Solid-Phase Extraction: A New Method for the Highly Sensitive and Selective Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Glycans. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5125-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504437h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Li
- Shanghai Cancer Center
and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry
of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Jiao
- Shanghai Cancer Center
and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry
of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Shanghai Cancer Center
and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry
of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center
and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry
of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center
and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and ‡Department of
Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry
of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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KAMEYAMA A, KIKUCHI N, NAKAYA S, FUNATSU S. Development of a rapid analytical system for glycans using a multistage tandem mass spectral database. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5571/syntheng.8.4_196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Norihiro KIKUCHI
- Business Development Division, Mitsui Knowledge Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Shuuichi NAKAYA
- Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation
| | - Shinji FUNATSU
- Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation
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14
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Zhou H, Hanneman AJ, Chasteen ND, Reinhold VN. Anomalous N-glycan structures with an internal fucose branched to GlcA and GlcN residues isolated from a mollusk shell-forming fluid. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4547-55. [PMID: 23919883 DOI: 10.1021/pr4006734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the structural details of a unique N-linked valence epitope on the major protein within the extrapallial (EP) fluid of the mollusk, Mytilus edulis. Fluids from this area are considered to be responsible for shell expansion by a self-assembly process that provides an organic framework for the growth of CaCO3 crystals. Previous reports from our laboratories have described the purification and amino acid sequence of this EP protein, which was found to be a glycoprotein (EPG) of approximately 28 KDa with 14.3% carbohydrate on a single N-linked consensus site. Described herein is the de novo sequence of the major glycan and its glycomers. The sequence was determined by ion trap sequential mass spectrometry (ITMS(n)) resolving structure by tracking precursor-product relationships through successive rounds of collision induced disassociation (CID), thereby spatially resolving linkage and branching details within the confines of the ion trap. Three major glycomers were detected, each possessing a 6-linked fucosylated N-linked core. Two glycans possessed four and five identical antennae, while the third possessed four antennas, but with an additional methylfucose 2-linked to the glucuronic acid moiety, forming a pentasaccharide. The tetrasaccharide structure was: 4-O-methyl-GlcA(1-4)[GlcNAc(1-3)]Fuc(1-4)GlcNAc, while the pentasaccharide was shown to be as follows: mono-O-methyl-Fuc(1-2)-4-O-methyl-GlcA(1-4)[GlcNAc(1-3)]Fuc(1-4)GlcNAc. Samples were differentially deuteriomethylated (CD3/CH3) to localize indigenous methylation, further analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to confirm monomer compositions, and finally gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assign structural and stereoisomers. The interfacial shell surface location of this major extrapallial glycoprotein, its calcium and heavy metal binding properties and unique structure suggests a probable role in shell formation and possibly metal ion detoxification. A closely related terminal tetrasaccharide structure has been reported in spermatozoan glycolipids of freshwater bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire , 35 Colovos Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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15
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Fellenberg M, Behnken HN, Nagel T, Wiegandt A, Baerenfaenger M, Meyer B. Glycan analysis: scope and limitations of different techniques--a case for integrated use of LC-MS(/MS) and NMR techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7291-305. [PMID: 23852147 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The structure of glycans from glycoproteins is highly relevant for their function. We tightly integrate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), MS/MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data to achieve a complete characterization of even isobaric glycans differing in only one linkage position or in the substitution in one branch. As example, we analyzed ten desialylated underivatized glycans from bovine fibrinogen. The molecules were separated on a PGC column, and LC-MS data allowed an assignment of the compositions of the glycans. MS/MS data of the same glycans allowed elucidation of sequence and to some extent of branching and linkage. All MS/MS fragmentation methods led to multiple dissociations, resulting in several cases in ambiguous data. The MS/MS data were interpreted both by scientists and automatically by software, and the differential results are compared. Additional data from a tight integration of LC-MS and NMR data resulted in a complete structural characterization of the glycans. The acquisition of simple 1D (1)H NMR data led--in combination with LC-MS and MS/MS data--to an unambiguous assignment of the isobaric glycans. Compounds that were not separated in the chromatography could easily be assigned structurally by applying the 3D cross-correlation (3DCC) technology to arrive at NMR spectra of the pure components-without actually separating them. By applying LC-MS, MS/MS, 1D (1)H NMR, and 3DCC together, one can assign glycan structures from glycoconjugates with high confidence affording only 200 pmol of glycan material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Fellenberg
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Alley WR, Mann BF, Novotny MV. High-sensitivity analytical approaches for the structural characterization of glycoproteins. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2668-732. [PMID: 23531120 PMCID: PMC3992972 DOI: 10.1021/cr3003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Alley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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17
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Higel F, Demelbauer U, Seidl A, Friess W, Sörgel F. Reversed-phase liquid-chromatographic mass spectrometric N-glycan analysis of biopharmaceuticals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2481-93. [PMID: 23371526 PMCID: PMC3581771 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification of monoclonal antibodies with a potential effect on the efficacy and safety of the drugs; detailed knowledge about this glycosylation is therefore crucial. We have developed a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric method, with different fluorescent labels, for analysis of N-glycosylation, and compared the sensitivity and selectivity of the methods. Our work demonstrates that anthranilic acid as fluorescent label in combination with reversed-phase liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry is an advantageous method for identification and quantification of neutral and acidic N-glycans. Our results show that mass spectrometry-based quantification correlates with quantification by fluorescence. Chromatographic discrimination between several structural glycan isomers was achieved. The sharp peaks of the eluting anthranilic acid-labeled N-glycans enabled on-line mass spectrometric analysis of even low-abundance glycan species. The method is broadly applicable to N-glycan analysis and is an orthogonal analytical method to the widely established hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography of 2-aminobenzamide-labeled N-glycans for characterization of N-glycans derived from biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Higel
- Hexal AG, Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Keltenring 1+3, 82041 Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Uwe Demelbauer
- Hexal AG, Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Keltenring 1+3, 82041 Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidl
- Hexal AG, Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Keltenring 1+3, 82041 Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Building B, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Sörgel
- IBMP—Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 19, 90562 Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany
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18
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Palmisano G, Larsen MR, Packer NH, Thaysen-Andersen M. Structural analysis of glycoprotein sialylation – part II: LC-MS based detection. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Alley WR, Novotny MV. Structural glycomic analyses at high sensitivity: a decade of progress. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:237-65. [PMID: 23560930 PMCID: PMC3992932 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The field of glycomics has recently advanced in response to the urgent need for structural characterization and quantification of complex carbohydrates in biologically and medically important applications. The recent success of analytical glycobiology at high sensitivity reflects numerous advances in biomolecular mass spectrometry and its instrumentation, capillary and microchip separation techniques, and microchemical manipulations of carbohydrate reactivity. The multimethodological approach appears to be necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of very complex glycomes in different biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Alley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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20
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Nishikaze T, Kaneshiro K, Kawabata SI, Tanaka K. Structural Analysis of N-Glycans by the Glycan-Labeling Method Using 3-Aminoquinoline-Based Liquid Matrix in Negative-Ion MALDI-MS. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9453-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishikaze
- Koichi Tanaka Laboratory of Advanced Science
and Technology, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kaneshiro
- Koichi Tanaka Laboratory of Advanced Science
and Technology, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Shin-ichirou Kawabata
- Koichi Tanaka Laboratory of Advanced Science
and Technology, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Koichi Tanaka
- Koichi Tanaka Laboratory of Advanced Science
and Technology, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
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21
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Tep S, Hincapie M, Hancock WS. The characterization and quantitation of glycomic changes in CHO cells during a bioreactor campaign. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:3007-17. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Domann P, Spencer DIR, Harvey DJ. Production and fragmentation of negative ions from neutral N-linked carbohydrates ionized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:469-479. [PMID: 22279023 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although negative ion fragmentation mass spectra of neutral N-linked carbohydrates (those attached to Asn in glycoproteins) provide much more structural information than spectra recorded in positive ion mode, neutral carbohydrates are reluctant to form negative ions by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) unless ionized from specific matrices such as nor-harmane or adducted with anions such as chloride. This paper reports the results of experiments to optimize negative ion formation from adducts of N-linked glycans with respect to ion abundance and fragment ion production. The best results were obtained with 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) as the matrix with added ammonium nitrate as the salt providing the anion. This approach is demonstrated to be applicable for a wide range of N-linked glycan structures. Phosphate adducts, analogous to those that are usually encountered in electrospray spectra from N-glycans released by protein N-glycosidase F, were produced by addition of ammonium phosphate to the matrix but in relatively low yield allowing competitive ionization of endogenous anionic compounds leading to complex spectra. Fragmentation of the nitrate adducts, which were formed in higher yield, generally paralleled that seen by collision-induced dissociation following ionization by electrospray, with the first stage of the dissociation being the elimination of the nitrate with a proton from one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar. The spectra of the resulting [M-H](-) species displayed very specific fragment ions, mainly cross-ring and C-type glycosidic cleavage products, that revealed more structural (linkage and branching) information of the compounds than the mainly glycosidic cleavage products that dominated the positive ion spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Domann
- LGC Ltd., Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LY, UK
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23
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A general approach for the purification and quantitative glycomic analysis of human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2687-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Tep S, Hincapie M, Hancock WS. A MALDI-TOF MS method for the simultaneous and quantitative analysis of neutral and sialylated glycans of CHO-expressed glycoproteins. Carbohydr Res 2012; 347:121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Zhou W, Håkansson K. Structural Characterization of Carbohydrates by Fourier Transform Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CURR PROTEOMICS 2011; 8:297-308. [PMID: 22389641 PMCID: PMC3289259 DOI: 10.2174/157016411798220826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) provides high mass accuracy, high sensitivity, and analytical versatility and has therefore emerged as an indispensable tool for structural elucidation of biomolecules. Glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications, occurring in ~50% of proteins. However, due to the structural diversity of carbohydrates, arising from non-template driven biosynthesis, achievement of detailed structural insight is highly challenging. This review briefly discusses carbohydrate sample preparation and ionization methods, and highlights recent developments in alternative high-resolution MS/MS strategies, including infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD), electron capture dissociation (ECD), and electron detachment dissociation (EDD), for carbohydrates with a focus on glycans and proteoglycans from mammalian glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristina Håkansson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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26
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Zhou W, Håkansson K. Electron detachment dissociation of fluorescently labeled sialylated oligosaccharides. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3526-35. [PMID: 22120881 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We explored the application of electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) tandem mass spectrometry to fluorescently labeled sialylated oligosaccharides. Standard sialylated oligosaccharides and a sialylated N-linked glycan released from human transferrin were investigated. EDD yielded extensive glycosidic cleavages and cross-ring cleavages in all cases studied, consistently providing complementary structural information compared with infrared multiphoton dissociation. Neutral losses and satellite ions such as C-2H ions were also observed following EDD. In addition, we examined the influence of different fluorescent labels. The acidic label 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA) enhanced signal abundance in negative-ion mode. However, few cross-ring fragments were observed for 2-AA-labeled oligosaccharides. The neutral label 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) resulted in more cross-ring cleavages compared with 2-AA-labeled species, but not as extensive fragmentation as for native oligosaccharides, likely resulting from altered negative charge locations from introduction of the fluorescent tag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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27
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Harvey DJ. Derivatization of carbohydrates for analysis by chromatography; electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1196-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Wu S, Grimm R, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Annotation and structural analysis of sialylated human milk oligosaccharides. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:856-68. [PMID: 21133381 DOI: 10.1021/pr101006u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (SHMOs) are important components of human milk oligosaccharides. Sialic acids are typically found on the nonreducing end and are known binding sites for pathogens and aid in neonates' brain development. Due to their negative charge and hydrophilic nature, they also help modulate cell-cell interactions. It has also been shown that sialic acids are involved in regulating the immune response and aid in brain development. In this study, the enriched SHMOs from pooled milk sample were analyzed by HPLC-Chip/QTOF MS. The instrument employs a microchip-based nano-LC column packed with porous graphitized carbon (PGC) to provide excellent isomer separation for SHMOs with highly reproducible retention time. The precursor ions were further examined with collision-induced dissociation (CID). By applying the proper collision energy, isomers can be readily differentiated by diagnostic peaks and characteristic fragmentation patterns. A set of 30 SHMO structures with retention times, accurate masses, and MS/MS spectra was deduced and incorporated into an HMO library. When combined with previously determined neutral components, a library with over 70 structures is obtained allowing high-throughput oligosaccharide structure identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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29
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Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Oligo- and Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives. MASS SPECTROMETRY OF POLYMERS – NEW TECHNIQUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Labeling of oligosaccharides for quantitative mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Thakur D, Rejtar T, Karger BL, Washburn NJ, Bosques CJ, Gunay NS, Shriver Z, Venkataraman G. Profiling the glycoforms of the intact alpha subunit of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin by high-resolution capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 81:8900-7. [PMID: 19817480 DOI: 10.1021/ac901506p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of complex heterogeneous biological molecules, effective techniques that are capable of rapid characterization of biologics are essential to ensure the desired product characteristics. To address this need, we have developed a method for analysis of intact glycoproteins based on high-resolution capillary electrophoretic separation coupled to an LTQ-FT mass spectrometer. We evaluated the performance of this method on the alpha subunit of mouse cell line-derived recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin (r-alpha hCG), a protein that is glycosylated at two sites and is part of the clinically relevant gonadotrophin family. Analysis of r-alpha hCG, using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a separation time under 20 min, resulted in the identification of over 60 different glycoforms with up to nine sialic acids. High-resolution CE-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS) allowed separation and analysis of not only intact glycoforms with different numbers of sialic acids but also intact glycoforms that differed by the number and extent of neutral monosaccharides. The high mass resolution of the FT-MS enabled a limited mass range to be targeted for the examination of the protein glycoforms, simplifying the analysis without sacrificing accuracy. In addition, the limited mass range resulted in a fast scan speed that enhanced the reproducibility of the relative quantitation of individual glycoforms. The intact glycoprotein analysis was complemented with the analysis of the tryptic glycopeptides and glycans of r-alpha hCG to enable the assignment of glycan structures to individual sites, resulting in a detailed characterization of the protein. Samples of r-alpha hCG obtained from a CHO cell line were also analyzed and briefly shown to be significantly different from the murine cell line product. Taken together, the results suggest that the CE coupled to high-resolution FT-MS can be one of the effective tools for in-process monitoring as well as for final product characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Thakur
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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32
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Prien JM, Prater BD, Cockrill SL. A multi-method approach toward de novo glycan characterization: a Man-5 case study. Glycobiology 2010; 20:629-47. [PMID: 20110246 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory agencies' expectations for biotherapeutic approval are becoming more stringent with regard to product characterization, where minor species as low as 0.1% of a given profile are typically identified. The mission of this manuscript is to demonstrate a multi-method approach toward de novo glycan characterization and quantitation, including minor species at or approaching the 0.1% benchmark. Recently, unexpected isomers of the Man(5)GlcNAc(2) (M(5)) were reported (Prien JM, Ashline DJ, Lapadula AJ, Zhang H, Reinhold VN. 2009. The high mannose glycans from bovine ribonuclease B isomer characterization by ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 20:539-556). In the current study, quantitative analysis of these isomers found in commercial M(5) standard demonstrated that they are in low abundance (<1% of the total) and therefore an exemplary "litmus test" for minor species characterization. A simple workflow devised around three core well-established analytical procedures: (1) fluorescence derivatization; (2) online rapid resolution reversed-phase separation coupled with negative-mode sequential mass spectrometry (RRRP-(-)-MS(n)); and (3) permethylation derivatization with nanospray sequential mass spectrometry (NSI-MS(n)) provides comprehensive glycan structural determination. All methods have limitations; however, a multi-method workflow is an at-line stopgap/solution which mitigates each method's individual shortcoming(s) providing greater opportunity for more comprehensive characterization. This manuscript is the first to demonstrate quantitative chromatographic separation of the M(5) isomers and the use of a commercially available stable isotope variant of 2-aminobenzoic acid to detect and chromatographically resolve multiple M(5) isomers in bovine ribonuclease B. With this multi-method approach, we have the capabilities to comprehensively characterize a biotherapeutic's glycan array in a de novo manner, including structural isomers at >/=0.1% of the total chromatographic peak area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Prien
- Analytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 4000 Nelson Rd., Longmont, CO 80503, USA.
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Chen X, Flynn GC. Gas-phase oligosaccharide nonreducing end (GONE) sequencing and structural analysis by reversed phase HPLC/mass spectrometry with polarity switching. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1821-1833. [PMID: 19631557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a technique to obtain all the N-linked oligosaccharide structures from a single reversed-phase (RP) HPLC run using on-line tandem MS in both positive and negative ion modes with polarity switching. Oligosaccharides labeled with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB) were used because they generated good ionization efficiency in both ion polarities. In the positive ion mode, protonated oligosaccharide ions lose sugar residues sequentially from the nonreducing end with each round of MS fragmentation, revealing the oligosaccharide sequence from greatly simplified tandem MS spectra. In the negative ion mode, diagnostic ions, including those from cross-ring cleavages, are readily observed in the MS2 spectra of deprotonated oligosaccharide ions, providing detailed structural information, such as branch composition and linkage positions. Both positive and negative ion modes can be programmed into the same LC/MS experiment through polarity switching of the MS instrument. The gas-phase oligosaccharide nonreducing end (GONE) sequencing data, in combination with the diagnostic ions generated in negative ion tandem MS, allow both sequence and structural information to be obtained for all eluting species during a single RP-HPLC chromatographic run. This technique generates oligosaccharide analyses at high speed and sensitivity, and reveals structural features that can be difficult to obtain by traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA.
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34
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Wuhrer M, de Boer AR, Deelder AM. Structural glycomics using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) with mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:192-206. [PMID: 18979527 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) with mass spectrometry is a versatile technique for structural glycomics. Glycans are retained by hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and dipole-dipole interactions. Glycopeptides as well as glycans with various modifications and reducing-end labels can be efficiently separated, which often results in the resolution of isobaric species. Chromatography is usually performed with solvent mixtures of organic modifier (often acetonitrile) and volatile (acidic) buffer which are suitable for online-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. When performed at the nano-scale, this results in a detection limit for oligosaccharides of approximately 1 femtomol. Alternatively, glycans may be analyzed by offline-MALDI-MS(/MS) in both negative-ion mode and positive-ion mode, which allows the registration of informative fragment ion spectra from deprotonated species and sodium adducts, respectively. (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:192-206, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Amano J, Sugahara D, Osumi K, Tanaka K. Negative-ion MALDI-QIT-TOFMSn for structural determination of fucosylated and sialylated oligosaccharides labeled with a pyrene derivative. Glycobiology 2009; 19:592-600. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhang Z, Pan H, Chen X. Mass spectrometry for structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:147-76. [PMID: 18720354 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, have emerged as one of the most promising classes of therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. The need for complete characterization of the quality attributes of these molecules requires sophisticated techniques. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical tool for the structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies, due to its superior resolution over other analytical techniques. It has been widely used in virtually all phases of antibody development. Structural features determined by MS include amino acid sequence, disulfide linkages, carbohydrate structure and profile, and many different post-translational, in-process, and in-storage modifications. In this review, we will discuss various MS-based techniques for the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies. These techniques are categorized as mass determination of intact antibodies, and as middle-up, bottom-up, top-down, and middle-down structural characterizations. Each of these techniques has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of structural resolution, sequence coverage, sample consumption, and effort required for analyses. The role of MS in glycan structural characterization and profiling will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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Heaton AL, Armentrout PB. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Sodium Cation Interactions with d-Arabinose, Xylose, Glucose, and Galactose. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10156-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jp804113q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Heaton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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Monosialylated biantennary N-glycoforms containing GalNAc–GlcNAc antennae predominate when human EPO is expressed in goat milk. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 470:163-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yu SY, Wu SW, Khoo KH. Distinctive characteristics of MALDI-Q/TOF and TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry for sequencing of permethylated complex type N-glycans. Glycoconj J 2007; 23:355-69. [PMID: 16897178 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-8492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Concerted MALDI-MS profiling and CID MS/MS sequencing of permethylated glycans is one of the most effective approaches for high throughput glycomics applications. In essence, the identification of larger complex type N-glycans necessitates an unambiguous definition of any modification on the trimannosyl core and the complement of non-reducing terminal sequences which constitute the respective antennary structures. Permethylation not only affords analyses of both neutral and sialylated glycans at comparable ease and sensitivity but also yields more sequence-informative fragmentation pattern. Facile glycosidic cleavages directed mostly at N-acetylglucosamine under low energy CID, as implemented on a quadrupole/time-of-flight (Q/TOF) instrument, often afford multiple losses of the attached antenna resulting in characteristic ions related to the number of antennary branches on the trimannosyl core. Non-reducing terminal epitopes can be easily deduced but information on the linkage specific substituent on the terminal units is often missing. The high energy CID MS/MS afforded by TOF/TOF instrument can fill in the gap by giving an array of additional cross-ring and satellite ions. Glycosidic cleavages occurring specifically in concert with loss of 2-linked or 3-linked substituents provide an effective way to identify the branch-specific antennary extension. These characteristics are shown here to be effective in deriving the sequences of additionally galactosylated, sialylated and fucosylated terminal N-acetyllactosamine units and their antennary location. Together, a highly reproducible fragmentation pattern can be formulated to simplify spectral assignment. This work also provides first real examples of sequencing multiply sialylated complex type N-glycans by high energy CID on a TOF/TOF instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yi Yu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
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Sánchez O, Montesino R, Toledo JR, Rodríguez E, Díaz D, Royle L, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Harvey DJ, Cremata JA. The goat mammary glandular epithelial (GMGE) cell line promotes polyfucosylation and N,N′-diacetyllactosediaminylation of N-glycans linked to recombinant human erythropoietin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 464:322-34. [PMID: 17570337 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have established a continuous, non-transformed cell line from primary cultures from Capra hircus mammary gland. Low-density cultures showed a homogeneous epithelial morphology without detectable fibroblastic or myoepithelial cells. The culture was responsive to contact inhibition of proliferation and its doubling time was dependent on the presence of insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF). GMGE cells secrete caseins regardless of the presence or absence of lactogenic hormones in the culture media. Investigation of the total N-glycan pool of human erythropoietin (rhEPO) expressed in GMGE cells by monosaccharide analysis, HPLC profiling, and mass spectrometry, indicated significant differences with respect to the same protein expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. N-Glycans of rhEPO-GMGE are core-fucosylated, but fucosylation of outer arms was also found. Our results also revealed the presence of low levels of sialylation (>95% Neu5Ac), N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine units, and possibly Gal-Gal non-reducing terminal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sánchez
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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Ito H, Yamada K, Deguchi K, Nakagawa H, Nishimura SI. Structural assignment of disialylated biantennary N-glycan isomers derivatized with 2-aminopyridine using negative-ion multistage tandem mass spectral matching. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:212-8. [PMID: 17171781 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the possibility of structural assignment based on negative-ion multistage tandem mass (MS(n)) spectral matching, four isomers of disialylated biantennary N-glycans (alpha2-6 and/or alpha2-3 linked sialic acid on alpha1-6 and alpha1-3 antennae) derivatized with 2-aminopyridine (PA) were analyzed by employing high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization linear ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-LIT-TOFMS), which uses helium gas for ion trapping and collision-induced dissociation (CID). It is shown that the MS(2) spectra derived from each precursor ion [M-2H](2-) are reproducible and useful for distinguishing the four isomers. Thus, they can be assigned by negative-ion MS(2) spectral matching based on correlation coefficients. In addition, MS(3) spectra derived from D-type fragment ions clearly differentiate the alpha2-3- or alpha2-6-linked sialic acid on the alpha1-6 antenna due to their characteristic spectral patterns. The C(4)-type fragment ions, which are produced from both the alpha1-6 and alpha1-3 antennae, show the characteristic MS(3) spectra reflecting alpha2-3- or alpha2-6- linkage type or a mixture of both types. Thus, the differentiation and assignment of these disialylated biantennary N-glycan isomers can also be supported with the MS(3) spectra of C(4)- and D-type ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ito
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:973-84. [PMID: 16034836 DOI: 10.1002/jms.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Harvey DJ. Structural determination ofN-linked glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2005; 5:1774-86. [PMID: 15832364 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews methods for the analysis of N-linked glycans by mass spectrometry with emphasis on studies conducted at the Oxford Glycobiology Institute. Topics covered are the release of glycans from sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels, their purification for analysis by mass spectrometry, methods based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization for producing fragment ions, and details of their fragmentation. MALDI mass spectrometry provided a rapid method for profiling neutral N-linked glycans as their [M + Na](+) ions which could be fragmented by collision-induced decomposition to give spectra containing both glycosidic and cross-ring fragments. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was more versatile in that it was relatively easy to change the type of ion that was formed and, furthermore, unlike MALDI, electrospray did not cause extensive loss of sialic acids from sialylated glycans. Negative ions formed by addition of anions such as chloride and, particularly, nitrate, to the electrospray solvent were stable and enabled singly charged ions to be obtained from larger glycans than was possible in positive ion mode. Fragmentation of negative ions followed specific pathways that defined structural details of the glycans that were difficult to obtain by classical methods such as exoglycosidase digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK.
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