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Castro LRP, Calvet FC, Sousa KL, Silva VP, Lobo PS, Penha ET, Guerra SFS, Bezerra DAM, Mascarenhas JDP, Pinheiro HHC, Costa IB, Resque HR, Soares LS. Prevalence of rotavirus and human bocavirus in immunosuppressed individuals after renal transplantation in the Northern Region of Brazil. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2125-2133. [PMID: 31429939 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive therapy causes severe impairment of host defense and diarrhea is a frequent complication in renal transplant recipients. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of Rotavirus A (RVA) and Human Bocavirus (HBoV) in fecal samples of immunosuppressed patients submitted to renal transplantation during posttransplant follow-up. A longitudinal study was carried out involving a 25-patient cohort, selected for kidney transplantation. A total of 126 fecal samples were collected between May 2014 and May 2016. Molecular techniques were used to detect and characterize circulating RVA and HBoV genotypes and statistical analysis were applied to verify the association between epidemiological and clinical characteristics. The prevalence of RVA and HBoV was 24% (6/25) and 40% (10/25), respectively. Among RVA and HBoV positive cases, the majority was female; did not conduct water treatment nor had adequate sewage facilities. The most detected genotypes were RVA G3 (62.5%) and HBoV-3 (95%). Phylogenetic analysis of HBoV strains indicated that studied samples were similar to those found in Asian and American countries. The present study point out the circulation of these viral agents among immunosuppressed individuals and these findings will enable the construction of new knowledge and care perspectives on the cause of diarrhea in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanda R P Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology and Surveillance in Health, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Flávio C Calvet
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Karoline L Sousa
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Victor P Silva
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Lobo
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo T Penha
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Sylvia F S Guerra
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Delana A M Bezerra
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Joana D P Mascarenhas
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Helder H C Pinheiro
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Igor B Costa
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Hugo R Resque
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luana S Soares
- Laboratory of Rotavirus, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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Cardemil CV, Sherchand JB, Shrestha L, Sharma A, Gary HE, Estivariz CF, Diez-Valcarce M, Ward ML, Bowen MD, Vinjé J, Parashar U, Chu SY. Pathogen-Specific Burden of Outpatient Diarrhea in Infants in Nepal: A Multisite Prospective Case-Control Study. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:e75-e85. [PMID: 28472489 PMCID: PMC10389588 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pix009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsevere diarrheal disease in Nepal represents a large burden of illness. Identification of the specific disease-causing pathogens will help target the appropriate control measures. METHODS Infants aged 6 weeks to 12 months were recruited from 5 health facilities in eastern, central, and western Nepal between August 2012 and August 2013. The diarrhea arm included infants with mild or moderate diarrhea treatable in an outpatient setting; the nondiarrhea arm included healthy infants who presented for immunization visits or had a mild nondiarrheal illness. Stool samples were tested for 15 pathogens with a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and real-time reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR assays for rotavirus and norovirus. Rotavirus- and norovirus-positive specimens were genotyped. We calculated attributable fractions (AFs) to estimate the pathogen-specific burden of diarrhea and adjusted for facility, age, stunting, wasting, and presence of other pathogens. RESULTS We tested 307 diarrheal and 358 nondiarrheal specimens. Pathogens were detected more commonly in diarrheal specimens (164 of 307 [53.4%]) than in nondiarrheal specimens (113 of 358 [31.6%]) (P < .001). Rotavirus (AF, 23.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 14.9%-32.8%]), Salmonella (AF, 12.4% [95% CI, 6.6%-17.8%]), and Campylobacter (AF, 5.6% [95% CI, 1.3%-9.8%]) contributed most to the burden of disease. In these diarrheal specimens, the most common genotypes for rotavirus were G12P[6] (27 of 82 [32.9%]) and G1P[8] (16 of 82 [19.5%]) and for norovirus were GII.4 Sydney (9 of 26 [34.6%]) and GII.7 (5 of 26 [19.2%]). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine in Nepal will likely decrease outpatient diarrheal disease burden in infants younger than 1 year, but interventions to detect and target other pathogens, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter spp, should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V Cardemil
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Laxman Shrestha
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Arun Sharma
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Howard E Gary
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Concepcion F Estivariz
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marta Diez-Valcarce
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M Leanne Ward
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael D Bowen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan Y Chu
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Hervás D, Hervás-Masip J, Rosell A, Mena A, Pérez JL, Hervás JA. Are hospitalizations for rotavirus gastroenteritis associated with meteorologic factors? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1547-53. [PMID: 24760250 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Local climatic factors might explain seasonal patterns of rotavirus infections, but few models have been proposed to determine the effects of weather conditions on rotavirus activity. Here, we study the association of meteorologic factors with rotavirus activity, as determined by the number of children hospitalized for rotavirus gastroenteritis on the Mediterranean island of Mallorca (Spain). We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of children aged 0-5 years admitted for rotavirus gastroenteritis between January 2000 and December 2010. The number of rotavirus hospitalizations was correlated to temperature, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, water vapor pressure, wind speed, and solar radiation using regression and time-series techniques. A total of 311 patients were hospitalized for rotavirus gastroenteritis in the 11-year study period, with a seasonal pattern from December to June, and a peak incidence in February. After multiple regressions, weekly rotavirus activity could be explained in 82 % of cases (p < 0.001) with a one-week lag meteorologic model. Rotavirus activity was negatively associated to temperature and positively associated to atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, and wind speed. Temperature and solar radiation were the factors that contributed most to the model, with a peak rotavirus activity at 9 °C and 800 10KJ/m(2), respectively. In conclusion, hospitalization for rotavirus was strongly associated with mean temperature, but an association of rotavirus activity with solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed was also demonstrated. This model predicted more than 80 % of rotavirus hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hervás
- University Institute for Health Sciences Research (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain,
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van de Ven AAJM, Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, Wensing AMJ, van Montfrans JM. The role of prolonged viral gastrointestinal infections in the development of immunodeficiency-related enteropathy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 42:79-91. [PMID: 22116710 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-011-8292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary immunodeficiencies are prone to develop enteropathy of unknown pathogenesis. We hypothesize that ineffective clearance of gastrointestinal pathogens, particularly viruses, in combination with defective immune regulation may cause inflammatory enteropathy in certain immunodeficient hosts. We reviewed publications related to prolonged enteric viral infection, immunodeficiency, and the subsequent development of inflammatory enteropathy. Prolonged infection with especially enteroviral infections was reported more often in immunocompromised hosts than in healthy individuals. Protracted enteric viral shedding was not always associated with the presence or duration of gastrointestinal symptoms. The development of immunodeficiency-associated enteropathy after prolonged viral infections was described in sporadic cases. Clinical consequences of viral gut infections in immunocompromised hosts comprise isolation issues and supportive care. Prospective studies in cohorts of immunodeficient patients are required to study the impact of prolonged enteric viral replication with respect to the pathogenesis of non-infectious enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick A J M van de Ven
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Bányai K, Matthijnssens J, Szücs G, Forgách P, Erdélyi K, van Ranst M, Lorusso E, Decaro N, Elia G, Martella V. Frequent rearrangement may explain the structural heterogeneity in the 11th genome segment of lapine rotaviruses - short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2009; 57:453-61. [PMID: 19635717 DOI: 10.1556/avet.57.2009.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In rotaviruses, intragenic recombination or gene rearrangement occurs almost exclusively in the genome segments encoding for non-structural proteins. Rearranged RNA originates by mechanisms of partial sequence duplications and deletions or insertions of non-templated nucleotides. Of interest, epidemiological investigations have pointed out an unusual bias to rearrangements in genome segment 11, notably in rotavirus strains of lapine origin, as evidenced by the detection of numerous lapine strains with super-short genomic electropherotype. The sequence of the full-length genome segment 11 of two lapine strains with super-short electropherotype, LRV-4 and 3489/3, was determined and compared with rearranged and normal cognate genome segments of lapine rotaviruses. The rearranged genome segments contained head-to-tail partial duplications at the 3' end of the main ORF encoding NSP5. Unlike the strains Alabama and B4106, intermingled stretches of non-templated sequences were not present in the accessory RNA of LRV-4 and 3489/3, while multiple deletions were mapped, suggesting the lack of functional constraints. Altogether, these findings suggest that independent rearrangement events have given origin to the various lapine strains that have super-short genome pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- 3 University of Leuven Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven Belgium
| | - György Szücs
- 2 University of Pécs Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Pécs Hungary
| | - Petra Forgách
- 4 Szent István University Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science Budapest Hungary
| | - Károly Erdélyi
- 5 Central Veterinary Institute Department of Wildlife Diseases and Parasitology Budapest Hungary
| | - Marc van Ranst
- 3 University of Leuven Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven Belgium
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- 6 University of Bari Department of Animal Health and Well-Being Bari Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- 6 University of Bari Department of Animal Health and Well-Being Bari Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- 6 University of Bari Department of Animal Health and Well-Being Bari Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- 6 University of Bari Department of Animal Health and Well-Being Bari Italy
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Iijima Y, Iwamoto T, Nukuzuma S, Ohishi H, Hayashi K, Kobayashi N. An outbreak of rotavirus infection among adults in an institution for rehabilitation: long-term residence in a closed community as a risk factor for rotavirus illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 38:490-6. [PMID: 16798700 DOI: 10.1080/00365540500532134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of group A rotavirus infection resulted in gastroenteritis among disabled adults in an isolated rehabilitation institution in Kobe, Japan. Of the 95 residents, 16 were diagnosed with rotavirus illness. The causative agent was a single strain of typical human group A rotavirus belonging to VP7 serotype G2, VP4 genotype P[4], and NSP4 genotype A. Mean duration of stay was significantly longer for residents with rotavirus illness (22.1+/-11.8 years) than for residents without the disease (13.5+/-10.6 years; P=0.01). Age, sex, disability and location of resident rooms displayed no significant relationships with illness. These observations suggest that long-term residence in a closed community, which might be related to absence of immuno-stimulation, represents a risk factor for rotavirus illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Iijima
- Department of Microbiology, Kobe Institute of Health, Minatojima-nakamachi, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
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7
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Sanz JC, Barbas JF, Lasheras MD, Jiménez M, Ramos B, Sánchez-Fauquier A. [Detection of a rotavirus G9P[8] outbreak causing gastroenteritis in a geriatric nursing home]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2009; 27:219-21. [PMID: 19249129 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to describe an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in a geriatric nursing home. METHOD Stool samples from 8 patients were studied. Antigen detection was carried out by ELISA, and molecular typing was performed by RT-PCR. RESULTS Rotavirus antigen was detected in 6 patients. Typing demonstrated a common genotype (G9P[8]). CONCLUSION The outbreak detected in elderly persons suggests a loss of immunity with age or a lack of protection against an emergent genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Sanz
- Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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8
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Assessing the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination in the Netherlands. Vaccine 2008; 26:3757-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35:S65-164. [PMID: 18068815 PMCID: PMC7119119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1630] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Chandran A, Heinzen RR, Santosham M, Siberry GK. Nosocomial rotavirus infections: a systematic review. J Pediatr 2006; 149:441-7. [PMID: 17011311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Chandran
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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11
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Dennehy PH. Acute diarrheal disease in children: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006; 19:585-602. [PMID: 16102650 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhea is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. The causes of acute diarrhea in children vary with the location, time of year, and population studied. There is increasing recognition of a widening array of enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal diseases. Adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement and maintenance are key to managing diarrheal illnesses. Thorough clinical and epidemiologic evaluation is needed to define the severity and type of illness, exposures, and whether the patient in is immunocompromised to direct the performance of selective diagnosis cultures, toxin testing, parasite studies, and the administration of antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope H Dennehy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, 02903, USA.
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Pietruchinski E, Benati F, Lauretti F, Kisielius J, Ueda M, Volotão EM, Soares CC, Hoshino Y, Linhares REC, Nozawa C, Santos N. Rotavirus diarrhea in children and adults in a southern city of Brazil in 2003: Distribution of G/P types and finding of a rare G12 strain. J Med Virol 2006; 78:1241-9. [PMID: 16847962 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Between May and August in 2003, a total of 251 fecal samples were collected from children and adults with diarrhea (5 inpatients and 246 outpatients) at a private hospital in the city of Ponta Grossa, the state of Paraná, Brazil. Group A rotavirus was detected in 71 of 251 (28.3%) specimens: 55 (77.5%) from children under 5 years of age and 16 (22.5%) from individuals aged 6-72 years. All 71 strains exhibited a "long" RNA pattern when analyzed by PAGE. Sixty-one positive samples that yielded enough RNA were submitted to PCR genotyping. The most frequent G/P genotype combination detected was G1P[8] (86.9%; 53/61) followed by G9P[8] (3.3%; 2/61) and G12P[9] (1.6%; 1/61). Rotaviruses with G2, G3, G4, P[4], or P[6] specificity were not detected. For three strains (4.9%) bearing G1 genotype, the VP4 specificity could no be determined, and two specimens (3.3%) remained G/P non-typeable. One rotavirus strain (HC91) bearing G12P[9] genotype with a "long" electropherotype was isolated from an 11-month-old boy with diarrhea for the first time in Brazil. The cell-culture grown HC91 strain was shown to belong to serotype G12 by neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pietruchinski
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since Kapakian first identified a virus in the stool of a patient with diarrhoea in 1972, many viruses have been described that cause diarrhoea directly or indirectly. It is now appreciated that viruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal illness worldwide. Although bacteria and other pathogens cause significant numbers of gastroenteritis, it is the viruses that are dealt with in this review. The viruses responsible will be discussed individually. RECENT FINDINGS Rotavirus remains the leading cause of diarrhoeal disease overall, with the newly designated calicivirus family causing the most outbreaks in the industrialized nations. As diagnostic techniques improve, however, the importance of astrovirus and other previously under-reported pathogens is becoming more apparent and the number of viruses associated with gastroenteritis continues to increase. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, arguably the most important emerging infection of recent years and a cause of significant gastrointestinal disease, is also discussed. SUMMARY No effective treatments have been developed for viral gastroenteritis. Current efforts are targeted at the development of suitable vaccines and the implementation of infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clark
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
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Higo-Moriguchi K, Akahori Y, Iba Y, Kurosawa Y, Taniguchi K. Isolation of human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize human rotavirus. J Virol 2004; 78:3325-32. [PMID: 15016854 PMCID: PMC371047 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3325-3332.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A human antibody library constructed by utilizing a phage display system was used for the isolation of human antibodies with neutralizing activity specific for human rotavirus. In the library, the Fab form of an antibody fused to truncated cp3 is expressed on the phage surface. Purified virions of strain KU (G1 serotype and P[8] genotype) were used as antigen. Twelve different clones were isolated. Based on their amino acid sequences, they were classified into three groups. Three representative clones-1-2H, 2-3E, and 2-11G-were characterized. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with virus-like particles (VLP-VP2/6 and VLP-VP2/6/7) and recombinant VP4 protein produced from baculovirus recombinants indicated that 1-2H and 2-3E bind to VP4 and that 2-11G binds to VP7. The neutralization epitope recognized by each of the three human antibodies might be human specific, since all of the antigenic mutants resistant to mouse monoclonal neutralizing antibodies previously prepared were neutralized by the human antibodies obtained here. After conversion from the Fab form of an antibody into immunoglobulin G1, the neutralizing activities of these three clones toward various human rotavirus strains were examined. The 1-2H antibody exhibited neutralizing activity toward human rotaviruses with either the P[4] or P[8] genotype. Similarly, the 2-3E antibody showed cross-reactivity against HRVs with the P[6], as well as the P[8] genotype. In contrast, the 2-11G antibody neutralized only human rotaviruses with the G1 serotype. The concentration of antibodies required for 50% neutralization ranged from 0.8 to 20 micro g/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Higo-Moriguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology. Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Rotavirus has been recognised for 30 years as the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in infants and young children. By contrast, the role of rotavirus as a pathogen in adults has long been underappreciated. Spread by faecal-oral transmission, rotavirus infection in adults typically manifests with nausea, malaise, headache, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, and fever. Infection can also be symptomless. Rotavirus infection in immunocompromised adults can have a variable course from symptomless to severe and sustained infection. Common epidemiological settings for rotavirus infection among adults include endemic disease, epidemic outbreak, travel-related infection, and disease resulting from child-to-adult transmission. Limited diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives are available for adults with suspected rotavirus infection. Because symptoms are generally self-limiting, supportive care is the rule. Clinicians caring for adults with gastroenteritis should consider rotavirus in the differential diagnosis. In this review we intend to familiarise clinicians who primarily provide care for adult patients with the salient features of rotavirus pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Anderson
- The Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern Memorial Hospital and Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen G Weber
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control Program, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL, USA
- Correspondence: Dr Stephen G Weber, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control Program, University of Chicago Hospitals, MC 5065, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Tel +1 773 702 6776; fax: +1 773 702 8998
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Whittier CA, Horne W, Slenning B, Loomis M, Stoskopf MK. Comparison of storage methods for reverse-transcriptase PCR amplification of rotavirus RNA from gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) fecal samples. J Virol Methods 2004; 116:11-7. [PMID: 14715302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of enteric viral nucleic acids in preserved gorilla fecal specimens was investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). A commercially available viral RNA extraction kit was used to isolate nucleic acids from captive gorilla fecal samples seeded with rotavirus and stored in ethanol, formalin, a commercial RNA preservation solution, guanidine thiocyanate buffer (GT), and samples dried in tubes containing silica gel. Nucleic acids were extracted at 1, 7, 70 and 180 days and used for rt-PCR amplification of specific rotavirus RNA sequences. Successful rt-PCR amplification of the target product varied according to storage conditions, and storage time. Only samples stored in GT gave 100% positive results at 180 days. It is recommended that fecal samples be collected in GT for viral RNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Whittier
- Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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