1
|
Rajaby R, Zhou Y, Meng Y, Zeng X, Li G, Wu P, Sung WK. SurVirus: a repeat-aware virus integration caller. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e33. [PMID: 33444454 PMCID: PMC8034624 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant portion of human cancers are due to viruses integrating into human genomes. Therefore, accurately predicting virus integrations can help uncover the mechanisms that lead to many devastating diseases. Virus integrations can be called by analysing second generation high-throughput sequencing datasets. Unfortunately, existing methods fail to report a significant portion of integrations, while predicting a large number of false positives. We observe that the inaccuracy is caused by incorrect alignment of reads in repetitive regions. False alignments create false positives, while missing alignments create false negatives. This paper proposes SurVirus, an improved virus integration caller that corrects the alignment of reads which are crucial for the discovery of integrations. We use publicly available datasets to show that existing methods predict hundreds of thousands of false positives; SurVirus, on the other hand, is significantly more precise while it also detects many novel integrations previously missed by other tools, most of which are in repetitive regions. We validate a subset of these novel integrations, and find that the majority are correct. Using SurVirus, we find that HPV and HBV integrations are enriched in LINE and Satellite regions which had been overlooked, as well as discover recurrent HBV and HPV breakpoints in human genome-virus fusion transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Rajaby
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, 13 Computing Drive, 117417, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhou
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yifan Meng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wing-Kin Sung
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, 13 Computing Drive, 117417, Singapore.,Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome 138672, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Antiviral Therapy for AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure). ACUTE EXACERBATION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B 2019. [PMCID: PMC7498919 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the principles of antiviral therapy, treatment strategies, medications and recommendations for AECHB, HBV-ACLF, HBV-related liver cirrhosis, HBV-related HCC, and liver transplantation.Severe exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B is closely related to continuous HBV replication. Therefore, inhibiting HBV replication to reduce viral load may block disease progression and improve the quality of life of these patients. ETV or TDF has been recommend first-line drug for the treatment of AECHB. A hyperactive immune response due to continuous HBV replication is the main mechanism for development of severe hepatitis B. In addition to comprehensive treatment, early administration of potent nucleoside analogs can rapidly reduce HBV DNA concentration, relieve immune injury induced by HBV, and reduce liver inflammation and patient mortality. Antiviral agents have become important in the treatment of severe exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B. Long-term antiviral treatment with nucleoside analogs can delay or reverse the progress of liver cirrhosis. Virologic response, viral resistance and adverse drug reactions should be closely monitored during treatment. The treatment should be optimized for maximum effect based on each patient’s responses. Effective antiviral therapy can suppress HBV replication and reduce the incidence of HBV-related HCC. Patients with HBV-related HCC should receive individualized and optimal multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment. Anti-viral drugs with high efficacy, low resistance and low adverse drug reactions should be selected to improve the patient’s quality of life and prolong survival time. Methods to prevent HBV reinfection after liver transplantation include passive immunization (HBIG), antiviral treatment (nucleoside analogs) and active immunization (hepatitis B vaccine). Clinical trials involving sequential combination therapy with NUC and Peg-IFN have shown statistically significant decline in HBsAg levels on treatment and high rates of sustained post-treatment serologic response. Combination therapy with novel DAA and immunotherapeutic approach may hold promise to overcome both cccDNA persistence and immune escape, representing a critical step towards HBV cure.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hai H, Tamori A, Kawada N. Role of hepatitis B virus DNA integration in human hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6236-6243. [PMID: 24876744 PMCID: PMC4033461 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer ranks sixth in cancer incidence, and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, which arises from hepatocytes and accounts for approximately 70%-85% of cases. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) frequently causes liver inflammation, hepatic damage and subsequent cirrhosis. Integrated viral DNA is found in 85%-90% of HBV-related HCCs. Its presence in tumors from non-cirrhotic livers of children or young adults further supports the role of viral DNA integration in hepatocarcinogenesis. Integration of subgenomic HBV DNA fragments into different locations within the host DNA is a significant feature of chronic HBV infection. Integration has two potential consequences: (1) the host genome becomes altered (“cis” effect); and (2) the HBV genome becomes altered (“trans” effect). The cis effect includes insertional mutagenesis, which can potentially disrupt host gene function or alter host gene regulation. Tumor progression is frequently associated with rearrangement and partial gain or loss of both viral and host sequences. However, the role of integrated HBV DNA in hepatocarcinogenesis remains controversial. Modern technology has provided a new paradigm to further our understanding of disease mechanisms. This review summarizes the role of HBV DNA integration in human carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tsuei DJ, Lee PH, Peng HY, Lu SL, Su DS, Jeng YM, Hsu HC, Hsu SH, Wu JF, Ni YH, Chang MH. Male germ cell-specific RNA binding protein RBMY: a new oncogene explaining male predominance in liver cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26948. [PMID: 22073224 PMCID: PMC3208560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Male gender is a risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The RNA binding motif gene on the Y chromosome (RBMY), encoding a male germ cell-specific RNA splicing regulator during spermatogenesis, is aberrantly activated in human male liver cancers. This study investigated the in vitro oncogenic effect and the possible mechanism of RBMY in human hepatoma cell line HepG2 and its in vivo effect with regards to the livers of human and transgenic mice. RBMY expression in HepG2 cells was knocked down by RNA interference and the cancer cell phenotype was characterized by soft-agar colony formation and sensitivity to hydrogen-peroxide-induced apoptosis. The results revealed that RBMY knockdown reduced the transformation and anti-apoptotic efficiency of HepG2 cells. The expression of RBMY, androgen receptor (AR) and its inhibitory variant AR45, AR-targeted genes insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Up-regulation of AR45 variant and reduction of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expression was only detected in RBMY knockdown cells. Moreover, RBMY positive human male HCC expressed lower level of AR45 as compared to RBMY negative HCC tissues. The oncogenic properties of RBMY were further assessed in a transgenic mouse model. Liver-specific RBMY transgenic mice developed hepatic pre-cancerous lesions, adenoma, and HCC. RBMY also accelerated chemical carcinogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that Y chromosome-specific RBMY is likely involved in the regulation of androgen receptor activity and contributes to male predominance of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daw-Jen Tsuei
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yu Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Lin Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Shiuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hey-Chi Hsu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hao Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neuveut C, Wei Y, Buendia MA. Mechanisms of HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol 2010; 52:594-604. [PMID: 20185200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small enveloped DNA virus, which primarily infects hepatocytes and causes acute and persistent liver disease. Epidemiological studies have provided overwhelming evidence for a causal role of chronic HBV infection in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, but the molecular mechanisms underlying virally-induced tumourigenesis remain largely debated. In the absence of a dominant oncogene encoded by the HBV genome, indirect roles have been proposed, including insertional activation of cellular cancer-related genes by HBV DNA integration, induction of genetic instability by viral integration or by the regulatory protein HBx, and long-term effects of viral proteins in enhancing immune-mediated liver disease. Recent genetic studies indicate that HBV-related tumours display a distinctive profile with a high rate of chromosomal alterations and low frequency of beta-catenin mutations. This review will discuss the evidence implicating chronic HBV infection as a causal risk factor of primary liver cancer. It will also discuss the molecular mechanisms that are critical for the tumourigenic process due to long lasting infection with HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Neuveut
- Oncogenesis and Molecular Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U579, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris cedex 15, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abe K, Thung SN, Wu HC, Tran TT, Le Hoang P, Truong KD, Inui A, Jang JJ, Su IJ. Pre-S2 deletion mutants of hepatitis B virus could have an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis in Asian children. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2249-54. [PMID: 19719772 PMCID: PMC11159494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies on the risk factors and their carcinogenesis in adult hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported, they remain poorly understood in childhood HCC. A retrospective study of 42 HCC cases in Asian children was conducted. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA in HCC tissues was detected in 36 of 42 (86%) cases tested, while no hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA was detectable in any of HCCs. Twenty of 36 (56%) HCC cases were accompanied by cirrhosis. Surprisingly, very high prevalence of the HBV pre-S deletion mutant was recognized in 27 of 30 (90%) HCCs examined. They occurred most frequently in pre-S2 (20/27, 74%) followed by pre-S1 (5/27, 18.5%), and both pre-S1/S2 (2/27, 7.4%). Interestingly, the pre-S2 mutant consistently appeared with deletion at nt 4-57 in all of the 20 cases with the pre-S2 mutant (100%) and within this locus in the two cases with both pre-S-1/S2 mutants. Type II ground-glass hepatocytes in non-tumorous livers were seen in 15 of the 22 HCCs with the pre-S2 deletion mutant (68%). This hotspot mutation in the pre-S2 was further confirmed by complete genomic sequence of HBV in a Japanese boy who eventually developed HCC. Our result strongly suggests that HBV is a major contributor to the development of HCC in Asian children. The HBV pre-S2 deletion mutant at nt 4-57 which has a CD8 T-cell epitope could be responsible for the emergence and aggressive outcome of childhood HCC. Determination of this hotspot mutation in the pre-S2 region could be a useful index for predicting the clinical outcome of HCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Abe
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liver cell transformation in chronic HBV infection. Viruses 2009; 1:630-646. [PMID: 21994562 PMCID: PMC3185520 DOI: 10.3390/v1030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have provided overwhelming evidence for a causal role of chronic HBV infection in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the molecular mechanisms underlying virally-induced tumorigenesis remain largely debated. In the absence of a dominant oncogene encoded by the HBV genome, indirect roles have been proposed, including insertional activation of cellular oncogenes by HBV DNA integration, induction of genetic instability by viral integration or by the regulatory protein HBx, and long term effects of viral proteins in enhancing immune-mediated liver disease. In this chapter, we discuss different models of HBV-mediated liver cell transformation based on animal systems of hepadnavirus infection as well as functional studies in hepatocyte and hepatoma cell lines. These studies might help identifying the cellular effectors connecting HBV infection and liver cell transformation.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Lin JS, Gao LL. Advances in research on hepatitis B virus DNA integration. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-008-2939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
10
|
Lebray P. Assistance médicale à la procréation et infection virale B ou C: apport de l'hépatologue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 35:1025-9. [PMID: 17904403 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In medical centres practising Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) with viral risk, in more than 25% of the couples, one of them at least presents with a chronic hepatitis related to the VHC or the VHB. The rules for good clinical and biological practices value the multifunctional consultation and include the hepatologist in the medical coverage. The mission of the hepatologist would be to evaluate the severity of the infection, explain the actual knowledge statement on Assisted Reproductive Techniques risk, prevent the viral transmission among/to the couple and to the embryo and propose a coverage of the mother during the pregnancy and afterwards or to the infected partner. Nevertheless, the antiviral treatment of the man or the woman before the ART or during the pregnancy remains exceptional. When the partner is infected by a viral infection B, the efficiency of the vaccine on the woman before ART and the serovaccination of the newly born child are part of the classic recommendations and strongly advised. Breast feeding will not be advised except when the woman is under an antiviral treatment. Despite the precautionary measures here above judged optimal, many situations in the French decree have not been considered and different orders regarding the good practices on Assisted Reproductive Techniques presenting viral risk deserve thoughtful consideration: the infecting intragenomic power of the VHB, the co-infection by the delta virus, the re-evaluation of the health measures in case of a concomitant infection by the HIV.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Female
- Hepatitis B Vaccines
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/prevention & control
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/prevention & control
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
- Reproductive Techniques, Assisted
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Lebray
- Service d'hépatologie, groupe hospitalier de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, 43-87, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
N/A, 魏 来. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:743-746. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i8.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
12
|
Huang HP, Tsuei DJ, Wang KJ, Chen YL, Ni YH, Jeng YM, Chen HL, Hsu HY, Chang MH. Differential integration rates of hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver of children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:1206-14. [PMID: 16048568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Integration of hepatitis B virus-DNA (HBV-DNA) into the host genome, a phenomenon found frequently in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and causally linked to oncogenesis, has not been well characterized in children. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of HBV integration more accurately and to decide whether the integration rate varies at different stages of chronic HBV infection in children. METHODS Of 13 children with chronic hepatitis, 14 liver biopsy tissues were analyzed. One liver tissue with pure liver cirrhosis, nine non-tumor, and nine tumor liver tissues from children with HCC were analyzed by a very sensitive method, inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR). RESULTS Thirteen genuine viral-host junctional sequences from 23 patients were successfully isolated and proved that IPCR is a useful method in this context. The results also indicated that the detection rate of HBV-DNA integration increased in parallel with the progress of liver histology towards the neoplastic transformation, with 0% in the liver of chronic hepatitis, 22.2% in non-tumor livers of HCC patients, and 66.7% in tumor liver tissues of HCC patients. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that integration of HBV-DNA into the host genome was rarely confirmed at the early stage of chronic hepatitis in children until the stage of HCC formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Po Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10016 Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bonilla Guerrero R, Roberts LR. The role of hepatitis B virus integrations in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2005; 42:760-77. [PMID: 15826727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Bonilla Guerrero
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsuei DJ, Hsu HC, Lee PH, Jeng YM, Pu YS, Chen CN, Lee YC, Chou WC, Chang CJ, Ni YH, Chang MH. RBMY, a male germ cell-specific RNA-binding protein, activated in human liver cancers and transforms rodent fibroblasts. Oncogene 2004; 23:5815-22. [PMID: 15184870 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-binding motif (RRM) gene on Y chromosome (RBMY), encoding a male germ cell-specific RNA-binding protein associated with spermatogenesis, was found inserted by hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in one childhood hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study is aimed to explore the oncogenic potential of the RBMY protein. The RBMY transcripts, expressed exclusively in the testis of normal people, were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 36% of HCCs from 90 males and in 67% of hepatoblastoma from six boys. The nontumor liver counter parts, cirrhotic liver tissues from children with biliary atresia, and other types of cancers, such as bile duct, colon, stomach, lung, prostate, and kidney, were all negative for RBMY expression. One to four types of RBMY transcripts, including wild type and variants with N-terminal RRM deletion, C-terminal SRGY (serine-arginine-glycine-tyrosine) boxes deletion, or deletion of both domains, were found in the testis and liver cancer tissues. The wild-type RBMY protein was expressed in the nucleus and demonstrated its tumorigenicity by transformation of mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cells and in vivo tumor formation. The RBMY variant protein with deletion of C-terminal exons 9-12 was trapped in the cytoplasm and showed decreased tumorigenicity. Our results suggest that RBMY is a new candidate oncogene specific for male liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daw-Jen Tsuei
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Richert-Pöggeler KR, Noreen F, Schwarzacher T, Harper G, Hohn T. Induction of infectious petunia vein clearing (pararetro) virus from endogenous provirus in petunia. EMBO J 2003; 22:4836-45. [PMID: 12970195 PMCID: PMC212712 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Revised: 07/18/2003] [Accepted: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by an endogenous pararetrovirus using forms of both episomal and chromosomal origin has been demonstrated and characterized, together with evidence that petunia vein clearing virus (PVCV) is a constituent of the Petunia hybrida genome. Our findings allow comparative and direct analysis of horizontally and vertically transmitted virus forms and demonstrate their infectivity using biolistic transformation of a provirus-free petunia species. Some integrants within the genome of P.hybrida are arranged in tandem, allowing direct release of virus by transcription. In addition to known inducers of endogenous pararetroviruses, such as genome hybridization, tissue culture and abiotic stresses, we observed activation of PVCV after wounding. Our data also support the hypothesis that the host plant uses DNA methylation to control the endogenous pararetrovirus.
Collapse
|
17
|
|