Human Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection and diabetes in Zulia State, Venezuela

Syrian Hamsters Model Does Not Reflect Human-like Disease after Aerosol Exposure to Encephalitic Alphaviruses

Venezuelan (VEE), eastern (EEE), and western (WEE) equine encephalitis viruses are encephalitic New World alphaviruses that cause periodic epizootic and epidemic outbreaks in horses and humans that may cause severe morbidity and mortality. Currently there are no FDA-licensed vaccines or effective antiviral therapies. Each year, there are a limited number of human cases of encephalitic alphaviruses; thus, licensure of a vaccine or therapeutic would require approval under the FDA animal rule. Approval under the FDA animal rule requires the disease observed in the animal model to recapitulate what is observed in humans. Currently, initial testing of vaccines and therapeutics is performed in the mouse model. Unfortunately, alphavirus disease manifestations in a mouse do not faithfully recapitulate human disease; the VEEV mouse model is lethal whereas in humans VEEV is rarely lethal. In an effort to identify a more appropriate small animal model, we evaluated hamsters in an aerosol exposure model of encephalitic alphavirus infection. The pathology, lethality, and viremia observed in the infected hamsters was inconsistent with what is observed in NHP models and humans. These data suggest that hamsters are not an appropriate model for encephalitic alphaviruses to test vaccines or potential antiviral therapies.

Pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in mice and hamsters

The pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus infection was compared in intraperitoneally inoculated mice (n = 24, 6 to 8 weeks old) and hamsters (n = 9, 90-110 g) using histopathology and immunohistochemical localization of VEE virus antigen. Infected mice developed paralysis, and the majority died by 9 days after inoculation. In contrast, hamsters did not survive beyond 3 days after inoculation, and they did not develop any neurologic signs. VEE virus antigen, demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining, and pathologic changes were present in extraneural organs of both mice and hamsters. There was more severe involvement in hamsters, particularly in Peyer's patches of the distal small intestine. There was a severe encephalomyelitis in mice, but pathologic changes were not well established in the brains of hamsters before death. VEE virus antigen was widespread in the central nervous system of both mice and hamsters. VEE virus was found to be highly neurotropic in hamsters and had a similar distribution in the brain as in mice, but hamsters died from their extraneural disease before major central nervous system disease developed.