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Kanai Y, Onishi M, Kawagishi T, Pannacha P, Nurdin JA, Nouda R, Yamasaki M, Lusiany T, Khamrin P, Okitsu S, Hayakawa S, Ebina H, Ushijima H, Kobayashi T. Reverse Genetics Approach for Developing Rotavirus Vaccine Candidates Carrying VP4 and VP7 Genes Cloned from Clinical Isolates of Human Rotavirus. J Virol 2020; 95:e01374-20. [PMID: 33087468 PMCID: PMC7944460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01374-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses (RVs) are a leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants and children younger than 5 years. Currently available RV vaccines were adapted from wild-type RV strains by serial passage of cultured cells or by reassortment between human and animal RV strains. These traditional methods require large-scale screening and genotyping to obtain vaccine candidates. Reverse genetics is a tractable, rapid, and reproducible approach to generating recombinant RV vaccine candidates carrying any VP4 and VP7 genes that provide selected antigenicity. Here, we developed a vaccine platform by generating recombinant RVs carrying VP4 (P[4] and P[8]), VP7 (G1, G2, G3, G8, and G9), and/or VP6 genes cloned from human RV clinical samples using the simian RV SA11 strain (G3P[2]) as a backbone. Neutralization assays using monoclonal antibodies and murine antisera revealed that recombinant VP4 and VP7 monoreassortant viruses exhibited altered antigenicity. However, replication of VP4 monoreassortant viruses was severely impaired. Generation of recombinant RVs harboring a chimeric VP4 protein for SA11 and human RV gene components revealed that the VP8* fragment was responsible for efficient infectivity of recombinant RVs. Although this system must be improved because the yield of vaccine viruses directly affects vaccine manufacturing costs, reverse genetics requires less time than traditional methods and enables rapid production of safe and effective vaccine candidates.IMPORTANCE Although vaccines have reduced global RV-associated hospitalization and mortality over the past decade, the multisegmented genome of RVs allows reassortment of VP4 and VP7 genes from different RV species and strains. The evolutionary dynamics of novel RV genotypes and their constellations have led to great genomic and antigenic diversity. The reverse genetics system is a powerful tool for manipulating RV genes, thereby controlling viral antigenicity, growth capacity, and pathogenicity. Here, we generated recombinant simian RVs (strain SA11) carrying heterologous VP4 and VP7 genes cloned from clinical isolates and showed that VP4- or VP7-substituted chimeric viruses can be used for antigenic characterization of RV outer capsid proteins and as improved seed viruses for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misa Onishi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawagishi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pimfhun Pannacha
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeffery A Nurdin
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Nouda
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moeko Yamasaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tina Lusiany
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ebina
- Biken Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Molecular Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Infections. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Nakamura N, Kobayashi S, Minagawa H, Matsushita T, Sugiura W, Iwatani Y. Molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Aichi prefecture, Japan, 2008/09−2013/14. J Med Virol 2015; 88:1180-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nakamura
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Clinical Research Center; National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Minagawa
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | | | - Wataru Sugiura
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Clinical Research Center; National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Clinical Research Center; National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center; Nagoya Aichi Japan
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Shek WR, Smith AL, Pritchett-Corning KR. Microbiological Quality Control for Laboratory Rodents and Lagomorphs. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150201 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus norvegicus), other rodent species, and domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have been used in research for over 100 years. During the first half of the 20th century, microbiological quality control of lab animals was at best rudimentary as colonies were conventionally housed and little or no diagnostic testing was done. Hence, animal studies were often curtailed and confounded by infectious disease (Mobraaten and Sharp, 1999; Morse, 2007; Weisbroth, 1999). By the 1950s, it became apparent to veterinarians in the nascent field of comparative medicine that disease-free animals suitable for research could not be produced by standard veterinary disease control measures (e.g., improved sanitation and nutrition, antimicrobial treatments) in conventional facilities. Henry Foster, the veterinarian who founded Charles River Breeding Laboratories in 1948 and a pioneer in the large-scale production of laboratory rodents, stated in a seminar presented at the 30th anniversary of AALAS, “After a variety of frustrating health-related problems, it was decided that a major change in the company’s philosophy was required and an entirely different approach was essential”. Consequently, he and others developed innovative biosecurity systems to eliminate and exclude pathogens (Allen, 1999). In 1958, Foster reported on the Cesarean-originated barrier-sustained (COBS) process for the large-scale production of specific pathogen-free (SPF) laboratory rodents (Foster, 1958). To eliminate horizontally transmitted pathogens, a hysterectomy was performed on a near-term dam from a contaminated or conventionally housed colony. The gravid uterus was pulled through a disinfectant solution into a sterile flexible film isolator where the pups were removed from the uterus and suckled on axenic (i.e., germ-free) foster dams. After being mated to expand their number and associated with a cocktail of nonpathogenic bacteria to normalize their physiology and prime their immune system, rederived rodents were transferred to so-called barrier rooms for large-scale production. The room-level barrier to adventitious infection entailed disinfection of the room, equipment, and supplies, limiting access to trained and properly gowned personnel, and the application of new technologies such as high-efficiency particulate air-filtration of incoming air (Dubos and Schaedler, 1960; Foster, 1980; Schaedler and Orcutt, 1983; Trexler and Orcutt, 1999). The axenic and associated rodents mentioned in the COBS process are collectively classified as gnotobiotic to indicate that they have a completely known microflora. By contrast, barrier-reared rodent colonies are not gnotobiotic because they are housed in uncovered cages and thus acquire a complex microflora from the environment, supplies, personnel, and other sources. Instead, they are described as SPF to indicate that according to laboratory testing, they are free from infection with a defined list of infectious agents, commonly known as an ‘exclusion’ list.
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Bugli F, Caprettini V, Cacaci M, Martini C, Paroni Sterbini F, Torelli R, Della Longa S, Papi M, Palmieri V, Giardina B, Posteraro B, Sanguinetti M, Arcovito A. Synthesis and characterization of different immunogenic viral nanoconstructs from rotavirus VP6 inner capsid protein. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:2727-39. [PMID: 24936129 PMCID: PMC4047981 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s60014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to deliver low-cost viral capsomeres from a large amount of soluble viral VP6 protein from human rotavirus, we developed and optimized a biotechnological platform in Escherichia coli. Specifically, three different expression protocols were compared, differing in their genetic constructs, ie, a simple native histidine-tagged VP6 sequence, VP6 fused to thioredoxin, and VP6 obtained with the newly described small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) fusion system. Our results demonstrate that the histidine-tagged protein does not escape the accumulation in the inclusion bodies, and that SUMO is largely superior to the thioredoxin-fusion tag in enhancing the expression and solubility of VP6 protein. Moreover, the VP6 protein produced according to the SUMO fusion tag displays well-known assembly properties, as observed in both transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images, giving rise to either VP6 trimers, 60 nm spherical virus-like particles, or nanotubes a few microns long. This different quaternary organization of VP6 shows a higher level of immunogenicity for the elongated structures with respect to the spheres or the protein trimers. Therefore, the expression and purification strategy presented here – providing a large amount of the viral capsid protein in the native form with relatively simple, rapid, and economical procedures – opens a new route toward large-scale production of a more efficient antigenic compound to be used as a vaccination tool or as an adjuvant, and also represents a top-quality biomaterial to be further modified for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bugli
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Margherita Cacaci
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Martini
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Torelli
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Della Longa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Giardina
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Brunella Posteraro
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Arcovito
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Rotavirus shedding in premature infants following first immunization. Vaccine 2011; 29:8141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Molecular Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Infections. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Optimum diagnostic assay and clinical specimen for routine rotavirus surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1842-3. [PMID: 18353936 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02329-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of detection of rotavirus were compared by diagnostic assay and specimen type. For bulk stools, rates of detection by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were similar, but 18% of healthy controls tested positive by RT-PCR. Testing of bulk stools by EIA appears to be optimum for rotavirus surveillance.
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Dey SK, Nguyen TA, Phan TG, Nishio O, Salim AFM, Rahman M, Yagyu F, Okitsu S, Ushijima H. Molecular and epidemiological trend of norovirus associated gastroenteritis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. J Clin Virol 2007; 40:218-23. [PMID: 17881286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea, over the years, has killed millions of people and continues to be a major threat in Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of norovirus infection in infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh and to determine the genogroup and genotype in norovirus-positive stool specimens. STUDY DESIGN Fecal specimens were collected from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh from October 2004 to September 2005, and examined for norovirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Noroviruses were detected in 41 of 917 fecal specimens. Molecular analysis of norovirus was carried out by sequencing methods. Only norovirus GII/4 strains were detected during this study. The dominant genotype throughout the study period was GII/4. Norovirus infections were most commonly observed in winter and rainy seasons in Dhaka City. The common clinical symptoms in norovirus-infected patients were diarrhea (90%), vomiting (75%) and abdominal pain (46%). CONCLUSIONS This is the first epidemiological research of norovirus in Bangladesh. Norovirus is an important enteropathogen responsible for viral gastroenteritis among infants and children in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvra Kanti Dey
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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10
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Nguyen TA, Khamrin P, Takanashi S, Le Hoang P, Pham LD, Hoang KT, Satou K, Masuoka Y, Okitsu S, Ushijima H. Evaluation of immunochromatography tests for detection of rotavirus and norovirus among Vietnamese children with acute gastroenteritis and the emergence of a novel norovirus GII.4 variant. J Trop Pediatr 2007; 53:264-9. [PMID: 17496324 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmm021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A prospective study was conducted to evaluate two immunochromatography (ICG) tests for detection of group A rotavirus and norovirus GII, the commercial Dipstick 'Eiken' Rota kit (SA Scientific, USA) and the NV IC-1 stick (Immuno-Probe, Japan). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primer pairs (Beg9 and VP7-1', for group A rotavirus; COG2F and G2SKR, for norovirus GII) was used as the reference method. The results of ICG tests were compared with those of reference method. The sensitivity, specificity and agreement between ICG tests and PCR were 87.8%, 93.3% and 89.4%, respectively, for rotavirus ICG test; and 73.7%, 100% and 95.2%, respectively, for norovirus ICG test. The immunochromatography assay for norovirus used in this study could detect not only common noroviruses, but also a novel norovirus GII.4 variant, which emerged in Ho Chi Minh City in 2006. Immunochromatography tests are easy, rapid and useful assays for detection of rotavirus and norovirus among pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Anh Nguyen
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Dey SK, Phan TG, Nguyen TA, Nishio O, Salim AFM, Yagyu F, Okitsu S, Ushijima H. Prevalence of sapovirus infection among infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh during 2004–2005. J Med Virol 2007; 79:633-8. [PMID: 17387750 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sapovirus, a member of the family Caliciviridae is one of the major causative agents of viral gastroenteritis affecting all age group. Sapovirus was detected in 25 of 917 stool specimens from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in a Children Hospital in Dhaka City, Bangladesh during 2004-2005. All fecal specimens were examined for sapovirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Molecular analysis of sapovirus was carried out by sequencing methods. Sapovirus detected in this study was clustered into only one distinct genogroup I. Sapovirus GI/1 was predominant, followed by GI/2 and accounted for 92% (23 of 25) and 8% (2 of 25), respectively. The results clearly indicated that sapovirus infections were observed most commonly in the autumn to winter seasons (September to January) in Dhaka City. The common clinical symptoms of sapovirus infected patients were dehydration (88%), vomiting (76%), and abdominal pain (60%). This is the first report of sapovirus in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvra Kanti Dey
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Lovmar L, Fock C, Espinoza F, Bucardo F, Syvänen AC, Bondeson K. Microarrays for genotyping human group a rotavirus by multiplex capture and type-specific primer extension. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 41:5153-8. [PMID: 14605152 PMCID: PMC262494 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.11.5153-5158.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group A rotavirus (HRV) is the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. HRV shares the feature of a high degree of genetic diversity with many other RNA viruses, and therefore, genotyping of this organism is more complicated than genotyping of more stable DNA viruses. We describe a novel microarray-based method that allows high-throughput genotyping of RNA viruses with a high degree of polymorphism by multiplex capture and type-specific extension on microarrays. Denatured reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products derived from two outer capsid genes of clinical isolates of HRV were hybridized to immobilized capture oligonucleotides representing the most commonly occurring P and G genotypes on a microarray. Specific primer extension of the type-specific capture oligonucleotides was applied to incorporate the fluorescent nucleotide analogue cyanine 5-labeled dUTP as a detectable label. Laser scanning and fluorescence detection of the microarrays was followed by visual or computer-assisted interpretation of the fluorescence patterns generated on the microarrays. Initially, the method detected HRV in all 40 samples and correctly determined both the G and the P genotypes of 35 of the 40 strains analyzed. After modification by inclusion of additional capture oligonucleotides specific for the initially unassigned genotypes, all genotypes could be correctly defined. The results of genotyping with the microarray fully agreed with the results obtained by nucleotide sequence analysis and sequence-specific multiplex RT-PCR. Owing to its robustness, simplicity, and general utility, the microarray-based method may gain wide applicability for the genotyping of microorganisms, including highly variable RNA and DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Lovmar
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Phan TG, Nishimura S, Okame M, Nguyen TA, Khamrin P, Okitsu S, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H. Virus diversity and an outbreak of group C rotavirus among infants and children with diarrhea in Maizuru city, Japan during 2002-2003. J Med Virol 2004; 74:173-9. [PMID: 15258985 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 236 fecal specimens collected from infants and children with gastroenteritis in Maizuru city, Japan from July 2002 to June 2003, were tested for the presence of rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses, and adenoviruses by RT-PCR, PAGE, RPHA, and latex agglutination methods. Among diarrheal viruses detected, group A rotavirus was the most prevalent (32.2%; 76 of 236) followed by norovirus GII (21.2%; 50 of 236), group C rotavirus (10.2%; 24 of 236), adenovirus (3.8%; 9 of 236), sapovirus (2.5%; 6 of 236), astrovirus (1.3%; 3 of 236), and norovirus GI (0.8%; 2 of 236), respectively. It is noteworthy that group C rotavirus infection was apparently confined only within the period of 5 months (December 2002 through April 2003). This pattern of infection implied that the outbreak of group C rotavirus in these patients, which was the first outbreak of gastroenteritis attributed to group C rotavirus in Maizuru city. Moreover, about half (12 of 24) of group C rotavirus infected cases were confined to infants and young children less than 3 years old. Another interesting feature of the study was the demonstration of the mixed infections with group C rotavirus and group A rotavirus, as well as group C rotavirus and norovirus GII in 20.8% (5 of 24) and 8.3% (2 of 24), respectively. This is the first report of gastroenteritis associated with the mixed infections with group C rotavirus and other viral enteropathogens such as norovirus. The results indicate that group C rotavirus could infect not only older children and adults but also infants and young children under 3 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Gia Phan
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Yan H, Yagyu F, Okitsu S, Nishio O, Ushijima H. Detection of norovirus (GI, GII), Sapovirus and astrovirus in fecal samples using reverse transcription single-round multiplex PCR. J Virol Methods 2003; 114:37-44. [PMID: 14599677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A reverse transcription (RT) single-round multiplex polymerase chain reaction (smPCR) assay was developed to detect simultaneously Norovirus genogroup I and II, Sapovirus and astrovirus. A total of 377 diarrhea stool samples (screened for rotavirus- and adenorivus-negative) from four regions in Japan during July 2000 to June 2001 were examined by RT-smPCR. The positive rate was 16.4% (62 out of 377 stool samples). Norovirus, Sapovirus and astrovirus were detected in 42, 16, 4 of 60 positive samples, respectively. Coinfection was not found in these samples. Infections occurred mainly in November, December and January. The key elements of the RT-smPCR are (i) the cDNA synthesis with the Superscript RTII and random primer at 42 degrees C for 1 h, at 99 degrees C for 5 min, and (ii) single-round multiplex PCR by using Taq polymerase mixed together with a mixture of four different primer pairs (G1-SKF/G1-SKR for Norovirus genogroup I, COG2F/G2-SKR for Norovirus genogroup II, SLV5317/SLV5749 for Sapovirus, PreCAP1/82b for astrovirus). All of the four primer pairs amplify the capsid region of target viral genome, produce four size-specific amplicons of 330, 387, 434, 719 bp for Norovirus genogroup I and II, Sapovirus and astrovirus, respectively. This assay provides a more rapid and efficient way to detect these viruses from fecal samples in a single test, and also offers the potential for their molecular detection in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainian Yan
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute of International Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Shek WR, Gaertner DJ. Microbiological Quality Control for Laboratory Rodents and Lagomorphs. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2002. [PMCID: PMC7150089 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kudo S, Zhou Y, Cao XR, Yamanishi S, Nakata S, Ushijima H. Molecular characterization in the VP7, VP4 and NSP4 genes of human rotavirus serotype 4 (G4) isolated in Japan and Kenya. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 45:167-71. [PMID: 11293484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The VP7, VP4 and NSP4 genes of human rotavirus serotype 4 (G4) were analyzed to investigate intraserotypic variations. The techniques used included reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with subtype specific primers, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequence analysis. Twelve isolates (nine from Japan and three from Kenya) and two standard strains (Hochi, Odelia) were G4A P[8] Wa group NSP4. A standard strain (ST3) was G4A P[6] Wa group NSP4 and a strain (VA70) was G4B P[8] Wa group NSP4. These results show G4 rotaviruses can be divided into three combinations at the moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kudo
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Nishio O, Matsui K, Oka T, Ushijima H, Mubina A, Dure-Samin A, Isomura S. Rotavirus infection among infants with diarrhea in Pakistan. Pediatr Int 2000; 42:425-7. [PMID: 10986882 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-200x.2000.01256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus was examined in 818 diarrheal stool samples collected in Karachi, Pakistan, from 1990 to 1997. Rotavirus was detected in 112 samples (13.7%). The predominant serotypes were G1 and G4 and G3 was not detected. The predominant type changed between years. Rotavirus was found in all seasons and most infections were found in children aged less than 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of acute severe diarrhea in children worldwide and an important cause of death among young children in developing countries. Group A rotaviruses are antigenically complex and multiple serotypes infect humans. Reassortant rotavirus vaccines are now available which offer protection against severe illness caused by rotavirus serotypes G1-4. Before vaccines are introduced into target populations, it is necessary to establish the baseline data of the epidemiology of rotavirus infection in those countries. The purpose of the present study is to provide information related to the epidemiology of rotavirus infection in Thailand. All rotavirus studies performed in Thailand were found through Medline and Thai Index Medicus searches. A total of 26 of the most relevant studies published in international and national journals are reviewed. Most studies reported that the prevalence of rotavirus infection in Thailand was 27-34%, although a few studies have reported a prevalence above this range. The peak seasonal distribution of rotavirus infection among children hospitalized with diarrhea in Thailand was seen in the dry cool seasons: October to February. The prevalence of rotavirus infection was most frequently found in children aged 6-11 months up to 2 years. G1 was the most prevalent serotype in Thailand, followed by G2, G4 and G3, respectively. At least three G serotypes, mostly G1, G2 and G4, are seen to coexist in Thailand each epidemic year and in some studies all four G-serotypes were reported in the same epidemics. In a 1996-1997 study, G9 was the third prevailing serotype after G1 and G2, respectively. These results indicate that rotavirus epidemics occur in Thailand every year and children are the most affected population. In Thailand, although G1-G4 have been reported, G1 is the most prevalent serotype in each epidemic and G9 is becoming increasingly common.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
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19
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Sakamoto T, Negishi H, Wang QH, Akihara S, Kim B, Nishimura S, Kaneshi K, Nakaya S, Ueda Y, Sugita K, Motohiro T, Nishimura T, Ushijima H. Molecular epidemiology of astroviruses in Japan from 1995 to 1998 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with serotype-specific primers (1 to 8). J Med Virol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200007)61:3<326::aid-jmv7>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Hachiya M, Matsui M, Sanogo M, Oseto M, Morooka K, Ushijima H. Genetic variation in the capsid region of human astrovirus serotype 4 isolated in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43:1067-70. [PMID: 10609617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb01237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The entire capsid regions of 12 serotype-4 astroviruses from Japan were sequenced and compared with those of other serotypes. Serotype-4 isolates were divided into two new subgroups. The intrasubgroup nucleic acid and deduced amino acid sequences were quite homologous (more than 93%), but slightly less so between subgroups (almost 85%). However, the serotype-4 sequences differed from those of serotypes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 (less than 50%). Determining whether these differences significantly alter the epidemiology and antigenicity will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hachiya
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Coulson BS, Gentsch JR, Das BK, Bhan MK, Glass RI. Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and reverse transcriptase PCR for identification of serotype G9 rotaviruses. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3187-93. [PMID: 10488175 PMCID: PMC85524 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.10.3187-3193.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While only four globally important rotavirus G serotypes (1 to 4) have been documented, many studies suggest that serotype G9 viruses may be widely distributed and more important than previously recognized. We have evaluated 10 serotype G9 rotavirus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to VP7, which bound by direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to P1A[8], G9 rotaviruses F45, WI61, and AU32, for their ability to recognize the New Delhi G9 rotavirus 116E. Only one MAb (MAb F45:1) bound to P[11], G9 virus 116E to a high titer by EIA. This MAb was incorporated into an indirect EIA for G serotyping, which was validated with prototype cultivable human rotaviruses of G types 1 to 4 and 9. The EIA was compared with genotyping by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) under code for the determination of the G types of rotaviruses obtained from neonates in New Delhi, India. The sensitivities of RT-PCR and EIA (after two additional freeze-thaw cycles) for the typing of G9 rotaviruses were 91 and 86%, respectively, for 24 culture-adapted rotavirus strains. The untypeable culture-adapted rotavirus samples also were unreactive with VP7 group antigen-reactive MAb 60. After two additional freeze-thaw cycles, only 26 of 42 (62%) of stools containing rotavirus typed as G9 by RT-PCR were positive for G9 rotavirus by EIA. Stools containing rotavirus untypeable by EIA contained significantly less MAb 60-reactive VP7 antigen (P = 0. 0001) than the stools containing typeable rotavirus. Thus, RT-PCR genotyping was the more sensitive method for determination of G9 type, but a serotype was readily determined in rotavirus samples containing MAb 60-reactive VP7 antigen by an EIA that incorporates MAb F45:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Coulson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Gramley WA, Asghar A, Frierson HF, Powell SM. Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in fecal samples from infected individuals. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2236-40. [PMID: 10364591 PMCID: PMC85126 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.7.2236-2240.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stool, gastric biopsy, and serum samples were collected from 22 subjects. DNA from stool was extracted, amplified, and hybridized with primers specific for the 16S rRNA gene of Helicobacter pylori. DNA from gastric biopsy specimens was analyzed similarly for comparison. Universal primers were used to confirm successful extraction of DNA from samples. Histologic, serologic, and DNA analyses were scored in a blinded fashion. Universal primer amplification verified successful DNA extraction from all stool and gastric tissue specimens. The gastric tissue DNA assay was positive for H. pylori in 11 of the 22 subjects, correlating completely with histologic and serologic results. Stool DNA was positive for H. pylori by our molecular assay in 8 of these 11 H. pylori-positive subjects. All subjects who were negative by histologic, serologic, and gastric tissue DNA analyses were also negative by stool DNA analysis. Compared to histology, serology, and gastric tissue DNA analyses, the sensitivity of our stool DNA assay was 73%, with a specificity of 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Gramley
- Departments of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Cao XR, Akihara S, Fang ZY, Nakagomi O, Ushijima H. Genetic variation in the VP4 and NSP4 genes of human rotavirus serotype 3 (G3 type) isolated in China and Japan. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43:171-5. [PMID: 10229272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sequence analyses of the VP4 and NSP4 genes were performed on twenty human isolates of serotype G3 rotavirus obtained from China and Japan. One isolate from China, CHW17, possessed P[4] genotype VP4 and KUN group NSP4 genes which are associated with G2. One isolate (02/92) from Japan, which was shown to have a wider spacing between RNA segments 10 and 11 by RNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis like AU-1, possessed P[9] genotype VP4 and AU-1 group NSP4 genes. The other isolates had P[8] genotype VP4 and Wa group NSP4 genes. While the nucleotide sequence conservation among the G3 VP7 genes was more than 79% (Wen et al, Arch. Virol., 1997, 142: 1481-1489), the conservation of VP4 and NSP4 genes in the same genotypes or groups was more than 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- X R Cao
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Matsui M, Ushijima H, Hachiya M, Kakizawa J, Wen L, Oseto M, Morooka K, Kurtz JB. Determination of serotypes of astroviruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and homologies of the types by the sequencing of Japanese isolates. Microbiol Immunol 1998; 42:539-47. [PMID: 9776395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1998.tb02322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human standard astroviruses, serotypes 1 to 7, and 35 Japanese isolates were typed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with serotype-specific primers for the first time. The results were identical with those obtained by enzyme immunoassay with serotype-specific polyclonal antibodies, a method which has already been reported. RT-PCR with serotype-specific primers is useful for epidemiological studies of astroviruses where serotype-specific polyclonal antibodies are not available. Two parts of the capsid region, N terminus and C terminus, were sequenced. Serotypes differed in those regions. The N terminus differed less than the C terminus between serotypes. Both the N terminus and C terminus were similar intraserotypically with the exception of serotype-4 isolates which could be divided into A and B subgroups on the basis of their C terminus sequences, which were not known previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsui
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Ward RL, Dinsmore AM, Goldberg G, Sander DS, Rappaport RS, Zito ET. Shedding of rotavirus after administration of the tetravalent rhesus rotavirus vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:386-90. [PMID: 9613651 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199805000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tetravalent rhesus rotavirus vaccine (RV-TV) has been administered to several thousand children in multiple settings throughout the world. It has been proved safe and efficacious, resulting in an application for licensure in 1997. However, only limited information has been reported on viral shedding after RV-TV vaccination. METHODS Stool specimens were collected between Days 3 and 5 after administration of each of 3 doses of RV-TV to 248 subjects 6 to 12 weeks of age in 8 centers across the United States. Rotavirus antigen was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the number of subjects who shed after each dose. The relative quantities of vaccine strains shed were then determined by plaque purification and serotype analysis. RESULTS Rotavirus shedding was detected in 125 (50.4%) subjects, and 19 shed after more than 1 dose. Although fewer subjects shed rotavirus after Dose 2 (14.5%), shedding after Doses 1 (26.0%) and 3 (22.5%) were comparable. After plaque purification and serotyping, most viruses shed (76.2%) were identified as G3 after Dose 1, but a major shift to G2 strains was found after Doses 2 (61.3%) and 3 (69.0%). CONCLUSIONS Sequential RV-TV administrations caused no overall significant decrease in the number of vaccinees who experienced detectable shedding. A major shift in shedding was found from the serotype G3 vaccine strain (RRV) after the first dose of vaccine to the serotype G2 reassortant after Doses 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Ward
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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26
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Kakizawa J, Ushijima H, Wen L, Ikeda Y, Oseto M. Genetic analysis of the capsid region of human astrovirus serotype 3 isolated in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 1997; 41:637-40. [PMID: 9310946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The total capsid region of astrovirus serotype 3 was analyzed using five isolates including four from Japan and one from the United Kingdom. The nucleic acid and deduced amino acid sequences in the region were homologous (over 97%). However, the sequences of serotype 3 were different from those of serotypes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8, especially in the C terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kakizawa
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Matsuno S, Sawada R, Kimura K, Suzuki H, Yamanishi S, Shinozaki K, Sugieda M, Hasegawa A. Sequence analysis of SRSV in fecal specimens from an epidemic of infantile gastroenteritis, October to December 1995, Japan. J Med Virol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199708)52:4<377::aid-jmv5>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ward RL, Mason BB, Bernstein DI, Sander DS, Smith VE, Zandle GA, Rappaport RS. Attenuation of a human rotavirus vaccine candidate did not correlate with mutations in the NSP4 protein gene. J Virol 1997; 71:6267-70. [PMID: 9223531 PMCID: PMC191897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.8.6267-6270.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The NSP4 protein of a simian rotavirus was reported to induce diarrhea following inoculation of mice. If NSP4 is responsible for rotavirus diarrhea in humans, attenuation of a human rotavirus may be reflected in concomitant mutations in the NSP4 gene. After 33 passages in cultured monkey kidney cells, a virulent human rotavirus (strain 89-12) was found to be attenuated in adults, children, and infants. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the NSP4 protein gene revealed only one base pair change between the virulent (unpassaged) and attenuated 89-12 viruses, which resulted from a substitution of alanine for threonine at amino acid 45 of the encoded NSP4 protein. Because both threonine and alanine have been found at position 45 of NSP4 in symptomatic and asymptomatic human rotaviruses, neither amino acid in this position could be established as a marker of virulence. Therefore, attenuation of rotavirus strain 89-12 appears to be unrelated to mutations in the NSP4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Three hundred and fourteen stool samples collected from children < 5 years between December 1993 and August 1995 were analysed by PAGE, ELISA, PCR and Dot-blot hybridization technique for electropherotype and serotype distribution of rotavirus infection among Nigerian paediatric patients. 14.3% of the children were positive for rotavirus antigen. Children aged 6-9 months were most often infected, accounting for 35.6% of all positive samples, 91.1% of rotavirus-positive samples could be serotyped. Serotypes G2, G4 and G8 were not detected. Serotype G3 predominated (62.5%) in southern Nigeria, while mixed infection specificity was more widespread (63.6%) in northern Nigeria. The presence of some untypeable samples may indicate serotypes which the serotype-specific primers and cDNA probes used could not detect. Electropherotypes of 26 (57.7%) of the positive samples were determined. Two and 3 migration patterns were observed among the short and long-pattern electropherotypes, respectively. Implications for vaccine development and utilization in the country are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Adah
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
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30
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Buesa J, Colomina J, Raga J, Villanueva A, Prat J. Evaluation of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) for the detection of rotaviruses: applications of the assay. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1996; 147:353-61. [PMID: 8958588 PMCID: PMC7134719 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(97)85127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/1996] [Accepted: 08/14/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) technique for the detection of rotavirus shedding by infected children as a routine diagnostic procedure, in comparison to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), electron microscopy (EM) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of rotavirus double-stranded RNA. Two-hundred and twenty stool specimens were collected from infants and young children with diarrhoea, and 10-20% faecal suspensions were made. Several methods of rotavirus dsRNA extraction were assayed. Electrophoretic analysis of viral RNA was carried out on 10% polyacrylamide gels followed by silver staining. RT/PCR was performed using oligonucleotide primers specific for both 3' and 5' ends of the rotavirus gene encoding VP7 which are highly conserved among group A rotaviruses. Following RNA extraction with phenol-chloroform and ethanol precipitation, RT/PCR could detect rotaviral RNA in only 11 of 25 samples known to contain rotaviruses by conventional methods. The purification of RNA extracts by CF11 cellulose and the application of the RNAID method were equally effective in extracting RNA and/or removing inhibitory substances from the faecal samples. RT/PCR led to the detection of 66 positive samples from 220 specimens tested (30%), whilst 64 specimens were positive by ELISA (29%), 59 (26.8%) by PAGE and 56 (25.4%) by EM. In our study, RT/PCR was 100 times more sensitive than the ELISA test in detecting rotaviruses serially diluted in a faecal suspension. Although RT/PCR is theoretically much more sensitive than ELISA, PAGE and EM for detection of rotaviruses, great care must be taken to remove inhibitory substances from the enzymatic reactions. We do not consider that RT/PCR should replace immunoassays with high sensitivity and specificity for rotavirus testing in faecal samples, although this technique has other applications, like the search for rotavirus in different clinical specimens (sera, cerebrospinal fluid, respiratory secretions, etc.) and in environmental samples, as well as the typing of viral strains using serotype-specific primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valencia, Spain
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31
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Hussein HA, Frost E, Talbot B, Shalaby M, Cornaglia E, el-Azhary Y. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and monoclonal antibodies for G-typing of group A bovine rotavirus directly from fecal material. Vet Microbiol 1996; 51:11-7. [PMID: 8828118 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assay for G-typing of bovine rotaviruses (BRV) was compared with a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay (MAbs-ELISA) in the characterization of BRV field strains obtained from calves in different regions of Quebec between 1992 and 1994. The strains were analysed for two G types (G6 and G10) which are the most predominate BRV field strains. Fecal samples positive for BRV by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (n = 74) were typed by both methods revealing 77% correlation. RT-PCR detected 10 more G6 and 2 more G10 serotypes than MAbs-ELISA. Nine of the 12 discrepant samples could be cultivated and were confirmed as G6 (8) or G10 (1) by both methods. RT-PCR was able to efficiently detect artificial mixes of G6 and G10 and detected two mixed field infections. Four additional infections considered as mixed by MAbs-ELISA and as only G6 by RT-PCR were possibly MAbs-ELISA cross-reactions. RT-PCR provided a very sensitive method for typing BRV field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Hussein
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Kakizawa J, Ushijima H, Oka S, Ikeda Y, Schröder HC, Müller WE. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus-1 DNA, RNA and antibody, and occult blood in inactivated saliva: availability of the filter paper disk method. ACTA PAEDIATRICA JAPONICA : OVERSEAS EDITION 1996; 38:218-23. [PMID: 8741309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1996.tb03473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Eighty three samples of saliva were collected from 60 subjects who were asymptomatic carriers of AIDS related complex (ARC) and AIDS. They included hemophiliacs, homosexuals and heterosexuals. Occult blood, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antibody and DNA were assayed after heat treatment at 56 degrees C by strip method, particle agglutination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. HIV-1 RNA was assayed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR after heat treatment at 56 degrees C or 90 degrees C, or after application to filter paper disks with drying and heat treatment at 90 degrees C. Positive results were found in 53% (occult blood), 73% (HIV-1 antibody), 23% (HIV-1 DNA, 56 degrees C), 34% (HIV-1 RNA, 56 degrees C), 33% (HIV-1 RNA, 90 degrees C) and 25% (HIV-1 RNA, 90 degrees C, filter paper disk), respectively. The results did not depend on the stage of the disease or the route of infection. Other studies have reported the use of the filter paper disk method to detect antibodies against HIV and HIV genomes in blood samples. The present study demonstrated that it could also be used for the detection of HIV genomes in saliva samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kakizawa
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Makino M, Tanabe Y, Shinozaki K, Matsuno S, Furuya T. Haemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy associated with rotavirus infection. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85:632-4. [PMID: 8827115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a 21-month-old girl with a haemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy who survived. Rotavirus genomic ribonucleic acid was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in stool, blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Serum antibody titres of the rotavirus were also high. Plasmapheresis had a stabilizing effect on the course of the disease. This case indicates that rotavirus infection may play an important role in the devastating cascade that occurs in some patients with this syndrome. The findings suggest that extensive investigation for rotavirus infection, particularly infection of the central nervous system, should be carried out in patients with haemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Makino
- Division of Neurology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Japan
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34
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Nakayama M, Ueda Y, Kawamoto H, Han-jun Y, Saito K, Nishio O, Ushijima H. Detection and sequencing of Norwalk-like viruses from stool samples in Japan using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification. Microbiol Immunol 1996; 40:317-20. [PMID: 8709869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1996.tb03343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Norwalk-like viruses were detected in Japan in 12% (26/209) of patients with nonbacteria and nonrotavirus gastroenteritis in an outpatient clinic of a hospital from 1991 to 1994 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. They were also present in 7% (26/378) of total samples including those from rotavirus-positive gastroenteritis patients. In addition, the viruses were recovered in samples from 15 of 17 patients which were collected during outbreaks of gastroenteritis in various places in Japan by the same method. The DNA sequence of the polymerase region from patients at the hospital (sporadic cases) showed that two subgenogroups, similar to UK1-6 in genogroup G1 and to UK1-1 in genogroup G2 (Ando et al, J Clin Microbiol, 1995, 33: 64-71) exist in Japan. The latter was more frequently found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakayama
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Wen L, Ushijima H, Kakizawa J, Fang ZY, Nishio O, Morikawa S, Motohiro T. Genetic variation in VP7 gene of human rotavirus serotype 2 (G2 type) isolated in Japan, China, and Pakistan. Microbiol Immunol 1995; 39:911-15. [PMID: 8657020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sequence analysis of the gene encoding the major neutralization glycoprotein (VP7) was performed on sixteen human isolates of serotype 2 of rotavirus in Japan, China, and Pakistan and their genetic variations were examined. Comparative studies of their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences between the sixteen isolates and the HU5 strain revealed an overall homology of more than 94%. A higher degree of homology in nucleotides was observed among the sixteen isolates than between HU5 and the isolates. A total of thirteen amino acid residues frequently converted to another amino acid. Out of the thirteen, five amino acid residues belonging to the major neutralizing epitope regions (C, E, and F in this communication) converted frequently. From the amino acid sequences three subtypes, subtype 1, subtype 2, and intermediate, were suggested to be classified as previously reported for serotype 1 (Xin et al, Virology, 1993, 197: 813-816).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wen
- Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Grinde B, Jonassen TO, Ushijima H. Sensitive detection of group A rotaviruses by immunomagnetic separation and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1995; 55:327-38. [PMID: 8609198 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(95)00070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method was developed for concentrating rotaviruses from environmental samples, as well as a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the sensitive and specific detection of group A rotaviruses. Magnetic beads were coated with monoclonal antibodies directed against the group-specific, inner capsid protein (VP6) and subsequently used to capture and purify the virus with the help of a magnet. The genome was made available for RT by heat-disrupting the viral particles. A single 40-cycle PCR was as sensitive as a nested PCR, both detecting 0.005 PFU of the Wa strain, corresponding to approximately 5 particles as indicated by EM. The nested PCR was positive for all the group A strains tested, but negative for group C rotaviruses and other RNA viruses. The IMS-RT-PCR method functioned satisfactorily with virus seeded out in fresh water samples; with sea water, the IMS removed most, but not all, inhibiting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grinde
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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37
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Saito K, Ushijima H, Nishio O, Oseto M, Motohiro H, Ueda Y, Takagi M, Nakaya S, Ando T, Glass R. Detection of astroviruses from stool samples in Japan using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification. Microbiol Immunol 1995; 39:825-8. [PMID: 8577275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We developed a reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for detecting astrovirus serotypes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 (but not serotype 4). Furthermore, we developed the specific primers for detecting serotypes 1 and 2, the most predominant serotypes in the world. Sensitivity of the first PCR with serotype common primers was about 10 times higher than that of enzyme immunoassay with monoclonal antibody (EIA-MAb). Sensitivity of the second PCR with the serotype-specific primers was even higher. The RT-PCR method was useful for detecting astroviruses from clinical samples, especially serotypes 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Ushijima H, Xin KQ, Nishimura S, Morikawa S, Abe T. Detection and sequencing of rotavirus VP7 gene from human materials (stools, sera, cerebrospinal fluids, and throat swabs) by reverse transcription and PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2893-7. [PMID: 7883874 PMCID: PMC264197 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.12.2893-2897.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus RNAs from stool samples, sera, cerebrospinal fluids, and throat swabs of 15 children with rotavirus gastroenteritis were detected and serotyped by reverse transcription and PCR. The reverse transcription-PCR method may allow us to consider rotavirus infections in other parts of the body in addition to the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, sequence analysis of the VP7 gene was performed on seven samples (one stool, two serum, three cerebrospinal fluid, and 1 throat swab sample). There were no appreciable differences in viral sequences between samples from cerebrospinal fluids, sera, or stools.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ushijima
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Ushijima H, Mukoyama A, Hasegawa A, Nishimura S, Konishi K, Bosu K. Serotyping of human rotaviruses in the Tokyo area (1990-1993) by enzyme immunoassay with monoclonal antibodies and by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Med Virol 1994; 44:162-5. [PMID: 7852956 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890440208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Serotyping of human rotavirus in the Tokyo area was conducted from 1990 to 1993 by enzyme immunoassay with monoclonal antibodies (EIA-MAbs) against VP7 and by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of the VP4 and VP7 genes. The results by EIA-MAbs were very similar to those obtained by RT-PCR. Evidence of intraserotypic variations was suggested because strains of undetermined serotypes were detected by either EIA-MAb or RT-PCR. This kind of study is required for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ushijima
- Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Masendycz PJ, Unicomb LE, Kirkwood CD, Bishop RF. Rotavirus serotypes causing severe acute diarrhea in young children in six Australian cities, 1989 to 1992. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2315-7. [PMID: 7814568 PMCID: PMC263994 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.9.2315-2317.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus VP7 serotypes were identified in stools from 72.9% (1,302/1,784) of hospitalized Australian children in six cities (1989 to 1992) and comprised 1,088 (83.6%) serotype G1 isolates, 84 (6.4%) serotype G2 isolates, 64 (4.9%) serotype G3 isolates, 49 (3.8%) serotype G4 isolates, and 17 (1.3%) isolates of mixed serotypes. The most densely populated cities yielded the greatest diversity of serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Masendycz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Abstract
Human rotaviruses, discovered nearly 20 years ago, have been proven to be major cause of paediatric diarrhoeal disease morbidity and mortality. The clinical significance of these viruses stimulated basic studies on their biology, molecular and antigenic properties and epidemiology. General features, clinical relevance, epidemiologic pattern and laboratory diagnosis of human rotavirus infections are here reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Donelli
- Laboratorio di Ultrastrutture, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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42
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Kunisada T, Ando S, Saito K, Eshita Y, Röder W, Kruse M, Müller WE, Ushijima H. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus-1 nucleic acid on inactivated filter paper disks by polymerase chain reaction and microtiter plate assay. Microbiol Immunol 1994; 38:649-54. [PMID: 7799838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in cultured cells, peripheral blood samples and sera were adsorbed on filter paper disks and inactivated by heat or ethanol. Two procedures, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microtiter plate assay (HMPA) were used to detect the nucleic acid. The sensitivity after different heat treatments with nested PCR for HIV-1 DNA (or nested reverse transcription-PCR for HIV-1 RNA) was identical regardless of whether the samples were examined immediately or one month later. Inactivation by ethanol treatment resulted in a slight loss of sensitivity. The HMPA proved to be as reliable and specific as the conventional PCR technique. We conclude that the heat-treated filter paper disk assay is suitable for identifying HIV nucleic acid in clinical samples sent to the laboratory from a distance, e.g. in an envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kunisada
- Division of AIDS Virus, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hoshino
- Epidemiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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44
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Santos N, Riepenhoff-Talty M, Clark HF, Offit P, Gouvea V. VP4 genotyping of human rotavirus in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:205-8. [PMID: 8126181 PMCID: PMC262997 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.1.205-208.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The VP4 (P) and VP7 (G) types of 171 rotavirus isolates obtained from children with diarrhea in the United States were characterized by PCR typing assays. Strains P1G1 predominated (71%); this was followed by strains P1G3 (20%) and P2G2 and P1G4 (2% each). Mixed types were identified in five (3%) specimens. Two (1%) strains bearing the P3 genotype (P3G1 and P3G2) were found in children with severe dehydrating diarrhea, although the P3 genotype has been regarded as a possible marker for virus attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Santos
- Division of Molecular Biological Research and Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- M Panaccio
- Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Attwood, Australia
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46
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Nishimura S, Ushijima H, Nishimura S, Shiraishi H, Kanazawa C, Abe T, Kaneko K, Fukuyama Y. Detection of rotavirus in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients with convulsions and gastroenteritis by means of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Brain Dev 1993; 15:457-9. [PMID: 7511877 DOI: 10.1016/0387-7604(93)90088-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus RNA was detected in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid from eight Japanese children with convulsions and gastroenteritis in the acute stage by means of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. This may suggest that rotavirus invades the central nervous system through blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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