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Wang W, Rosenberg MW, Chen H, Gong S, Yang M, Deng D. Epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal patterns of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Hubei, China from 2009 to 2019. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287539. [PMID: 37352281 PMCID: PMC10289314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a public health issue in Hubei and studies of- spatiotemporal clustering at a fine scale are limited. The purpose of this research was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, temporal variation characteristics, and spatiotemporal clustering of HFMD cases at the town level from 2009 to 2019 to improve public health outcomes. METHODS Mathematical statistics, a seasonal index, wavelet analysis, and spatiotemporal scans were used to analyze epidemiological characteristics, time series trends, and spatiotemporal clusters of HFMD in Hubei. RESULTS EV-A71 (Enterovirus A71) and CVA16 (Coxsackievirus A16) constitute the two primary pathogens of the HFMD epidemic in Hubei, among which EV-A71 is the dominant pathogen, especially in 2016. In terms of age distribution, a major peak occurred at 0-5 years and a very small increase appeared at 25-35 years, with the former having a higher incidence among males than females and the latter having the opposite difference between males and females. The number/rate of HFMD cases exhibited a considerable increase followed by a moderate decline from 2009 to 2019, with the first large peak in April-July and a smaller peak in November-December. HFMD in Hubei exhibited the characteristics of a 270-day cycle with multiscale nesting, which was similar to the periodicity of HFMD cases caused by EV-A71 (9 months). Cities with a higher incidence of HFMD formed a part of an "A-shaped urban skeleton". Subdistricts had the highest incidence of HFMD, followed by towns and villages. The spatiotemporal scan results showed one most likely cluster and 22 secondary clusters, which was consistent with the geographic location of railways and rivers in Hubei. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be helpful in the prevention and control of HFMD transmission and in implementing effective measures in Hubei Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuwei Wang
- Institute of China Rural Studies, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Sustainable Development & Department of Geography, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark W. Rosenberg
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongying Chen
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengsheng Gong
- Institute of Sustainable Development & Department of Geography, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Institute of Sustainable Development & Department of Geography, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dacai Deng
- Institute of China Rural Studies, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zheng H, Liu D, Zhao X, Zhao X, Liu Y, Li D, Shi T, Ren X. Influence and prediction of meteorological factors on brucellosis in a northwest region of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9962-9973. [PMID: 36064850 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to study the cumulative lag effect of meteorological factors on brucellosis incidence and the prediction performance based on Random Forest model. The monthly number of brucellosis cases and meteorological data from 2015 to 2019 in Yongchang of Gansu Province, northwest China, were used to build distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM). The number of brucellosis cases of lag 1 month and meteorological data from 2015 to 2018 were used to build RF model to predict the brucellosis incidence in 2019. Meanwhile, SARIMA model was established to compare the prediction performance with RF model according to R2 and RMSE. The results indicated that the population had a high incidence risk at temperature between 5 and 13 °C and lag between 0 and 18 days, sunshine duration between 225 and 260 h and lag between 0 and 1 month, and atmosphere pressure between 789 and 793.5 hPa and lag between 0 and 18 days. The R2 and RMSE of train set and test set in RF model were 0.903, 1.609, 0.824, and 2.657, respectively, and the R2 and RMSE in SARIMA model were 0.530 and 7.008. This study found significant nonlinear and lag associations between meteorological factors and brucellosis incidence. The prediction performance of RF model was more accurate and practical compared with SARIMA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Zheng
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Dongpeng Liu
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhao
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Donghua Li
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Tianshan Shi
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China.
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Le TTV, Do PC. Molecular docking study of various Enterovirus—A71 3C protease proteins and their potential inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:987801. [PMID: 36246267 PMCID: PMC9563145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.987801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infection that primarily affects children in preschool and kindergarten; however, there is yet no vaccination or therapy available. Despite the fact that current research is only focused on numerous strains of Enterovirus—A71 (EV-A71) 3C protease (3Cpro), these investigations are entirely separate and unrelated. Antiviral agents must therefore be tested on several EV strains or mutations. In total, 21 previously reported inhibitors were evaluated for inhibitory effects on eight EV-A71 3Cpro, including wild-type and mutant proteins in this study, and another 29 powerful candidates with inhibitory effects on EV-A71 were investigated using the molecular docking approach. This method is to determine the broad-spectrum of the antiviral agents on a range of strains or mutants because the virus frequently has mutations. Even though Rupintrivir is reported to pass phase I clinical trial, 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one moiety (FIOMC) was shown to have a broader anti-3Cpro spectrum than Rupintrivir. Meanwhile, Hesperidin possessed a better 3Cpro inhibitory capability than FIOMC. Thus, it could be considered the most promising candidate for inhibiting various strains of EV-A71 3Cpro proteins in the newly anti-EV compounds group. Furthermore, the mutation at E71A has the most significant impact on the docking results of all ligands evaluated. Future in vitro experiments on Hesperidin’s ability to inhibit 3Cpro activity should be conducted to compare with FIOMC’s in vitro results and validate the current in silico work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thao Vy Le
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuc-Chau Do
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- *Correspondence: Phuc-Chau Do,
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Mei L, Song X, Kong Y, Yu G. An assessment of a pediatric early warning system score in severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease children: To detect clinical deterioration in hospitalized children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11355. [PMID: 29953028 PMCID: PMC6039599 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of deteriorating severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) children for referral to intensive care remains problematic.The medical records of 2382 hospitalized children with severe HFMD from May 2013 to September 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. A Pediatric Early Warning System (PEWS) score was designed based on study parameters on admission, evaluated in a logistic regression model, and subsequently validated with different cut-off scores, to predict the risk for clinical deterioration.After admission, 191 cases were transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and 2191 were admitted to the infectious disease department. Of which, 116 cases were subsequently transferred to PICU, with younger age, consciousness levels of sluggishness, lethargy or drowsiness, rashes with vesicles on the hands or feet, moderate or high fever, increased or disordered lung marking or pulmonary infiltration, abnormal heart rate, fasting plasma glucose, blood platelet, and C-reactive protein. A corresponding 10-component PEWS score >7 was significantly associated with subsequent transfer to PICU.A 10-component PEWS score >7 has good specificity but poor sensitivity for identifying severe HFMD children vulnerable to clinical deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Mei
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital
| | - Xin Song
- Qingdao Municipal Center For Disease Control and Prevention
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yan Kong
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital
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Peng Y, Yu B, Wang P, Kong DG, Chen BH, Yang XB. Application of seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average model in forecasting the incidence of hand-foot-mouth disease in Wuhan, China. Curr Med Sci 2017; 37:842-848. [PMID: 29270741 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) have occurred many times and caused serious health burden in China since 2008. Application of modern information technology to prediction and early response can be helpful for efficient HFMD prevention and control. A seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for time series analysis was designed in this study. Eighty-four-month (from January 2009 to December 2015) retrospective data obtained from the Chinese Information System for Disease Prevention and Control were subjected to ARIMA modeling. The coefficient of determination (R 2), normalized Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Q-test P value were used to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of constructed models. Subsequently, the best-fitted ARIMA model was applied to predict the expected incidence of HFMD from January 2016 to December 2016. The best-fitted seasonal ARIMA model was identified as (1,0,1)(0,1,1)12, with the largest coefficient of determination (R 2=0.743) and lowest normalized BIC (BIC=3.645) value. The residuals of the model also showed non-significant autocorrelations (P Box-Ljung (Q)=0.299). The predictions by the optimum ARIMA model adequately captured the pattern in the data and exhibited two peaks of activity over the forecast interval, including a major peak during April to June, and again a light peak for September to November. The ARIMA model proposed in this study can forecast HFMD incidence trend effectively, which could provide useful support for future HFMD prevention and control in the study area. Besides, further observations should be added continually into the modeling data set, and parameters of the models should be adjusted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - De-Guang Kong
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Bang-Hua Chen
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Yang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China.
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Li Y, Bao H, Zhang X, Zhai M, Bao X, Wang D, Zhang S. Epidemiological and genetic analysis concerning the non-enterovirus 71 and non-coxsackievirus A16 causative agents related to hand, foot and mouth disease in Anyang city, Henan Province, China, from 2011 to 2015. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1749-1758. [PMID: 28480969 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are major pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and have been associated with consecutive outbreaks of HFMD in China over the past years. Although several other human enteroviruses (HEVs) have also acted as causative agents of HFMD, published information on their roles in the prevalence of HFMD is limited. This study was conducted to reveal the characteristics of the pathogenic spectrum and molecular epidemiology of the non-EV-71 and -CV-A16 HEVs in Anyang City, which is located in north-central China and has a population of five million. From 2011 to 2015, 2270 samples were collected from HFMD patients (3.89 ± 1.06 years of age), and 1863 HEV-positive samples, including 524 samples with 23 non-EV-71 and non-CV-A16 serotypes, were identified. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the VP1 gene, 6 common non-EV-71 and non-CV-A16 HEVs, including coxsackievirus A2, A6, A10, A14, B2, and B5, were studied to determine their phylogenies and selective pressures. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high level of genetic divergence and a pattern of lineage replacement over time in Mainland China. Selective pressure analyses showed that purifying selection was predominant in the evolution of the VP1 gene, whereas positive selection acted on individual codons. Overall, non-EV-71 and non-CV-A16 HEVs were important constituents of the pathogenic spectrum of HFMD in Anyang City during 2011-2015. Some of these HEVs with complex and active phylogenies represent a potential threat to public health, suggesting that long-term monitoring of these pathogens should be implemented to prevent HFMD outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Honghong Bao
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhai
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaobing Bao
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Demin Wang
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Shuanhu Zhang
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
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Wang CR. Role and evolution trend of multiple enteroviruses in epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4029-4039. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i29.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a variety of enteroviruses (EV) that can cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and the major pathogens include enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxasckievirus A16 (CVA16). EV71 and CVA16 have attracted much attention for their high prevalence and pathogenicity, and disease surveillance and vaccine development are mainly concentrated on them. EV71 can cause serious harm to children with HFMD, especially the damage to the nervous system such as aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis and paralytic disease, or even lead to death. However, in recent years, due to the epidemic of EV71 and CVA16, people have established an immune barrier through natural infection in a certain degree. Although there is no cross protection between types, the immune protection against the relevant type can persist for a long time. Thus, the number of HFMD cases caused by EV71 and CVA16 shows a decreasing trend, while the epidemic of HFMD caused by other EV exhibits an upward trend. Further studies found that non-EV71 and non-CVA16 EV are very complex, and there are also differences in EV prevalence each year, which makes the development, evolution and control of HFMD become complicated. At present, there is no enough attention paid to the sporadic virus in the HFMD epidemic, and a complete research system for non-EV71 and non-CVA16 EV has not formed. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of multiple non-EV71 and non-CVA16 EV, further investigate their pathogenicity and genetic characteristics, and evaluate the relative frequency and biological hazard of infection. In this review, we summarize a variety of EV changes, molecular evolution, as well as typical epidemics, which may provide clues to the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and prevention and control of HFMD.
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8
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Yu P, Gao Z, Zong Y, Bao L, Xu L, Deng W, Li F, Lv Q, Gao Z, Xu Y, Yao Y, Qin C. Histopathological features and distribution of EV71 antigens and SCARB2 in human fatal cases and a mouse model of enterovirus 71 infection. Virus Res 2014; 189:121-32. [PMID: 24842162 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a neurotropic pathogen that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease. While infection is usually self-limiting, a minority of patients infected with EV71 develop severe neurological complications. In humans, EV71 has been reported to utilize the scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) as a receptor for infectious cellular entry. In this study, we define the pathological features of EV71-associated disease as well as the distribution of EV71 antigen and SCARB2 in human fatal cases and a mouse model. Histopathologically, human fatal cases showed severe central nervous system (CNS) changes, mainly in the brainstems, spinal cords, and thalamus. These patient further exhibited pulmonary edema and necrotic enteritis. Immunohistochemical analysis of human fatal cases demonstrated that EV71 antigen and SCARB2 were observed mainly in neurons, microglia cells and inflammatory cells in the CNS, and epithelial cells in the intestines. However, skeletal muscle tissue was negative for EV71 antigen. In a mouse model of EV71 infection, we observed massive necrotic myositis, different degrees of viral diseases in CNS, and extensive interstitial pneumonia. In mice, EV71 exhibits strong myotropism compared to the neurotropism seen in humans. EV71 antigen was detected in the spinal cord and brainstem of mice. However, there was no clear correlation between mouse SCARB2 and EV71 antigen distribution in the mouse model, consistent with previous results that SCARB2 functions as a receptor for EV71 in humans but not mice. The EV71-induced lesions seen in the mouse model resembled the pathological changes seen in human samples. These results increase our understanding of EV71 pathogenesis and will inform further work developing a mouse model for EV71 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- CD36 Antigens/analysis
- Child, Preschool
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterovirus A, Human/physiology
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/pathology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Humans
- Infant
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/analysis
- Receptors, Virus/analysis
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Tropism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Yu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Zifen Gao
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China.
| | - Linlin Bao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Lili Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Wei Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Fengdi Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Zhancheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yanfeng Yao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
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Wang Q, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yan L, Wang S, Zhang J, Sun J, Chang Z, Wang Z. Clinical features of severe cases of hand, foot and mouth disease with EV71 virus infection in China. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:510-6. [PMID: 25097582 PMCID: PMC4107257 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.43745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by EV71 infection has become one of the major public health issues in China, which deeply affects children's health. The prevention and control of EV71 is a challenge currently because there is no safe and effective vaccine or antiviral medications available. MATERIAL AND METHODS A case control study was conducted in a designated hospital to compare severe and mild cases of patients infected with the EV71 virus. Demographic information along with clinical features of HFMD was collected through a standardized questionnaire. Multi-factorial logistic regression was used to analyze independent associations between potential risk factors and severe HFMD. RESULTS There were 120 cases (60 cases and 60 controls) collected. The male-to-female ratio was 1.3: 1 in the case group and 1.7: 1 in the control group. Multi-factorial logistic regression revealed that the main risk factors for severe cases were highest body temperature being ≥ 38.5°C (OR = 9.45, 95% CI: 2.07-43.11, p < 0.05), first visited a village level clinic (OR = 4.72, 95% CI: 1.15-19.45, p < 0.05), etc. CONCLUSIONS Close surveillance combined with laboratory testing should be in place during the epidemic period of HFMD. Grass root level medical facilities and training of clinical and laboratory staff should be reinforced so that the diagnostic and treatment capacity can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
- Unit Infections Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jiyuan City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiyuan, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junling Sun
- Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhaorui Chang
- Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zijun Wang
- Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
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Yu L, Zhou L, Tan L, Jiang H, Wang Y, Wei S, Nie S. Application of a new hybrid model with seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and nonlinear auto-regressive neural network (NARNN) in forecasting incidence cases of HFMD in Shenzhen, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98241. [PMID: 24893000 PMCID: PMC4043537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) have been reported for many times in Asia during the last decades. This emerging disease has drawn worldwide attention and vigilance. Nowadays, the prevention and control of HFMD has become an imperative issue in China. Early detection and response will be helpful before it happening, using modern information technology during the epidemic. METHOD In this paper, a hybrid model combining seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and nonlinear auto-regressive neural network (NARNN) is proposed to predict the expected incidence cases from December 2012 to May 2013, using the retrospective observations obtained from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention from January 2008 to November 2012. RESULTS The best-fitted hybrid model was combined with seasonal ARIMA [Formula: see text] and NARNN with 15 hidden units and 5 delays. The hybrid model makes the good forecasting performance and estimates the expected incidence cases from December 2012 to May 2013, which are respectively -965.03, -1879.58, 4138.26, 1858.17, 4061.86 and 6163.16 with an obviously increasing trend. CONCLUSION The model proposed in this paper can predict the incidence trend of HFMD effectively, which could be helpful to policy makers. The usefulness of expected cases of HFMD perform not only in detecting outbreaks or providing probability statements, but also in providing decision makers with a probable trend of the variability of future observations that contains both historical and recent information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Yu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Tan
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaofa Nie
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Flor de Lima B, Silva J, Rodrigues AC, Grilo A, Riso N, Riscado MV. Hand, foot, and mouth syndrome in an immunocompetent adult: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:441. [PMID: 24180226 PMCID: PMC3819262 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot, and mouth syndrome (HFMS) is a common acute illness. It is characterized by mild clinical symptoms including fever, blisters, and sores in the mouth and on the palms and soles following a 3- to 7-day incubation period. This syndrome is rarely seen in adults. CASE PRESENTATION A 35-year-old male Caucasian patient had a history of multiple episodes of acute pharyngitis, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and occasional abdominal pain. He presented with polyarthralgia in the knees and hands and odynophagia, followed by fever, oral mucosal aphthous lesions, and vesicles on the palms and soles. Three weeks after presentation, he was admitted to the emergency room with acute myocarditis. The in-hospital evaluation revealed positive serology for coxsackie A9 (1:160), positive anti-transglutaminase and anti-gliadin antibodies, normal immunoglobulins, and human immunodeficiency virus negativity. CONCLUSION We herein describe a case of HFMS that was associated with coxsackie A9 infection complicated by acute myocarditis. Although an association between celiac disease and HFMS has not been described, this patient's immunologic disruption could have favored the development of infection and ultimately HFMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Flor de Lima
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Rua da Beneficência n,º 8 1069-166, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Emergence, circulation, and spatiotemporal phylogenetic analysis of coxsackievirus a6- and coxsackievirus a10-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease infections from 2008 to 2012 in Shenzhen, China. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3560-6. [PMID: 23966496 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01231-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks and other infectious diseases in recent years have frequently been associated with certain human enterovirus (HEV) serotypes. This study explored the prevalences and genetic characteristics of non-HEV71 and non-coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) human enterovirus-associated HFMD infections in Shenzhen, China. A total of 2,411 clinical stool specimens were collected from hospital-based surveillance for HFMD from 2008 to 2012. The detection of HEV was performed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and RT-seminested PCR, and spatiotemporal phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the VP1 genes. A total of 1,803 (74.8%) strains comprising 28 different serotypes were detected. In the past 5 years, the predominant serotypes were HEV71 (60.0%), followed by CV-A16 (21.2%) and two uncommon serotypes, CV-A6 (13.0%) and CV-A10 (3.3%). However, CV-A6 replaced CV-A16 as the second most common serotype between 2010 and 2012. As an emerging pathogen, CV-A6 became as common a causative agent of HFMD as HEV71 in Shenzhen in 2012. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that little variation occurred in the Chinese HEV71 and CV-A16 strains. The genetic characteristics of the Chinese CV-A6 and CV-A10 strains displayed geographic differences. The CV-A6 and CV-A10 strains circulating in Shenzhen likely originated in Europe. It was found that human enteroviruses have a high mutation rate due to evolutionary pressure and frequent recombination (3.2 × 10(-3) to 6.4 ×10(-3) substitutions per site per year for HEV71, CV-A6, CV-A16, and CV-A10). Since certain serotypes are potential threats to the public health, this study provides further insights into the significance of the epidemiological surveillance of HFMD.
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Wen HL, Si LY, Yuan XJ, Hao SB, Gao F, Chu FL, Sun CX, Wang ZY. Complete genome sequencing and analysis of six enterovirus 71 strains with different clinical phenotypes. Virol J 2013; 10:115. [PMID: 23577963 PMCID: PMC3669102 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71(EV71) presents a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild febrile disease to fatal neurolocal disease. However, the mechanism of virulence is unknown. Methods We isolated 6 strains of EV71 from HFMD patients with or without neurological symptoms, and sequenced the whole genomes of the viruses to reveal the virulence factors of EV71. Results Phylogenetic tree based on VP1 region showed that all six strains clustered into C4a of C4 sub-genotype. In the complete polypeptide, 298 positions were found to be variable in all strains, and three of these positions (ValP814/IleP814 in VP1, ValP1148/IleP1148 in 3A and Ala P1728/Cys P1728/Val P1728 in 3C) were conserved among the strains with neurovirulence, but variable in strains without neurovirulence. In the 5′-UTR region, it showed that the first 10 nucleotides were mostly conserved, however from the 11th nucleotide, nucleotide insertions and deletions were quite common. The secondary structure prediction of 5′-UTR sequences showed that two of three strains without neurovirulence (SDLY11 and SDLY48) were almost the same, and all strains with neurovirulence (SDLY96, SDLY107 and SDLY153) were different from each other. SDLY107 (a fatal strain) was found different from other strains on four positions (CP241/TP241, AP571/TP571, CP579/TP579 in 5′-UTR and TP7335/CP7335 in 3′-UTR). Conclusions The three positions (ValP814/IleP814 in VP1, ValP1148/IleP1148 in 3A and Ala P1728/Cys P1728/Val P1728 in 3C), were different between two phenotypes. These suggested that the three positions might be potential virulent positions. And the three varied positions were also found to be conserved in strains with neurovirulence, and variable in strains without neurovirulence. These might reveal that the conservation of two of the three positions or the three together were specific for the strains with neurovirulence. Varation of secondary structure of 5′-UTR, might be correlated to the changes of viral virulence. SDLY107 (a fatal strain) was found different from other strains on four positions, these positions might be related with death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-ling Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
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Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an enterovirus 71 vaccine in Chinese healthy children and infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:1158-65. [PMID: 22926209 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31826eba74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is highly contagious and can cause severe complications. A safe and effective vaccine is needed. We assessed the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated, alum-adjuvanted EV71 vaccine in this study. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was undertaken in 360 healthy participants who were stratified into 2 age groups (6-12 and 13-60 months), and randomly allocated to receive placebo or the investigational vaccine containing 160 U, 320 U or 640 U antigen per dose by the ratio of 1:1:1:1 at days 0 and 28. Reactogenic data within 28 days after each vaccination were recorded. Blood samples were obtained on days 0, 28 and 56 for neutralizing antibody assay. RESULTS Overall, 193 participants reported at least 1 injection-site or systemic adverse reaction with 53.3% and 54.4% participants receiving the study vaccine and placebo, respectively. Most of the reactions were mild or moderate. Three serious adverse events were observed, but none was related to vaccination. In the participants with seronegative baseline, after 2 doses all the participants receiving EV71 vaccines were seropositive and the seroconversion rates were more than 98.1%. In the participants with seropositive baseline, 1 dose induced good seroconversion rates of more than 64.3% in participants receiving EV71 vaccines. CONCLUSIONS This study found that the inactivated EV71 vaccine was well tolerated and had good immunogenicity in healthy children and infants. A single dose induced typical booster response in the participants with a seropositive baseline, and 2 doses were needed for the immunologically naive participants.
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Chang SC, Li WC, Chen GW, Tsao KC, Huang CG, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Kuo CY, Tsai KN, Shih SR, Lin TY. Genetic characterization of enterovirus 71 isolated from patients with severe disease by comparative analysis of complete genomes. J Med Virol 2012; 84:931-9. [PMID: 22499017 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) which causes mild illness in children is also associated with severe neurological complications. This study analyzed the complete genomes of EV71 strains derived from mild and severe diseases in order to determine whether the differences of EV71 genomes were responsible for different clinical presentations. Compared to complete genomes of EV71 strains derived from mild cases (less virulent strains), nucleotide differences in EV71 strains isolated from severe cases (more virulent strains) were observed primarily in the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of the 5'-untranslated region (UTR), which is vital for the cap-independent translation of viral proteins. In the protein-coding region, an E-Q substitution at amino acid position 145 of structural protein VP1 that occurred in more than one of more virulent strains was observed. This site is known to be related functionally to receptor binding and virulence in mice. Overall, strains (Group III) isolated from patients with fatal or severe sequelae outcomes had greater sequence substitutions in the 5'-UTR and/or protein-coding region and exhibited a relatively low-average homology to less virulent strains across the entire genome, indicating the possibility of significant genomic diversity in the most virulent EV71 strains. Further studies of EV71 pathogenesis should examine the significance of genomic diversity and the effects of multiple mutations in a viral population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Cheng Chang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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The characteristics of the synonymous codon usage in enterovirus 71 virus and the effects of host on the virus in codon usage pattern. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1168-73. [PMID: 21382519 PMCID: PMC7185409 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To give a new perspective on the evolutionary characteristics shaping the genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 (EV71) and the effects of natural selection from its host on the codon usage pattern of the virus, the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values, codon usage bias (CUB) values, effective number of codons (ENCs) values and nucleotide contents were calculated to implement a comparative analysis to evaluate the dynamics of the virus evolution. The characteristics of the synonymous codon usage patterns and nucleotide contents of EV71 and the comparison between ENC values for the whole coding sequence of EV71 and that of coding sequences for viral proteins of EV71 all indicate that the interaction between mutation pressure from virus and natural selection from host exists in the processes of evolution of EV71. The synonymous codon usage pattern of EV71 is a mixture of coincidence and antagonism to that of host cell. In addition, the genetic diversity of EV71 strains and the preferential selection of some synonymous codons in EV71 strains based on the different epidemic areas were observed, suggesting that geographic and social factors may play roles in influencing the evolution of this virus.
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Zhu Z, Zhu S, Guo X, Wang J, Wang D, Yan D, Tan X, Tang L, Zhu H, Yang Z, Jiang X, Ji Y, Zhang Y, Xu W. Retrospective seroepidemiology indicated that human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 circulated wildly in central and southern China before large-scale outbreaks from 2008. Virol J 2010; 7:300. [PMID: 21050463 PMCID: PMC2989968 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large nationwide outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) occurred in China from 2008; most of the cases were in children under 5 years. This study aims to identify the situation of natural human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) infections in children before 2008 in China. Results Retrospective seroepidemiologic studies of HEV71 and CVA16 were performed with 900 serum samples collected from children ≤5 years of age in 2005. The samples were collected from 6 different geographical areas (Anhui, Guangdong, Hunan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, and Heilongjiang provinces) in mainland China. Of the 900 samples, 288 were positive for HEV71; the total positive rate was 32.0% and the geometric mean titer (GMT) was 1:8.5. Guangdong (43.7% and 1:10.8), Xinjiang (45.4% and 1:11.1), and Yunnan (43.4% and 1:12.0) provinces had relatively high rates of infection, while Heilongjiang province (8.1% and 1:4.9) had the lowest rate of infection. On the other hand, 390 samples were positive for CVA16; the total positive rate was 43.4% and the GMT was 1:9.5. Anhui (62.2% and 1:16.0) and Hunan (61.1% and 1:23.1) had relatively high rates, while Heilongjiang (8.0% and 1:4.6) had the lowest rate. Although there is a geographical difference in HEV71 and CVA16 infections, low neutralizing antibody positive rate and titer of both viruses were found in all 6 provinces. Conclusions This report confirmed that HEV71 and CVA16 had wildly circulated in a couple provinces in China before the large-scale outbreaks from 2008. This finding also suggests that public health measures to control the spread of HEV71 and CVA16 should be devised according to the different regional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
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Chang GH, Lin L, Luo YJ, Cai LJ, Wu XY, Xu HM, Zhu QY. Sequence analysis of six enterovirus 71 strains with different virulences in humans. Virus Res 2010; 151:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Phylogenetic designation of enterovirus 71 genotypes and subgenotypes using complete genome sequences. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:404-12. [PMID: 19465162 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is genotyped for molecular epidemiological investigation mainly using the two structural genes, VP1 and VP4. Based on these, EV-71 is divided into three genotypes, A, B and C, and within the genotypes B and C, there are further subgenotypes, B1-B5 and C1-C5. Classification using these genes is useful but gives incomplete phylogenetic information. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships amongst all the known EV-71 and human enterovirus A (HEV-A) isolates with complete genome sequences were examined. A different tree topology involving EV-71 isolates of subgenotypes, C4 and B5 was obtained in comparison to that drawn using VP1. The nucleotide sequence divergence of the C4 isolates was 18.11% (17-20%) when compared to other isolates of subgenotype C. However, this positions the C4 isolates within the cut-off divergence value of 17-22% used to designate the virus genotypes. Hence, it is proposed here that C4 should be designated as a new genotype D. In addition, the subgenotype B5 isolates had an average nucleotide divergence of only 6.14% (4-8%) when compared to other subgenotype B4 isolates. This places the B5 isolates within the subgenotype B4. It is proposed here that the B5 isolates to be redesignated as B4. With the newly proposed genotype D and inclusion of subgenotype B5 within B4, the average nucleotide divergence between genotypes was 18.99% (17-22%). Inter- and intra-subgenotype average divergences were 12.02% (10-14%) and 3.92% (1-10%), respectively. A phylogenetic tree built using the full genome sequences is robust as it takes into consideration changes in the sequences of both the structural and non-structural genes. Similar nucleotide similarities, however, were obtained if only VP1 and 3D RNA polymerase genes were used. Furthermore, addition of 3D RNA polymerase sequences will also show recombination events. Hence, in the absence of full genome sequences, it is proposed here that a combination of VP1 and 3D RNA polymerase gene sequences be used for initial genotyping of EV-71 isolates.
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Bible JM, Pantelidis P, Chan PKS, Tong CYW. Genetic evolution of enterovirus 71: epidemiological and pathological implications. Rev Med Virol 2008; 17:371-9. [PMID: 17487831 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the 1970s, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has become one of the most pathogenic enterovirus serotypes causing recurrent outbreaks in different parts of the world. Three waves of outbreaks globally have been recorded over the last three decades and more recently active circulation of EV71 is evident amongst countries in South East Asia and beyond. There is evidence of a continuous evolution in its genetic make up which is likely to impact on its epidemiology and pathological potential. This review examines the molecular genetics and evolution of EV71 in relation to its epidemiological and pathological properties. A thorough understanding of the relationship between the genetic changes and the resulting host-virus interaction is essential for successful control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Bible
- Infection and Immunology Delivery Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Chen KT, Chang HL, Wang ST, Cheng YT, Yang JY. Epidemiologic features of hand-foot-mouth disease and herpangina caused by enterovirus 71 in Taiwan, 1998-2005. Pediatrics 2007; 120:e244-52. [PMID: 17671037 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 1998, an epidemic of hand-foot-mouth disease/herpangina was caused by human enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. The underlying factors of widespread emergence of viral infection are unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology of hand-foot-mouth disease/herpangina in Taiwan between March 1998 and December 2005. METHODS We analyzed data reported to surveillance systems at the Taiwan Center for Disease Control. Viral isolation was performed by 11 reference virus laboratories at medical centers as well as the Taiwan Center for Disease Control. RESULTS During the 8-year study period, the reported incidence of mild cases of hand-foot-mouth disease/herpangina varied from 0.8 to 19.9 cases per sentinel physician per week, peaking in 1998. Seasonal variations in incidence were observed, with an incidence peak observed during the summer season. Annual incidence changed significantly from 1998 to 2005. Both age-specific incidence and fatality of severe hand-foot-mouth disease/herpangina decreased as age increased. Most (93%) cases occurred in children who were aged 4 years and younger. Inpatients had a higher rate of enterovirus 71 infection than outpatients. Among severe cases, the majority (80%) had pulmonary edema/hemorrhage and encephalitis. CONCLUSIONS Hand-foot-mouth disease/herpangina is a common disease in Taiwan. Enterovirus 71 infection has emerged as an important public problem causing serious clinical illness and, potentially, death in young children. Vaccine development is recommended for prevention of enterovirus 71 infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kow-Tong Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan No. 1, University Road, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Wang YF, Chou CT, Lei HY, Liu CC, Wang SM, Yan JJ, Su IJ, Wang JR, Yeh TM, Chen SH, Yu CK. A mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 strain causes neurological disease in mice after oral infection. J Virol 2004; 78:7916-24. [PMID: 15254164 PMCID: PMC446098 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.15.7916-7924.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 (EV71) strain with increased virulence in mice, MP4, was generated after four serial passages of the parental EV71 strain 4643 in mice. Strain MP4 exhibited a larger plaque size, grew more rapidly, and was more cytotoxic in vitro than strain 4643. Although strains 4643 and MP4 both induced apoptosis of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells, MP4 was more virulent than 4643 in 1-day-old mice (50% lethal doses, 10(2) and 10(4) PFU/mouse, respectively). Strain MP4 (5 x 10(6) PFU/mouse), but not 4643, could orally infect 7-day-old mice, resulting in rear-limb paralysis followed by death 5 to 9 days after inoculation with the virus. Histopathologically, neuronal loss and apoptosis were evident in the spinal cords as well as the brain stems of the infected mice. The limb muscles displayed massive necrosis. There was early and transient virus replication in the intestines, whereas the spinal cord, brain, and muscle became the sites of viral replication during the late phase of the infection. Virus transmission occurred among infected and noninfected cagemates, as demonstrated by the occurrence of seroconversion and the presence of viable viruses in the stool samples of the latter. Protection against EV71 challenge was demonstrated following administration of hyperimmune serum 1 day after inoculation with the virus. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the genome of EV71 strain MP4 revealed four nucleotide changes on the 5' untranslated region, three on the VP2 region, and eight on the 2C region, resulting in one and four amino acid substitutions in the VP2 and 2C proteins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wen YY, Chang TY, Chen ST, Li C, Liu HS. Comparative study of enterovirus 71 infection of human cell lines. J Med Virol 2003; 70:109-18. [PMID: 12629651 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cell tropism of enterovirus 71 (Enteroviridae) in neuronal, glial and laryngeal cells. The 4643 strain, an enterovirus 71 isolate from a patient in Taiwan, was used to infect three human cell lines representing neuronal cells (SK-N-SH, neuroblastoma), glial cells (U373MG, glioblastoma), and laryngeal cells (HEp-2, larynx epidermoid carcinoma). Immunofluorescent staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to detect mature enterovirus 71 4643 virions in these cell lines. The three cell lines were also compared for presence of virus-mediated cytopathic effect (CPE), synthesis of infected cell-specific proteins, viral (-) RNA, and virus replication rate. Virus particles were detected by TEM, and viral replication increased over time, indicating the existence and release of mature viruses from all three infected cell lines. The most severe CPE and the highest viral replication rate were observed in the SK-N-SH cells. Further screening of the infected cell lines by microarray analysis revealed that the neuron growth factor receptor (NGFR) gene was uniquely upregulated in infected SK-N-SH cells, implying that the receptor encoded by this gene may be involved in cell tropism. The data show that neurons are vulnerable to enterovirus 71 4643 infection and are consistent with the clinical observation that enterovirus 71 4643 targets mainly neuronal cells but is also found in many organs in conjunction with an inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ye Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Singh S, Poh CL, Chow VTK. Complete sequence analyses of enterovirus 71 strains from fatal and non-fatal cases of the hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in Singapore (2000). Microbiol Immunol 2003; 46:801-8. [PMID: 12516778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major aetiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). In recent years, several outbreaks in East Asia were associated with neurological complications and numerous deaths. An outbreak in Singapore in October 2000 afflicted thousands of children, resulting in four fatal cases from three of whom EV71 was isolated. The genomes of two representative EV71 strains isolated from a fatal case and a surviving patient were completely sequenced, and their nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with known EV71 strains. The two outbreak strains were classified under genogroup B, together with those previously isolated in Singapore, Malaysia and Japan. Comparative sequence analysis of the two Singapore strains revealed 99% nucleotide similarity, while their deduced amino acid sequences were almost identical except for residue 1506 in the 3A non-structural region. Given that the outbreak involved closely related genetic variants of EV71, the broad spectrum of disease severity may be attributed to critical factors such as varying viral inoculation doses or differing host immune responses following infection, but is less likely to be due to the emergence of EV71 strains with heightened virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Singh
- Programme in Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117597
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Li CC, Yang MY, Chen RF, Lin TY, Tsao KC, Ning HC, Liu HC, Lin SF, Yeh WT, Chu YT, Yang KD. Clinical manifestations and laboratory assessment in an enterovirus 71 outbreak in southern Taiwan. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2002; 34:104-9. [PMID: 11928838 DOI: 10.1080/00365540110077119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
An epidemic of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection compatible with hand, foot and mouth disease and associated with high morbidity and mortality occurred in Taiwan in 1998. We recruited 90 patients (50 males, 40 females) with definite EV71 infections for clinical and laboratory analysis. The neurological signs and symptoms, all of which occurred during the febrile period, in patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement (aseptic meningitis, encephalitis or myelitis) were myoclonic jerks (23/33), vomiting (10/33), ataxia (7/33), lethargy (6/33), seizure (4/33) and tremor (2/33). Patients with CNS involvement had longer durations of fever (4.6+/-0.2 vs. 3.1+/-0.3 d; p <0.01) and a higher white blood cell count (12,512+/-658 vs. 10,607+/-409 cells/mm3; p = 0.01) than patients without CNS involvement. The case fatality rate in patients with CNS involvement was 4/33 (12%), whereas no fatalities (0/57) occurred in patients without CNS involvement. Six of 11 patients subjected to MRI showed a high intensity T2-weighted signal in the brainstem. A nested fluorescent RT-PCR for detection of virus in throat and stool specimens showed higher sensitivity than viral culture. Viremia was detectable using RT-PCR in 20% of cases (3/15), whereas no virus was isolated from culture or detected by RT-PCR in cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chen Li
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Singh S, Chow VTK, Phoon MC, Chan KP, Poh CL. Direct detection of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in clinical specimens from a hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak in Singapore by reverse transcription-PCR with universal enterovirus and EV71-specific primers. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:2823-7. [PMID: 12149336 PMCID: PMC120643 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.8.2823-2827.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Singapore in 2000 affected several thousand children and resulted in four deaths. The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) with universal pan-enterovirus primers and enterovirus 71 (EV71) type-specific primers for the direct detection of enteroviruses in clinical specimens derived from this outbreak. With the universal primers, EV71 RNA sequences were successfully detected by RT-PCR and direct sequencing in 71% of positive specimens. Three pairs of EV71 type-specific primers were evaluated for rapid detection of EV71 directly from clinical specimens and cell culture isolates. By using a seminested RT-PCR strategy, specific identification of EV71 sequences directly in clinical specimens was achieved, with a detection rate of 53%. In contrast, cell culture could isolate EV71 in only 20% of positive specimens. EV71 was detected directly from brain, heart, and lung specimens of two deceased siblings. Although more than one type of enterovirus was identified in clinical specimens from this outbreak, 90% of the enteroviruses were confirmed as EV71. The data demonstrate the clinical applicability of pan-enterovirus and seminested RT-PCR for the detection of EV71 RNA directly from clinical specimens in an outbreak situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Singh
- Programme in Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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27
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Manayani DJ, Shaji RV, Fletcher GJ, Cherian T, Murali N, Sathish N, Solomon T, Gnanamuthu C, Sridharan G. Comparison of molecular and conventional methods for typing of enteroviral isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1069-70. [PMID: 11880442 PMCID: PMC120247 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.3.1069-1070.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-eight enteroviral isolates obtained from various clinical specimens were typed by Lim-Benyesh-Melnick (LBM) pool-based neutralization, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and partial sequencing of the VP1 region of the enteroviral genome. Sequencing was found to be a good alternative to LBM typing, while PCR-RFLP was inadequate for identification of enteroviral isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darly Joseph Manayani
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore-632004, India
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28
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McMinn PC. An overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public health significance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2002; 26:91-107. [PMID: 12007645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1969, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been recognised as a frequent cause of epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) associated with severe neurological sequelae in a small proportion of cases. There has been a significant increase in EV71 epidemic activity throughout the Asia-Pacific region since 1997. Recent HFMD epidemics in this region have been associated with a severe form of brainstem encephalitis associated with pulmonary oedema and high case-fatality rates. The emergence of large-scale epidemic activity in the Asia-Pacific region has been associated with the circulation of three genetic lineages that appear to be undergoing rapid evolutionary change. Two of these lineages (B3 and B4) have not been described previously and appear to have arisen from an endemic focus in equatorial Asia, which has served as a source of virus for HFMD epidemics in Malaysia, Singapore and Australia. The third lineage (C2) has previously been identified [Brown, B.A. et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73, 9969-9975] and was primarily responsible for the large HFMD epidemic in Taiwan during 1998. As EV71 appears not to be susceptible to newly developed antiviral agents and a vaccine is not currently available, control of EV71 epidemics through high-level surveillance and public health intervention needs to be maintained and extended throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Future research should focus on (1) understanding the molecular genetics of EV71 virulence, (2) identification of the receptor(s) for EV71, (3) development of antiviral agents to ameliorate the severity of neurological disease and (4) vaccine development to control epidemics. Following the successful experience of the poliomyelitis control programme, it may be possible to control EV71 epidemics if an effective live-attenuated vaccine is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C McMinn
- Division of Virology, TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
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29
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Manayani DJ, Cherian T, Murali N, Finny GJ, Green J, Brown D, Ravi V, Abraham M, Sridharan G. Evaluation of a one-tube RT-PCR system for detection of enteroviruses. J Clin Virol 2002; 24:25-30. [PMID: 11744425 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(01)00234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A highly sensitive PCR assay for early and rapid detection of enteroviral (EV) RNA in CSF is necessary to investigate the role of EV in acute neurological illnesses. OBJECTIVES To evaluate and compare two PCR protocols (Titan one-tube RT-PCR and random primed RT-PCR) for detection of enteroviral RNA in CSF. STUDY DESIGN The PCR protocols were evaluated for lower limit of input detection using log dilutions of five stock EV strains and an isolate of enterovirus-71 in minimum essential medium and three EV stock strains in CSF. The tests were also applied on 77 CSF samples, 46 from patients with suspected acute EV neurological illness and 31 from 'disease controls'. RESULTS Even though in the initial virus titration assays there was no statistically significant difference in the limit of input detection by Titan system and the random primed two-step PCR, the latter had a higher positivity rate when used on CSF samples from patients (20/46 vs. 10/46, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Random primed RT-PCR assay is superior to Titan one-tube RT-PCR for detection of EV RNA in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darly Joseph Manayani
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore 632004, India
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30
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Yan JJ, Su IJ, Chen PF, Liu CC, Yu CK, Wang JR. Complete genome analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from an outbreak in Taiwan and rapid identification of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 by RT-PCR. J Med Virol 2001; 65:331-9. [PMID: 11536241 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and encephalomyelitis were two major clinical manifestations during the 1998 enterovirus 71 (EV71) epidemic in Taiwan. To investigate whether different clinical patterns were caused by alterations in EV71 genomes, the complete nucleotide sequences of four EV71 strains associated with HFMD or encephalomyelitis were compared. Among these viral strains, two or three nucleotide differences were found within the 5'-noncoding region, and two or four amino acid differences were found within the regions encoding viral polyproteins; however, none of these differences were correlated with either clinical manifestation. Because coxsackievirus A16 was another major causative agent of HFMD, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, with high sensitivity and specificity for identification of EV71 (both 100%) and coxsackievirus A16 (100 and 98.8%), was developed for the rapid differential identification of these two viruses in HFMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Yan
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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31
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Yu CK, Chen CC, Chen CL, Wang JR, Liu CC, Yan JJ, Su IJ. Neutralizing antibody provided protection against enterovirus type 71 lethal challenge in neonatal mice. J Biomed Sci 2000; 7:523-8. [PMID: 11060501 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental infection with enterovirus type 71 (EV71) induced death in neonatal mice in an age- and dose-dependent manner. The mortality rate was 100% following intraperitoneal inoculation 1-day-old ICR mice and this gradually decreased as the age at the time of inoculation increased (60% in 3-day-old mice and no deaths occurred in mice older than 6 days of age). A lethal dose greater than 10(8) PFU was necessary. Lethargy, failure to gain weight, rear limb tremors and paralysis were observed in the infected mice before death. EV71 was isolated from various tissues of the dead mice. Using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique with a specific primer pair, a 332-bp product was detected in the tissues that produced a culture positive for EV71. Protection against EV71 challenge in neonatal mice was demonstrated following passive transfer of serum from actively immunized adult mice 1 day after inoculation with the virus. Pups from hyperimmune dams were resistant to EV71 challenge. Additionally, maternal immunization with a formalin-inactivated whole-virus vaccine prolonged the survival of pups after EV71 lethal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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32
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Singh S, Chow VT, Chan KP, Ling AE, Poh CL. RT-PCR, nucleotide, amino acid and phylogenetic analyses of enterovirus type 71 strains from Asia. J Virol Methods 2000; 88:193-204. [PMID: 10960707 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A specific and sensitive method based on RT-PCR was developed to detect enterovirus 71 (EV71) from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease, myocarditis, aseptic meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis. RT-PCR primers from conserved parts of the VP1 capsid gene were designed on the basis of good correlation with sequences of EV71 strains. These primers successfully amplified 44 strains of EV71 including 34 strains isolated from Singapore in 1997 and 1998, eight strains from Malaysia isolated in 1997 and 1998, one Japanese strain and the neurovirulent strain EV71/7423/MS/87. RT-PCR of 30 strains of other enteroviruses including coxsackievirus A and B, and echoviruses failed to give any positive amplicons. Hence, RT-PCR with these primers showed 100% correlation with serotyping. Direct sequencing of the RT-PCR products of 20 EV71 strains revealed a distinct cluster with two major subgroups, thus enabling genetic typing of the viruses. The genetic heterogeneity of these strains culminated in amino acid substitutions within the VP1, VP2 and VP3 regions. The sequencing of a 2.9 kb fragment comprising the capsid region and the major part of 5' UTR of two Singapore strains revealed that they belonged to a group distinct from the prototype EV71/BrCr strain and the EV71/7423/MS/87 strain. The dendrogram generated from 341 bp fragments within the VP1 region revealed that the strains of Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan belong to two entirely different EV71 genogroups, distinct from the three genogroups identified in another recent study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- Programme in Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597
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33
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Shih SR, Ho MS, Lin KH, Wu SL, Chen YT, Wu CN, Lin TY, Chang LY, Tsao KC, Ning HC, Chang PY, Jung SM, Hsueh C, Chang KS. Genetic analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from fatal and non-fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic in Taiwan, 1998. Virus Res 2000; 68:127-36. [PMID: 10958984 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A large scale outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) occurred in Taiwan in 1998, in which more than 80 children died of shock syndrome with pulmonary edema/hemorrhage. Enterovirus 71 was implicated as the cause of this outbreak. In order to understand the virological basis responsible for mortality on this scale, nucleotide sequences of VP1 that is important for serotypic specificity, and the 5'-non-coding region (5'-NCR) that is important for replication efficiency, were analyzed comparatively. Phylogenetic analysis of both VP1 and 5'-NCR of nine EV71 isolates derived from specimens of fatal patients and seven isolates derived from uncomplicated HFMD patients showed that all but one isolate fell into genotype B. The one distinct isolate from a case of uncomplicated HFMD belonged to genotype C that was clustered along with one isolate from Taiwan in 1986. Complete sequence analysis of two selected isolates, one from the spinal cord of a fatal case and one from the vesicle fluid of a patient with mild HFMD, confirmed a high degree (97-100%) of identity in nucleotide sequence throughout the entire genome, except focal regions of 3C and 3'-NCR where the nucleotide homology was 90-91%. The identity of the deduced amino acid sequence in the 3C region that encodes viral proteinase dropped further to 86%, a result of missense mutations at the first nucleotide position of many codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Shih
- School of Medical Technology, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hua 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, 333, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
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34
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Shih SR, Li YS, Chiou CC, Suen PC, Lin TY, Chang LY, Huang YC, Tsao KC, Ning HC, Wu TZ, Chan EC. Expression of capsid [correction of caspid] protein VP1 for use as antigen for the diagnosis of enterovirus 71 infection. J Med Virol 2000; 61:228-34. [PMID: 10797379 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200006)61:2<228::aid-jmv9>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To produce enterovirus 71 antigen for diagnostic purposes, the gene encoding the entire capsid protein VP1 was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a poly-histidine fusion protein. Western blotting experiments with sera from patients with enterovirus 71 infection indicated that immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies bound to a single polypeptide VP1. According to these results, IgM anti-VP1 appeared in sera of patients with a symptomatic enterovirus 71 acute infection, whereas IgG anti-VP1 was present in sera of past infection. This finding suggests that detecting IgG and IgM immune responses against linear epitopes of recombinant VP1 is an effective means of determining the different phases of enterovirus 71 infection. In addition, sera containing coxsackie virus 16 (CA16) antibodies did not cross-react with the recombinant VP1 of enterovirus 71, despite the homology between VP1 proteins of both viruses. Comparison with reference PCR and neutralization assays showed these antibody tests to be appropriate for the serodiagnosis of enterovirus 71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Shih
- School of Medical Technology, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
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35
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Abubakar S, Chee HY, Shafee N, Chua KB, Lam SK. Molecular detection of enteroviruses from an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia in 1997. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1999; 31:331-5. [PMID: 10528868 DOI: 10.1080/00365549950163734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 5'UTR sequences were detected by RT-PCR in 22 out of 47 suspected hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) patients during an outbreak of the disease with incidences of fatal brainstem encephalomyelitis in Malaysia in 1997. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the isolates 5'UTR sequences suggest the presence of predominantly enteroviruses with high sequence similarities to Echovirus 1 and Coxsackievirus A9 in the Malaysian peninsula. No fatal cases, however, were associated with these isolates. The remaining isolates, including all (4/4) isolates of the fatal cases from the Malaysian peninsula and Sarawak shared very high sequence identity with enterovirus 71MS (EV71). These findings suggest that several enteroviruses were circulating in Malaysia during the outbreak period, with only EV71 causing fatal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abubakar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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36
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AbuBakar S, Chee HY, Al-Kobaisi MF, Xiaoshan J, Chua KB, Lam SK. Identification of enterovirus 71 isolates from an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) with fatal cases of encephalomyelitis in Malaysia. Virus Res 1999; 61:1-9. [PMID: 10426204 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen enterovirus 71 (EV71) isolates were obtained from both fatal and non-fatal infections of patients seen in Peninsula Malaysia and in Sarawak during an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Malaysia in 1997, with incidences of fatal brainstem encephalomyelitis. The isolates were identified using immunofluorescence staining, neutralization assays, and partial sequencing of the 5' untranslated regions (UTR). Assessment of the potential genetic relationships of the isolates using the partial 5'UTR sequences suggested clustering of the isolates into at least two main clusters. Isolates from Peninsula Malaysia were found in both clusters whereas Sarawak-derived isolates clustered only in cluster II. Isolates derived from fatal infections, however, occurred in both clusters and no distinctive nucleotide sequences could be attributed to the fatal isolates. Examination of the nucleotide sequences revealed at least 13 nucleotide positions in all the isolates which differ completely from the previously reported EV71 5'UTR sequences. In addition, at least 11 nucleotide position differences within the 5'UTR were noted which differentiated cluster I from cluster II. Predicted secondary RNA structures drawn using the nucleotide sequences also suggested differences between isolates from the two clusters. These findings suggest the presence of at least two potentially virulent EV71 co-circulating in Malaysia during the 1997 HFMD outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- S AbuBakar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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37
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Komatsu H, Shimizu Y, Takeuchi Y, Ishiko H, Takada H. Outbreak of severe neurologic involvement associated with Enterovirus 71 infection. Pediatr Neurol 1999; 20:17-23. [PMID: 10029254 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-8994(98)00087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 has been associated with several outbreaks, as well as sporadic cases, of central nervous system infection and has a worldwide distribution. Seven children with encephalitis and five with aseptic meningitis caused by Enterovirus 71 were seen at Otsu Municipal Hospital during the summer of 1997. The infections were confirmed serologically, although detection of the viral genome in cerebrospinal fluid was unsuccessful. Seven children were diagnosed as having hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome, two were diagnosed as having herpangina, and three patients younger than 12 months old developed no eruptions. The skin or mucosal manifestations of this outbreak demonstrated considerable variation. The Enterovirus 71 strain that caused the outbreak had a strong neurovirulent tendency. Among the patients with encephalitis, symptoms originating from the impairment of diencephalon were seen in four patients, and those originating from cerebellar impairment were seen in two patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging in one patient revealed an abnormality in the pons. The neurologic manifestations associated with Enterovirus 71 infection may be characterized by involvement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon. Enterovirus 71 is one of the pathogenic viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome, as well as a variety of other clinical manifestations. The most important of these is neurologic disease, especially in infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Otsu Municipal Hospital, Shiga, Japan
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38
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Muir P, Kämmerer U, Korn K, Mulders MN, Pöyry T, Weissbrich B, Kandolf R, Cleator GM, van Loon AM. Molecular typing of enteroviruses: current status and future requirements. The European Union Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11:202-27. [PMID: 9457433 PMCID: PMC121380 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.11.1.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses have traditionally been typed according to neutralization serotype. This procedure is limited by the difficulty in culturing some enteroviruses, the availability of antisera for serotyping, and the cost and technical complexity of serotyping procedures. Furthermore, the impact of information derived from enterovirus serotyping is generally perceived to be low. Enteroviruses are now increasingly being detected by PCR rather than by culture. Classical typing methods will therefore no longer be possible in most instances. An alternative means of enterovirus typing, employing PCR in conjunction with molecular genetic techniques such as nucleotide sequencing or nucleic acid hybridization, would complement molecular diagnosis, may overcome some of the problems associated with serotyping, and would provide additional information regarding the epidemiology and biological properties of enteroviruses. We argue the case for developing a molecular typing system, discuss the genetic basis of such a system, review the literature describing attempts to identify or classify enteroviruses by molecular methods, and suggest ways in which the goal of molecular typing may be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muir
- Department of Virology, United Medical School of Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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39
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Zheng ZM, He P, Baker CC. Selection of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 nucleotide 3225 3' splice site is regulated through an exonic splicing enhancer and its juxtaposed exonic splicing suppressor. J Virol 1996; 70:4691-9. [PMID: 8676495 PMCID: PMC190405 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.7.4691-4699.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is an important mechanism for the regulation of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) gene expression during the virus life cycle. However, one 3' splice site, located at nucleotide (nt) 3225, is used for the processing of most BPV-1 pre-mRNAs in BPV-1-transformed C127 cells and at early to intermediate times in productively infected warts. At late stages of the viral life cycle, an alternative 3' splice site at nt 3605 is used for the processing of the late pre-mRNA. In this study, we used in vitro splicing in HeLa cell nuclear extracts to identify cis elements which regulate BPV-1 3' splice site selection. Two purine-rich exonic splicing enhancers were identified downstream of nt 3225. These sequences, designated SE1 (nt 3256 to 3305) and SE2 (nt 3477 to 3526), were shown to strongly stimulate the splicing of a chimeric Drosophila doublesex pre-mRNA, which contains a weak 3' splice site. A BPV-1 late pre-mRNA containing the nt 3225 3' splice site but lacking both SE1 and SE2 was spliced poorly, indicating that this 3' splice site is inherently weak. Analysis of the 3' splice site suggested that this feature is due to both a nonconsensus branch point sequence and a suboptimal polypyrimidine tract. Addition of SE1 to the late pre-mRNA dramatically stimulated splicing, indicating that SE1 also functions as an exonic splicing enhancer in its normal context. However, a late pre-mRNA containing both SE1 and SE2 as well as the sequence in between was spliced inefficiently. Further mapping studies demonstrated that a 48-nt pyrimidine-rich region immediately downstream of SE1 was responsible for this suppression of splicing. Thus, these data suggest that selection of the BPV-1 nt 3225 3' splice site is regulated by both positive and negative exonic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Zheng
- Laboratory of Tumor Virus Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5055, USA
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