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Phoon WH, Bell-Sakyi L, AbuBakar S, Chang LY. Experimental infection of tick cells with Nipah virus. Trop Biomed 2023; 40:29-36. [PMID: 37356001 DOI: 10.47665/tb.40.1.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae, which causes fatal encephalitis in 40-70% of affected patients, was first reported in Malaysia over 20 years ago. Pteropid bats are the natural hosts of henipaviruses, and ticks have been proposed as a possible link between bats and mammalian hosts. To investigate this hypothesis, infection of the tick cell line IDE8 with NiV was examined. Presence of viral RNA and antigen in the NiV-infected tick cells was confirmed. Infectious virions were recovered from NiV-infected tick cells and ultrastructural features of NiV were observed by electron microscopy. These results suggest that ticks could support NiV infection, potentially playing a role in transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Phoon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - L Bell-Sakyi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, United Kingdom
| | - S AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - L Y Chang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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2
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Cheng LH, Zhang HM, Zhou JF, Luo FX, Luo PP, Chang LY, Tian RR. [Correlation between fluid parameter and cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients based on repeated body composition analyses]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2023; 103:566-571. [PMID: 36822867 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20220907-01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the correlation between fluid load index and cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients based on repeated body composition analyses. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted to collect the clinical data of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) in the Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July to September 2020. The pre-dialysis fluid overload (FO) index-overhydration (OH) was measured by bioelectrical impedance method, and the follow-up monitoring was conducted every 6 months. According to the baseline OH value, patients were divided into non-FO group (OH≤2.5 L) and FO group (OH>2.5 L). Moreover, according to the repeated measurements, the patients were divided into continuous non-FO group, continuous FO group and intermittent FO group. All patients were followed up until October 1, 2022, and the outcomes were recorded. The end point of follow-up was cardiovascular events. The cumulative incidence of cardiovascular events was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the risk factors of cardiovascular events were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: A total of 289 patients were included, including 88 patients (30.4%) with FO and 201 patients (69.6%) with non-FO. There were 168 males (58.1%) and 121 (41.9%) females, with an average age of (58±13) years and an average follow-up time of (22.0±6.5) months. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the incidence of cardiovascular events in the baseline FO group was higher than that in the non-FO group (log-rank χ2=14.44, P<0.001). The incidence of cardiovascular events in both the continuous FO group and the intermittent FO group was higher than that in the continuous non-FO group (log-rank χ2=41.47, P<0.001; log-rank χ2=18.36, P<0.001). After adjustment for gender, age, comorbidities, and biochemical indicators, the incidence of cardiovascular events in the baseline FO group was 1.850 times of the non-FO group (95%CI: 1.046-3.271, P=0.034). The incidence of cardiovascular events in the continuous FO group was 4.679 times of the continuous non-FO group (95%CI: 2.189-10.002, P<0.001). The incidence of cardiovascular events in the intermittent FO group was 3.410 times of the continuous non-FO group (95%CI: 1.696-6.857, P=0.001). Conclusions: OH value measured by bioelectrical impedance can be used as an important reference index for clinical monitoring of cardiovascular events in MHD patients. Continuous chronic and intermittent exposures to FO are risk factors for cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - H M Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - J F Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - F X Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - P P Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - L Y Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - R R Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310007, China
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3
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Hao E, Chang LY, Wang DH, Chen YF, Huang RI, Chen H. Dietary Supplementation with Ferula Improves Productive Performance, Serum Levels of Reproductive Hormones, and Reproductive Gene Expression in Aged Laying Hens. Braz J Poult Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Hao
- Hebei Agricultural University, China
| | - LY Chang
- Hebei Agricultural University, China
| | - DH Wang
- Hebei Agricultural University, China
| | - YF Chen
- Hebei Agricultural University, China
| | - RI Huang
- Hebei Agricultural University, China
| | - H Chen
- Hebei Agricultural University, China
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Chiang TL, Chiang WL, Chang LY. Urbanization, Poverty and Child Health: Findings from Taiwan Birth Cohort. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
We are living in an urban age. This study aims to examine whether living in big cities can be of help to reduce the health gap between the rich and poor children.
Methods
Data for the analysis came from the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study with a nationally representative sample of 18,814 children who completed the first (6-month) and eighth (12-year) waves of household interview survey. Poverty was defined as parental income below US$1,000 per month. Residence area was grouped into two groups: big city and non-big city; big city was defined as a national or provincial city. Children's health at age 12 was rated by mothers and divided into two groups: poor and non-poor. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the joint effect of urbanization and poverty on children's health.
Results
We found that children who lived in poverty were more likely to have poor health than those who did not live in poverty (28.2% v 19.9%). When children were grouped according to the combination of residence at age of 6 months and 12 years old, we found that the prevalence of poor health at age 12 was the highest for poor children who lived continuously in big city (35.8%), followed by poor children who moved to big city (30.0%), poor children who lived continuously in non-big city (26.7%) and poor children who left big city (25.0%). Importantly, the prevalence of poor health for non-poor children was much lower and varied less across different residence groups, ranging from 19.7% to 21.4%. The interaction of poverty and urbanization on children's health was statistically significant (p < 0.05) in multiple logistic regression analysis.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that living in big cities be detriment to the health of children in poverty and widen the health gap between rich and poor children. Thus it is extremely important to shape urbanization for children, particularly for poor children.
Key messages
The poor children who live in big cities are more likely to have the worst health. We shall pay attention to the joint effect of urbanization and poverty on children’s health in order to reduce health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Chiang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W L Chiang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L Y Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ngui R, Hassan NA, Chang LY, Teh SJC, Chua KH, Kee BP, Hoe SZ, Lim YAL. Toxoplasma gondii infection among selected indigenous community in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:155-164. [PMID: 33612726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis in humans. To date, little is known about T. gondii infection among the indigenous community, particularly in East Malaysia. This study was conducted to determine the status of T. gondii infection and to investigate associated risk factors among the indigenous community of Sarawak, East Malaysia. The sociodemographic data was obtained using a pretested questionnaire. A serological test was done to detect the presence of specific IgM and IgG antibodies against T. gondii in serum samples. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine acute infection among seropositive individuals. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 50% (95% CI = 43.3 - 56.7). From this subset, 40.1%, 5.7%, and 4.2% were positive for anti-T. Gondii IgG antibodies, IgM, and both IgG and IgM, respectively. Four seropositive samples were amplified through PCR. None of the pregnant women tested positive for T. gondii infection based on the serological and PCR assays. A significant association was found between age, low monthly household income, unemployment, usage of untreated water and close contact with T. gondii seropositive cats. These results provide basic information on T. gondii infection and may be useful for policymakers to initiate prevention and control programs, especially amongst pregnant women and women of childbearing age in the indigenous community.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N A Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - L Y Chang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S J C Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - B P Kee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Z Hoe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zhang YM, Wu QM, Chang LY, Liu JC. miR-34a and miR-125a-5p inhibit proliferation and metastasis but induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via repressing the MACC1-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Neoplasma 2020; 67:1042-1053. [DOI: 10.4149/neo_2020_191019n1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Wang HX, Lü PJ, Yue SW, Chang LY, Li Y, Zhao HP, Li WR, Gao JB. [Combined use of wide-detector and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V technique in abdominal CT with low radiation dose]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018; 97:3567-3572. [PMID: 29275597 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.45.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the image quality and radiation dose with wide-detector(80 mm) and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V (ASIR-V) technique at abdominal contrast enhanced CT scan. Methods: In the first phantom experiment part, the percentage of ASIR-V for half dose of combined wide detector with ASIR-V technique as compared with standard-detector (40 mm) technique was determined. The human experiment was performed based on the phantom study, 160 patients underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan were prospectively collected and divided into the control group (n=40) with image reconstruction using 40% ASIR (group A) and the study group (n=120) with random number table. According to pre-ASIR-V percentage, the study group was assigned into three groups[40 cases in each group, group B: 0 pre-ASIR-V scan with image reconstruction of 0-100% post-ASIR-V (interval 10%, subgroups B0-B10); group C: 20% pre-ASIR-V with 20%, 40% and 60% post-ASIR-V (subgroups C1-C3); group D: 40%pre-ASIR-V with 40% and 60% post-ASIR-V (subgroups D1-D2)]. Image noise, CT attenuation values and CNR of the liver, pancreas, aorta and portal vein were compared by using two sample t test and One-way ANOVA. Qualitative visual parameters (overall image quality as graded on a 5-point scale) was compared by Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results: The phantom experiment showed that the percentage of pre-ASIR-V for half dose was 40%. With the 40% pre-ASIR-V, radiation dose in the study group was reduced by 35.5% as compared with the control group. Image noise in the subgroups of B2-B10, C2-C3 and D1-D2 were lower (t=-14.681--3.046, all P<0.05) while CNR in the subgroups of B4-B10, C2-3 and D1-D2 were higher(t=2.048-9.248, all P<0.05)than those in group A, except the CNR of liver in the arterial phase (AP) in C2, D1 and D2 and the CNR of pancreas in AP in D1 (t=0.574-1.327, all P>0.05). The subjective image quality scores increased gradually in the range of 0-60% post-ASIR-V and decreased with post-ASIR-V larger than 70%. The overall image quality of subgroup B3-B8, C2-C3 and D1-D2 were higher than that in group A (Z=-2.229--6.533, all P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with stand-detector together with ASIR technique, wide-detector combined with 40% pre-ASIR-V technique with 60% post-ASIR-V image reconstruction can reduce radiation dose while maintain good overall image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Wang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Huang HY, Cai KB, Chang LY, Chen PW, Lin TN, Lin CAJ, Shen JL, Talite MJ, Chou WC, Yuan CT. Eco-friendly luminescent solar concentrators with low reabsorption losses and resistance to concentration quenching based on aqueous-solution-processed thiolate-gold nanoclusters. Nanotechnology 2017; 28:375702. [PMID: 28682300 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7e1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heavy-metal-containing quantum dots (QDs) with engineered electronic states have been served as luminophores in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) with impressive optical efficiency. Unfortunately, those QDs involve toxic elements and need to be synthesized in a hazardous solvent. Recently, biocompatible, eco-friendly gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), which can be directly synthesized in an aqueous solution, have gained much attention for promising applications in 'green photonics'. Here, we explored the solid-state photophysical properties of aqueous-solution-processed, glutathione-stabilized gold nanoclusters (GSH-AuNCs) with a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) state for developing 'green' LSCs. We found that such GSH-AuNCs exhibit a large Stokes shift with almost no spectral overlap between the optical absorption and PL emission due to the LMCT states, thus, suppressing reabsorption losses. Compared with GSH-AuNCs in solution, the photoluminescence quantum yields (PL-QYs) of the LSCs can be enhanced, accompanied with a lengthened PL lifetime owing to the suppression of non-radiative recombination rates. In addition, the LSCs do not suffer from severe concentration-induced PL quenching, which is a common weakness for conventional luminophores. As a result, a common trade-off between light-harvesting efficiency and solid-state PL-QYs can be bypassed due to nearly-zero spectral overlap integral between the optical absorption and PL emission. We expect that GSH-AuNCs hold great promise for serving as luminophores for 'green' LSCs by further enhancing solid-state PL-QYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Huang
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Khoo JJ, Lim FS, Tan KK, Chen FS, Phoon WH, Khor CS, Pike BL, Chang LY, AbuBakar S. Detection in Malaysia of a Borrelia sp. From Haemaphysalis hystricis (Ixodida: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 2017; 54:1444-1448. [PMID: 28874019 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spirochetes from the Borrelia genus are known to cause diseases in humans, namely Lyme disease and relapsing fever. These organisms are commonly transmitted to humans by arthropod vectors including ticks, mite, and lice. Here, we report the molecular detection of a Borrelia sp. from a Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino tick collected from wildlife in an Orang Asli settlement in Selangor, Malaysia. Phylogenetic analyses of partial 16s rRNA and flaB gene sequences revealed that the Borrelia sp. is closely related to the relapsing fever group borreliae, Borrelia lonestari, Borrelia miyamotoi, and Borrelia theileri, as well as a number of uncharacterized Borrelia sp. from ticks in Portugal and Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Borrelia sp. detected in H. hystricis, and in Malaysia. The zoonotic potential of this Borrelia sp. merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Khoo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - F S Lim
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - K K Tan
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - F S Chen
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - W H Phoon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - C S Khor
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - B L Pike
- Naval Medical Research Center-Asia (NMRC-A), Singapore
| | - L Y Chang
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - S AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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Chang LY, Toghiani S, Aggrey SE, Rekaya R. 185 Increasing accuracy of genomic selection in presence of high density marker panels through the prioritization of relevant polymorphisms. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Toghiani S, Chang LY, Aggrey SE, Rekaya R. 186 A hybrid of prioritized SNP and polygenetic effect method for implementation of genomic selection. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Zhao XT, Yue SW, Cheng Q, Liu P, Chang LY, Zhao XX, Liang P. [CT findings of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of different pathological types]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 97:43-46. [PMID: 28056290 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the computed tomography(CT) features of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor(IMT) in different pathological types, and improve the diagnostic level of this disease. Methods: The CT features of 29 cases pathologically confirmed IMTs were retrospectively reviewed along with a literature review to analyze the CT features and pathological correlations, and three kinds of pathological classification of IMT in patients with gender , shape, boundary and location were respectively analyzed by Chi-Square test. Results: The age ranges from 2 to 78 years.There were 7 cases of mucinous blood vessel type and 13 cases of spindle cell type and 9 cases of fiber type.Immunohistochemically, Vimentin (22/29) and SMA (28/29) were positive in all the cases, ALK (4/29) and CD-67(6/29) were partly positive expression, other markers such as S-100 were negative expression.The Chi-Square test showed that there were statistically differences in the gender of the patients. Conclusion: The CT and clinical features differ according to pathological types of IMT. Its final diagnosis still needs to be combined with pathology and immunohistochemistry result. In all, CT has a role in assessing the extension of IMT and especially about the relationship with adjacent organs which can effectively direct the establishment of clinical treating scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- X T Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Chang LY, Toghiani S, Aggrey SE, Rekaya R. 0297 High density marker panels, SNPs prioritizing and accuracy of genomic selection. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Toghiani S, Chang LY, Aggrey SE, Rekaya R. 0300 SNP filtering using Fst and implications for genome wide association and phenotype prediction. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Rice is globally the most important food crop, feeding approximately half of the world’s population, especially in Asia where around half of the world’s poorest people live. Thus, advanced spatiotemporal information of rice crop yield during crop growing season is critically important for crop management and national food policy making. The main objective of this study was to develop an approach to integrate remotely sensed data into a crop simulation model (DSSAT) for rice yield estimation in Taiwan. The data assimilation was processed to integrate biophysical parameters into DSSAT model for rice yield estimation using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The cost function was constructed based on the differences between the simulated leaf area index (LAI) and MODIS LAI, and the optimization process starts from an initial parameterization and accordingly adjusts parameters (e.g., planting date, planting population, and fertilizer amount) in the crop simulation model. The fitness value obtained from the cost function determined whether the optimization algorithm had reached the optimum input parameters using a user-defined tolerance. The results of yield estimation compared with the government’s yield statistics indicated the root mean square error (RMSE) of 11.7% and mean absolute error of 9.7%, respectively. This study demonstrated the applicability of satellite data assimilation into a crop simulation model for rice yield estimation, and the approach was thus proposed for crop yield monitoring purposes in the study region.
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Lin HW, Lin CH, Chang CK, Chou CY, Chao PT, Hsu CN, Chang LY, Hsieh YW, Hung JS, Huang WL, Cho DY. Trends of Hypnotic Medication Use in A 2000-Bed Medical Center in Taiwan. Value Health 2014; 17:A721. [PMID: 27202554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H W Lin
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C H Lin
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C K Chang
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C Y Chou
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - P T Chao
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C N Hsu
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - L Y Chang
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Y W Hsieh
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - J S Hung
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - W L Huang
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - D Y Cho
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Tenderness is the one of the most important attributes of beef with regards to the intent of consumers to repurchase. Beef tenderness is frequently measured objectively as Warner-Bratzler shear force. However, to better understand the genetics underlying tenderness, better descriptors were derived herein. Two traits, adjusted shear force and aging rate, were calculated to incorporate measures of Warner-Bratzler shear force repeated over aging time of 2 muscles, longissimus dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST). Analysis of these traits indicated that the shear forces of the 2 muscles are lowly correlated and aging rate, as calculated, was not correlated with adjusted shear force. Breed, SNP, and QTL effects were analyzed for the 4 traits (2 traits × 2 muscles). For adjusted shear force, the QTL were located on cattle chromosomes BTA 5, 18, 25, and 29. With the exception of the QTL on BTA 5, the adjusted shear force QTL were observed for either the LD or the ST but not both muscles. The QTL for aging rate were located on BTA 1, 4, 7, 11, 13, 19, and 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Chang
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, South Australia, 5371 Australia
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Dwyer C, Lazar S, Chang LY, Etheridge J. Image formation in the scanning transmission electron microscope using object-conjugate detectors. Acta Crystallogr A 2012; 68:196-207. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311051592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
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Yang KT, Lin CC, Chang LY. A program to interest medical students in Changhua, Taiwan in the incorporation of visual arts in medicine. Educ Health (Abingdon) 2011; 24:563. [PMID: 22267351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visual arts have been used to facilitate the teaching of the United States Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies used in some countries. Some medical students may not appreciate the usefulness of incorporating arts in medical education. Therefore, arts programs that can interest medical students are necessary. We initiated and evaluated a visual arts program at the Changhua Christian Hospital in Changhua, Taiwan, with an aim to give the students a short review of visual arts and to interest them in the incorporation of arts in medicine. METHODS A total of 110 students in clerkship or internship participated in a visual arts program with emphasis on medicine-related visual arts. Content analysis of the data from the notes made by the instructor from direct observation of students; descriptions during discussions and the written feedback from students at the end of the program was used to evaluate the effect of the program. Anonymous questionnaires were also used for self-assessment of students. RESULTS Qualitative analysis of the data revealed that the course was interesting to students. Themes emerged including its helpfulness to students in interpreting paintings, enhanced empathy, increased cultural awareness, enhanced observational skills, better team work, listening and communication skills and reduced stress. Ratings on the questionnaire showed similar results. Moreover, students had an increase in their confidence and desire to interpret paintings. CONCLUSION The structured visual arts program, with emphasis on medicine-related visual arts and other humanities subjects, was able to attract the attention of medical students. It might be helpful to improve the required skills of ACGME competencies, but further studies are needed to support these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Yang
- The Center for Medical Humanities, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
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Lin T, Liu JC, Chang LY, Shen CW. Association between coronary artery calcification using low-dose MDCT coronary angiography and bone mineral density in middle-aged men and women. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:627-34. [PMID: 20552331 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Six hundred sixty-one participants who had at least one cardiac risk factor but were without known coronary heart disease underwent low-dose multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography (MDCT-CA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The association between presence of subclinical coronary calcified plaque and low bone mineral density for the middle-aged individual was not significant after multivariate adjustment. INTRODUCTION Results of previous clinical studies assessing the relationship between osteoporosis and coronary calcification are inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the association between subclinical coronary calcification and osteoporosis in middle-aged men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women by using low-dose MDCT-CA and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS This study enrolled 661 participants with at least one cardiac risk factor but without known coronary artery disease (CAD). All subjects underwent low-dose MDCT-CA and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry on the same day. RESULTS The mean age was 52.2 years for men, 44.8 years for premenopausal women, and 59.1 years for postmenopausal women. The prevalence of calcified plaques between men with normal BMD and low BMD at lumbar spine were significantly different (P=0.042). The prevalence of mixed plaque and calcified plaque between pre- and postmenopausal women with normal BMD and low BMD at lumbar spine and femoral neck were not significantly different (P>0.05). Possible association between lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total proximal femur BMD and the presence of CAP was evaluated for men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women using multivariate logistic regression analysis: results were not significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that the association between the presence of subclinical coronary calcification and low BMD among middle-aged men and women was not significant after controlling for age and other risk factors for CAD and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Ryugo DK, Baker CA, Montey KL, Chang LY, Coco A, Fallon JB, Shepherd RK. Synaptic plasticity after chemical deafening and electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in cats. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:1046-63. [PMID: 20127807 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of deafness on brain structure and function have been studied using animal models of congenital deafness that include surgical ablation of the organ of Corti, acoustic trauma, ototoxic drugs, and hereditary deafness. This report describes the morphologic plasticity of auditory nerve synapses in response to ototoxic deafening and chronic electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Normal kittens were deafened by neonatal administration of neomycin that eliminated auditory receptor cells. Some of these cats were raised deaf, whereas others were chronically implanted with cochlear electrodes at 2 months of age and electrically stimulated for up to 12 months. The large endings of the auditory nerve, endbulbs of Held, were studied because they hold a key position in the timing pathway for sound localization, are readily identifiable, and exhibit deafness-associated abnormalities. Compared with those of normal hearing cats, synapses of ototoxically deafened cats displayed expanded postsynaptic densities, a 35.4% decrease in synaptic vesicle (SV) density, and a reduction in the somatic size of spherical bushy cells (SBCs). In comparison with normal hearing cats, ototoxically deafened cats that received cochlear stimulation had endbulbs that expressed postsynaptic densities (PSDs) that were statistically identical in size, showed a 48.1% reduction in SV density, and whose target SBCs had a 25.5% reduction in soma area. These results demonstrate that electrical stimulation via a cochlear implant in chemically deafened cats preserves PSD size but not other aspects of synapse morphology. This determination further suggests that the effects of ototoxic deafness are not identical to those of hereditary deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Ryugo
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Palmer D, McLoughlin J, Creson D, Chang LY, Barber R, Martin-Cooke K, Diaz-Arrastia R, Levine BD, Zhang R. "Living High-Training Low" Improves Exercise Capacity in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000385542.36993.b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lu TW, Hsu HC, Chang LY, Chen HL. Enhancing the examiner’s resisting force improves the reliability of manual muscle strength measurements: Comparison of a new device with hand-held dynamometry. J Rehabil Med 2007; 39:679-84. [DOI: 10.2340/16501977-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Barber RC, Chang LY, Purdue GF, Hunt JL, Arnoldo BD, Aragaki CC, Horton JW. Detecting genetic predisposition for complicated clinical outcomes after burn injury. Burns 2006; 32:821-7. [PMID: 17005325 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, septic shock and organ failure are common among patients with moderate to severe burns. The inability of demographic and clinical factors to identify patients at high risk for such complications suggests that genetic variation may influence clinical outcome. Moreover, the genetic predisposition to death from infection has been estimated to be greater than for cardiovascular disease or cancer . While it is widely accepted that genetic factors influence many complex disease processes, controversy has emerged regarding the most appropriate methods for detection and even the validity of many published allelic associations . This article will review the few studies of genetic predisposition that have been conducted in the setting of burn injury, then discuss some of the obstacles and potential approaches for the discovery of additional allelic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Barber
- Department of Surgery, Burn Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Lovely GR, Brown AP, Brydson R, Kirkland AI, Meyer RR, Chang LY, Jefferson DA, Falke M, Bleloch A. HREM of the {111} surfaces of iron oxide nanoparticles. Micron 2006; 37:389-95. [PMID: 16563776 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mixed phase Fe3O4-gamma-Fe2O3 (magnetite-maghemite) iron oxide nanoparticles have been fabricated by colloidal routes. HRTEM/HRSTEM images of the nanoparticles show the presence of [111] facets that terminate with enhanced contrast, which is shown to be caused by the presence of additional cations at the edges of the nanoparticles. HRTEM images were taken on a FEI CM200 FEGTEM, a JEOL 3100 with a LaB6 source, and a double aberration corrected JEOL-JEM 2200FS FEGTEM. The enhanced contrast effect was observed on the [111] surface atomic layers resolved using each machine. HRSTEM images, taken on an aberration corrected STEM, resolved enhanced contrast at specific surface sites. Exit wave reconstruction was also carried out on focal series taken on a double aberration corrected JEOL-JEM 2200FS and showed similar highly resolved enhanced contrast at specific surface cation sites. It is apparent that additional cations are occupying the [111] terminating layers of these nanoparticle surfaces. The use of different microscopes and techniques in this paper provides strong evidence that the enhanced contrast is a real effect and not an effect caused by microscope aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Lovely
- Institute for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Chang LY, Kirkland AI, Titchmarsh JM. On the importance of fifth-order spherical aberration for a fully corrected electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2006; 106:301-6. [PMID: 16309838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 08/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Next generation aberration correctors will not only eliminate the third-order spherical aberration, but also improve the information limit by correction of chromatic aberration. As a result of these improvements, higher order aberrations, which have largely been neglected in image analysis, will become important. In this paper, we concern ourselves with situations where sub-A resolution can be achieved, and where the third-order spherical aberration is corrected and the fifth-order spherical aberration is measurable. We derive formulae to explore the maximum value of the fifth-order spherical aberration for directly interpretable imaging and discuss the optimum imaging conditions and their applicable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Chang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study is to evaluate whether xylanase can be used as a potential reporter gene for cloning and expression studies in Lactococcus. METHODS AND RESULTS The 750 bp xylanase gene was amplified and subcloned into the unique NheI restriction enzyme site of pMG36e and subsequently transformed into competent Escherichia coli XLI-blue MRF cells and Lactococcus lactis cells. Bacterial culture containing pMG36e-Xy has an enzyme activity of 390 microg xylose ml(-1) culture 30 min(-1), respectively, when compared with 40 microg xylose ml(-1) culture 30 min(-1) for the negative control (plasmidless strain). CONCLUSIONS The thermostable xylanase gene was successfully expressed in both E. coli and L. lactis. The activity of xylanase can be easily detected by the formation of visible clearing zones around the transformed colonies on Remazol Brilliant Blue-Xylan (RBB-Xylan) agar media. However, there were some significant differences in the optimum growth temperature and plasmid stability in the new clones. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The constructed reporter vector has the potential to be used as a reporter system for Lactococcus as well as E. coli, and it is an addition to the pool of lactococcal vector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Raha
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Lovely GR, Brown AP, Brydson R, Kirkland AI, Meyer R, Chang LY, Jefferson DA, Falke M, Bleloch A. HREM of metallized {111} iron oxide nanoparticle surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/26/1/045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the implications of a newly defined severity scoring of empyema in children for the prediction of surgical management and to compare the length of hospitalization as an outcome measure of patients treated using medical therapy, salvage video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) vs early elective VATS. METHODS A retrospective chart review of parapneumonic empyema of patients below 18 years of age admitted to a tertiary children's hospital in northern Taiwan from April 1993 to December 2002 was performed. Patients were categorized into a medical group who received antibiotic therapy, needle aspirations with/without tube thoracostomy; a salvage VATS group when the patients required surgery for the relief of persistent fever > 38 degrees C, chest pains or dyspneic respirations despite initial medical therapy; an early VATS group when the patients received elective surgery early after admission. The demographic data, clinical features, laboratory findings, and duration of hospitalization were compared using a severity score of empyema (SSE). RESULTS Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common infecting organism, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No organisms were recovered in 39% of patients. A pleural pH < 7.1 increases the odds of requiring surgical intervention by 6 times among this cohort. Children who required decortication of empyema had a higher severity score (mean 4.8 vs 3.0, p < 0.005). The duration of hospitalization for patients having early VATS showed a shortening stay (mean 18 vs 28 days) as compared to salvage VATS. CONCLUSION A pleural pH < 7.1 and a newly designed clinical severity score of empyema 4 are two predictors of surgical intervention for fibrinopurulent empyema in the present study. Early elective VATS may be adopted not later than 7 days after failure of appropriate antibiotic therapy and adequate drainage of empyema to decrease the length of stay and minimize morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taiwan.
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Liou YM, Chang LY, Liaw JM, Jiang MJ. Osteopontin gene expression in the aorta and the heart of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid mice. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:869-80. [PMID: 16265595 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-9023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that there is abnormal osteopontin (OPN) expression at the sites of atherosclerotic lesions. In the Apolipoprotein E gene knockout (ApoE-KO) mouse, a model of the atherosclerotic process, altered cholesterol metabolism with associated increase in OPN expression is evident at 12-22 weeks in the aorta and at 22 weeks in the heart. In this study, we analyzed another animal model of hypothyroid mice created by ingestion of propylthiouracil (PTU). After 2 weeks of PTU ingestion, the animals had significant decreases in thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and immediate increases in blood lipids/cholesterol. Hypothyroid mice showed 1.3-, 1.5-, 2-fold increases in blood levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol respectively. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that hypothyroid mice had 1.4- to 2-fold increases of OPN mRNA expression in the aorta and 1.5-fold increases in the heart. Hypothyroid animals treated with T3 (5 microg/day for 6 days) or statin (0.2 mg/30 g for 2 weeks) reduce blood lipids and aortic OPN mRNA expression. Data obtained with ELISA analyses showed 1.5- and 1.7-fold increases in OPN protein in the aorta (10 weeks) and the heart (22 weeks), respectively. This increase is close to the mRNA expression in both tissues of hypothyroid mice. In addition, western blots showed several variants of OPN protein expressed in the aorta and the heart. The decrease in the 70 kDa OPN is accompanied by an increase in 45 kDa OPN in the aorta of hypothyroid mice. In contrast, only 45 kDa OPN is found in the heart of control and hypothyroid mice. These data indicate that the increase of OPN mRNA and protein expression occurs in cardiovascular tissues of hypothyroid mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Liou
- Department of Life Science, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuokang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan. ymlion@dragon. nchu.edu.tw
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Chang LY, Meyer RR, Kirkland AI. Calculations of HREM image intensity using Monte Carlo integration. Ultramicroscopy 2005; 104:271-80. [PMID: 15996820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2004] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a numerical approach for the accurate and efficient calculation of HREM image intensity formed using a partially coherent source. The approach is based on Monte Carlo integration, and is suitable for use in general image restoration methods using a series of images. The accuracy of this approach is compared with calculations based on the transmission cross coefficient (TCC) for strong scattering objects, as a function of the number of sampling points, defocus, atomic number and specimen thickness. Its efficiency is compared with that of exact TCC calculations based on equally-spaced sampling of the beam divergence and focal spread distributions. The results indicate that the Monte Carlo approach is particularly advantageous for nonlinear image restoration algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Chang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Lin TY, Chang LY, Huang YC, Hsu KH, Chiu CH, Yang KD. Different proinflammatory reactions in fatal and non-fatal enterovirus 71 infections: implications for early recognition and therapy. Acta Paediatr 2003; 91:632-5. [PMID: 12162592 DOI: 10.1080/080352502760069016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The mechanism of pulmonary oedema, a life-threatening manifestation of enterovirus 71 (EV71) encephalitis, is unclear. Our aim was to assess the relationship of proinflammatory cytokines to EV71-related pulmonary oedema. METHODS Proinflammatory responses in 33 EV71 patients with various complications and 21 normal healthy children were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS EV71 patients with both encephalitis and pulmonary oedema were found to have much higher levels of blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) (947 +/- 1239 vs 4.9 +/- 3.1 pg/ml, p = 0.0003), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (22.4 +/- 29.5 vs 5.3 +/- 1.0 pg/ml, p = 0.0035), interleukin Ibeta (IL-1beta) (48.4 +/- 85.2 vs 4.9 +/- 10.1 pg/ml, p = 0.01), white blood cell count (28.3 +/- 7.6 vs 15.5 +/- 6.8 10(9)/L, p > or = 0.0001) and blood glucose (501 +/- 186 vs 165 +/- 117 mg/dL, p = 0.0009) than patients with EV71 encephalitis alone. In fact, the cytokine levels in patients with encephalitis only or in those without complications were not significantly different from the levels found in normal children. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of IL-6 > 70 pg/ml for EV71 encephalitis with pulmonary oedema were all 100%. CONCLUSION Patients with EV71-related encephalitis combined with pulmonary oedema were found to have significantly elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and the best predictor for this complicated condition was found to be the level of serum IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
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Schottler F, Fabiato H, Leland JM, Chang LY, Lotfi P, Getachew F, Lee KS. Normotopic and heterotopic cortical representations of mystacial vibrissae in rats with subcortical band heterotopia. Neuroscience 2002; 108:217-35. [PMID: 11734356 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tish rat is a neurological mutant exhibiting bilateral cortical heterotopia similar to those found in certain epileptic patients. Previous work has shown that thalamocortical fibers originating in the ventroposteromedial nucleus, which in normal animals segregate as 'barrel' representations for individual whiskers, terminate in both normotopic and heterotopic areas of the tish cortex (Schottler et al., 1998). Thalamocortical innervation terminates as barrels in layer IV and diffusely in layer VI of the normotopic area. Discrete patches of terminals are also observed in the underlying heterotopic area suggesting that representations of individual vibrissa may be present in the heterotopic somatosensory areas. The present study examines this issue by investigating the organization of the vibrissal somatosensory system in the tish cortex. Staining for cytochrome oxidase or Nissl substance reveals a normal complement of vibrissal barrels in the normotopic area of the tish cortex. Dense patches of cytochrome oxidase staining are also found in the underlying lateral portions of the heterotopic area (i.e. the same area that is innervated by the ventroposteromedial nucleus). Injections of retrograde tracers into vibrissal areas of either the normotopic or heterotopic area produce topographically organized labeling of neurons restricted to one or a small number of barreloids within the ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. Physical stimulation of a single whisker (D3 or E3) elicits enhanced uptake of [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose in restricted zones of both the normotopic and heterotopic areas, demonstrating that single whisker stimulation can increase functional activity in both normotopic and heterotopic neurons. These findings indicate that the barrels are intact in the normotopic area and are most consistent with the hypothesis that at least some of the individual vibrissae are 'dually' represented in normotopic and heterotopic positions in the primary somatosensory areas of the tish cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schottler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Box 801392, MR4 Annex, Charlottesville, VA 22098, USA
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Chang J, Hsia S, Chang L, Lin T. Crit Care 2002; 6:P91. [DOI: 10.1186/cc1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Tan PT, Chang LY, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Wang CR, Lin TY. Deep neck infections in children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2001; 34:287-92. [PMID: 11825010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
From December 1989 through 1998, a total of 68 children with deep neck infection were enrolled into this study. The mean age was 5.9 years (range, 1 month-15.8 years). Infections in the retropharyngeal space (36.7%) were most common, followed by parapharyngeal space (30.8%), peritonsillar space (20.6%), and submandibular space (11.9%). Fever, neck pain, and swelling were the most frequent symptoms. The most common pathogens were viridans streptococci (41%, 16/39) and Staphylococcus aureus (26%, 10/39). Other isolates included Prevotella spp., Veillonella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Morganella spp., and Enterobacter spp. Mixed infection was found in 46% (18/39) of patients. The mean duration of hospitalization was 12.4 days (range, 2-45 days). Complete resolution was achieved in 61 (89.7%) children. Complications occurred in 7 patients, including recurrence, mediastinal spread, bacteremia, and suppurative thyroiditis; the patient with mediastinal spread plus bacteremia died. Five patients had congenital cyst and 4 of them had complications or recurrence/relapse. In conclusion, infections in the retropharyngeal space and polymicrobial infections were most common in deep neck infection of Taiwan children.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Murdock C, Kelly M, Chang LY, Davison W, Zhang H. DGT as an in situ tool for measuring radiocesium in natural waters. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35:4530-4535. [PMID: 11757612 DOI: 10.1021/es0100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The application of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) samplers for the measurement of cesium radionuclides in solution, using an ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) binding agent, was tested under both laboratory and field conditions. In the former they proved able to reproduce known 134Cs concentrations (60 Bq L(-1)) with a high degree of accuracy and precision over periods up to approximately 1 d, in freshwaters over a wide range of pH and temperature, and in saline water. In field trials in a freshwater lake receiving nuclear power station discharges, mean concentrations of 137CS (47-61 mBq L(-1)) were measured over periods from 5 d to 1 month. These agreed, within error, with mean concentrations determined from grab samples but rigorous field validation of long-term (month) deployments of DGT devices proved impossible using conventional sampling procedures, due to loss of 137Cs to container walls. Identified limitations of the DGT technique included probable AMP degradation over longer periods and calibration problems if large changes in temperature and concentration occurred together. Potential limitations due to biofilm growth were considered not to be significant. Despite the limitations, the technique appears to measure concentrations accurately for deployment times of 1 month or less. It has several advantages over traditional sampling methods for monitoring radionuclides in the solution/dissolved phase, including its simplicity, provision of time-averaged mean concentrations, and automatic in-situ concentration onto a medium with ideal counting geometry for gamma spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Murdock
- Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster University, UK
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Chia JS, Chang LY, Shun CT, Chang YY, Tsay YG, Chen JY. A 60-kilodalton immunodominant glycoprotein is essential for cell wall integrity and the maintenance of cell shape in Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6987-98. [PMID: 11598074 PMCID: PMC100079 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.11.6987-6998.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously by Western blotting that in naturally sensitized humans, the serum or salivary antibody response to Streptococcus mutans was directed predominantly to a protein antigen with a size of approximately 60-kDa. To identify this immunodominant antigen, specific serum antibodies were eluted from immunoblots and five positive clones with inserts ranging in length from 3 to 8 kb from identical chromosomal loci were obtained by screening a genomic expression library of Streptococcus mutans GS-5. Amino acid sequencing established the identity of this immunodominant antigen, a 60-kDa immunodominant glycoprotein (IDG-60), to be a cell wall-associated general stress protein GSP-781, which was originally predicted to have a molecular mass of approximately 45 kDa based on the derived nucleotide sequence. Discrepancy in the molecular mass was also observed in recombinant his-tagged IDG-60 (rIDG-60) expressed from Escherichia coli. Glycosylation, consisting of sialic acid, mannose galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine, was detected by lectin binding to IDG-60 in cell wall extracts from S. mutans and rIDG-60 expressed in vivo or translated in vitro. Despite the presence of multiple Asn or Ser or Thr glycosylation sites, IDG-60 was resistant to the effect of N-glycosidase F and multiple O-glycosidase molecules but not to beta-galactosidase. Insertional inactivation of the gene encoding IDG-60, sagA, resulted in a retarded growth rate, destabilization of the cell wall, and pleiomorphic cell shape with multifold ingrowth of cell wall. In addition, distinct from the parental GS-5 strain, the isogenic mutant GS-51 was unable to survive the challenge of low pH and high osmotic pressure or high temperature. Expression of the wild-type gene in trans within GS-51 from plasmid pDL277 complemented the growth defect and restored normal cell shape. These results suggested that IDG-60 is essential for maintaining the integrity of the cell wall and the uniformity of cell shape, both of which are indispensable for bacteria survival under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Chia
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Huang YC, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chang LY, Leu HS, Lin TY. Characteristics of group A streptococcal bacteremia with comparison between children and adults. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2001; 34:195-200. [PMID: 11605811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective study aimed to compare the characteristics of group A streptococcal bacteremia in children and adults. A total of 76 (12 children and 64 adults) patients with group A streptococcal bacteremia treated from October 1995 through September 2000 at the Linko Chang Gung Memorial Hospital were included. The mean age was 47.6 years (range, 12 days-90 years). Forty-four (57.9%) patients had predisposing medical conditions. Malignant cancer (23.7%) and diabetes (22.4%) were the 2 most common conditions, which occurred only in adults. Two (16.7%) children had chickenpox associated with secondary group A streptococcal bacteremia. Skin and soft tissue infection (60.5%) was the most common clinical manifestation. The mortality rate related to group A streptococcal bacteremia was 25%. Twelve patients met the criteria of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and 6 (50%) were children (p<0.05). Despite immediate and aggressive treatment, mortality due to streptococcal toxic shock syndrome was 66.7%. The incidence of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome was much higher in children (50%) than in adults (9.4%). Early diagnosis of invasive group A streptococcal infections and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome requires awareness of the presentations and a high level of suspicion. For fulminant group A streptococcal infection, a combination of a beta-lactam antibiotic plus clindamycin and/or adjuvant therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Chung PW, Huang YC, Chang LY, Lin TY, Ning HC. Duration of enterovirus shedding in stool. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2001; 34:167-70. [PMID: 11605806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Excretion of enterovirus (EV) may persist for months after an EV infection; the exact duration of excretion, however, is not yet known. Twelve children who were infected with EV between September 1998 and June 1999 were enrolled into this study. The patients included 4 boys and 8 girls, aged from 1 month to 5 years. Six patients were asked to join this virus isolation program, and the other 6 were followed-up regularly. Only 2 of the patients were infected with EV 71. To delineate the duration of EV shedding in each case, throat swabs for virus isolation were performed every 1 or 2 weeks for at least 1 month, and stools were analyzed for at least 2 months following the same schedule. After the infection, EV was identifiable in the throat in 4 patients for 1 to 2 weeks. Excretion of EV through stool was evidenced for up to 7 weeks in 6 patients, 8 weeks in 3, and 11 weeks in 1. In the 2 patients who failed to show up for follow-up visits from the 7th week, excretion of EV through stool was recorded for at least 7 weeks. Different serotypes of EV could be isolated from the same patient who was not experiencing febrile illness in 2 instances in a series of virus cultures. Coexistence of vaccine poliovirus and non-polio EV, both isolated from stool, was evidenced in 2 patients. Results from this study suggest that EV may not be identified from the throat 2 weeks after the infection, but its excretion through stool can persist for up to 11 weeks. This study also demonstrated that subclinical EV coinfection could occur, and that live vaccine poliovirus did not interfere with the invasion of other non-polio EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Chung
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Huang YC, Lin TY, Chang LY, Wong KS, Ning SC. Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection among paediatric inpatients in northern Taiwan. Eur J Pediatr 2001; 160:581-2. [PMID: 11585085 DOI: 10.1007/s004310100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oury TD, Thakker K, Menache M, Chang LY, Crapo JD, Day BJ. Attenuation of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by a catalytic antioxidant metalloporphyrin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25:164-9. [PMID: 11509325 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.2.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of fibrotic responses in the lung. However, it is not clear whether inhibiting oxidative stress with antioxidants can attenuate fibrotic processes in the lung. The objective of these studies was to test whether the catalytic antioxidant porphyrin manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP) could protect mice against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. A 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of MnTBAP was established as safe and had a serum and lung half-life of 9.5 h in mice. Based on this data, four groups of mice were given one dose of bleomycin (3.2 U/kg, intratracheal) or saline and MnTBAP (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or saline twice daily for 14 d. Lung fibrosis was assessed by measuring (1) lung hydroxyproline content as an index of collagen accumulation, (2) airway dysfunction by whole body plethysmography, and (3) histopathology. Bleomycin produced a 20% loss in body weight that was only 10% in the bleomycin/MnTBAP group. Bleomycin produced a twofold increase in hydroxyproline content that was decreased 23% by MnTBAP. Bleomycin produced a twofold increase in airway dysfunction that was also attenuated 30% by MnTBAP. Histopathologic analysis of the lungs of mice treated with bleomycin demonstrated a severe fibrotic response that was attenuated 28% by MnTBAP. Future studies on the oxidant mechanisms that MnTBAP is affecting in this bleomycin model of lung fibrosis may shed light on potential new therapeutic approaches for treating interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lo JM, Cheng HW, Chang LY, Huang HJ, Li CH, Wu SS, Jiang ZZ. Synthesis, radiochemical characterization and biodistribution of Tc-99m labeled kethoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.25804401231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Glutamine is an important mitochondrial substrate implicated in the protection of cells from oxidant injury, but the mechanisms of its action are incompletely understood. Human pulmonary epithelial-like (A549) cells were exposed to 95% O2 for 4 days in the absence and presence of glutamine. Cell proliferation in normoxia was dependent on glutamine, and glutamine deprivation markedly accelerated cell death in hyperoxia. Glutamine significantly increased cellular ATP levels in normoxia and prevented the loss of ATP in hyperoxia seen in glutamine-deprived cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential as assessed by flow cytometry with chloromethyltetramethylrosamine was increased by glutamine in hyperoxia-exposed A549 cells, and a glutamine dose-dependent increase in mitochondrial membrane potential was detected. Glutamine-supplemented, hyperoxia-exposed cells had a higher O2 consumption rate and GSH content. Electron and fluorescence microscopy revealed that, in hyperoxia, glutamine protected cellular structures, especially mitochondria, from damage. In hyperoxia, activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was partially protected by its indirect substrate, glutamine, indicating a mechanism of mitochondrial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmad
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Abstract
Translational control by specific eIF2alpha phosphorylation on serine 51 has been characterized in all eukaryotes with the significant exception of plants. In order to evaluate the capability of plant eIF2alpha to functionally control translation, the wild type (51S) and a nonphosphorylatable mutant (51A) of wheat eIF2alpha were expressed in a yeast genetic system. Expression of either wheat protein did not handicap growth under conditions that repress the eIF2alpha phosphorylation pathway. However, under conditions that induce specific eIF2alpha phosphorylation only strains expressing wheat 51S were able to grow between 2 and 4 days. Growth was dependent upon activity of yeast eIF2alpha kinase GCN2 and resulted in the increased translation of GCN4. The association between plant eIF2alpha and yeast eIF2B is supported by their specific coimmunoprecipitation from transgenic yeast cells. These data support the similarity among eukaryotic translational initiation processes and strengthen the concept that plants may contain an eIF2alpha phosphorylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071-3944, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the risk factors for intestinal perforation in children with toxic megacolon caused by non-typhi Salmonella infection. METHODS During an 11-year period we reviewed the records of children treated for non-typhi Salmonella infection. All of the subjects had positive stool culture for non-typhi Salmonella and were treated with intravenous ceftriaxone during hospitalization. Clinical data reviewed included demographic features, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, radiologic findings, microbiology, therapeutic effect of hydration and rectal tube placement and the operative findings. Patients with toxic megacolon were defined as those having toxic appearance, diarrhea, high fever (>39 degrees C) and marked colon dilatation with maximal diameter > 1.5 times the width of the vertebra body of the first lumbar spine (L1-VB). To define the risk factors for patients with toxic megacolon complicated by intestinal perforation, patients were divided into two groups for analysis: P group, those complicated with intestinal perforation; and NP group, those without intestinal perforation. Differences in age, sex, severity of diarrhea, duration of fever, hemogram and its differential, culture, stool analysis, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), electrolytes, maximal colon diameter, medical therapy and timing of rectal tube insertion between the two groups were analyzed. Statistical analyses were conducted with chi square tests and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 75 patients (P group, 27 patients; NP group, 48 patients) ages 4 months to 6 years were evaluated. With chi square analysis 7 variables were found to be significantly associated with intestinal perforation: age >1 year; fever >5 days; ratio of immature to total neutrophils >20%; serum CRP >200 mg/l; colon diameter >2.5 times the width of L1-VB; inadequate early hydration; and delay in rectal tube insertion. With multivariate analysis age >1 year, serum CRP >200 mg/l and colon diameter >2.5 times of width of L1-VB, inadequate early hydration and delay in rectal tube insertion were the most significant factors associated with intestinal perforation. CONCLUSION Identification of patients with toxic megacolon associated with non-typhi Salmonella infection at risk for further intestinal perforation is possible. Early effective fluid resuscitation and rectal tube insertion may be helpful to prevent the occurrence of intestinal perforation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Hsueh C, Jung SM, Shih SR, Kuo TT, Shieh WJ, Zaki S, Lin TY, Chang LY, Ning HC, Yen DC. Acute encephalomyelitis during an outbreak of enterovirus type 71 infection in Taiwan: report of an autopsy case with pathologic, immunofluorescence, and molecular studies. Mod Pathol 2000; 13:1200-5. [PMID: 11106077 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a fatal case of enterovirus type 71 (EV 71) infection in an 8-year-old girl during a summer outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in 1998 in Taiwan. The clinical course was rapidly progressive, with manifestations of hand, foot, and mouth disease, aseptic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, and pulmonary edema. The patient died 24 hours after admission. Postmortem study revealed extensive inflammation in the meninges and central nervous system and marked pulmonary edema with focal hemorrhage. Brain stem and spinal cord were most severely involved. The inflammatory infiltrates consisted largely of neutrophils involving primarily the gray matter with perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, and neuronophagia. The lungs and heart showed no evidence of inflammation. EV 71 was isolated from the fresh brain tissues and identified by immunofluorescence method with type-specific EV 71 monoclonal antibody. It was also confirmed by neutralization test and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with sequence analysis. The present case was the first example in which EV 71 was demonstrated to be the causative agent of fatal encephalomyelitis during its epidemic in Taiwan.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Child
- Coxsackievirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coxsackievirus Infections/pathology
- Coxsackievirus Infections/virology
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Disease Outbreaks
- Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Enterovirus/genetics
- Enterovirus/immunology
- Enterovirus/isolation & purification
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/pathology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Humans
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hsueh
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao Yuan, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Lin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Shih SR, Ho MS, Lin KH, Wu SL, Chen YT, Wu CN, Lin TY, Chang LY, Tsao KC, Ning HC, Chang PY, Jung SM, Hsueh C, Chang KS. Genetic analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from fatal and non-fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic in Taiwan, 1998. Virus Res 2000; 68:127-36. [PMID: 10958984 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A large scale outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) occurred in Taiwan in 1998, in which more than 80 children died of shock syndrome with pulmonary edema/hemorrhage. Enterovirus 71 was implicated as the cause of this outbreak. In order to understand the virological basis responsible for mortality on this scale, nucleotide sequences of VP1 that is important for serotypic specificity, and the 5'-non-coding region (5'-NCR) that is important for replication efficiency, were analyzed comparatively. Phylogenetic analysis of both VP1 and 5'-NCR of nine EV71 isolates derived from specimens of fatal patients and seven isolates derived from uncomplicated HFMD patients showed that all but one isolate fell into genotype B. The one distinct isolate from a case of uncomplicated HFMD belonged to genotype C that was clustered along with one isolate from Taiwan in 1986. Complete sequence analysis of two selected isolates, one from the spinal cord of a fatal case and one from the vesicle fluid of a patient with mild HFMD, confirmed a high degree (97-100%) of identity in nucleotide sequence throughout the entire genome, except focal regions of 3C and 3'-NCR where the nucleotide homology was 90-91%. The identity of the deduced amino acid sequence in the 3C region that encodes viral proteinase dropped further to 86%, a result of missense mutations at the first nucleotide position of many codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Shih
- School of Medical Technology, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hua 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, 333, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
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