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AlMalki WH, Shahid I, Abdalla AN, Johargy AK, Ahmed M, Hassan S. Virological surveillance, molecular phylogeny, and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis C virus subtypes 1a and 4a isolates in patients from Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1664-1677. [PMID: 33732052 PMCID: PMC7938134 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes are pre-requisite to predict endemicity, epidemiology, clinical pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. HCV genotypes 4 and 1 are the most prevalent in Saudi Arabia, however; less consensus data exist on circulating HCV subtypes in infected individuals. This study was aimed to demonstrate the virological surveillance, phylogenetic analysis, and evolutionary relationship of HCV genotypes 4 and 1 subtypes in the Saudi population with the rest of the world. Fifty-five clinical specimens from different parts of the country were analyzed based on 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) amplification, direct sequencing, and for molecular evolutionary genetic analysis. Pair-wise comparison and multiple sequence alignment were performed to determine the nucleotide conservation, nucleotide variation, and positional mutations within the sequenced isolates. The evolutionary relationship of sequenced HCV isolates with referenced HCV strains from the rest of the world was established by computing pairwise genetic distances and generating phylogenetic trees. Twelve new sequences were submitted to GenBank, NCBI database. The results revealed that HCV subtype 4a is more prevalent preceded by 1a in the Saudi population. Molecular phylogeny predicts the descendants’ relationship of subtype 4a isolates very close to Egyptian prototype HCV strains, while 1a isolates were homogeneous and clustering to the European and North American genetic lineages. The implications of this study highlight the importance of HCV subtyping as an indispensable tool to monitor the distribution of viral strains, to determine the risk factors of infection prevalence, and to investigate clinical differences of treatment outcomes among intergenotypic and intragenotypic isolates in the treated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed H AlMalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm-Al-Qura University, Al-abidiyah, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shahid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm-Al-Qura University, Al-abidiyah, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Al-abidiyah, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm-Al-Qura University, Al-abidiyah, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman K Johargy
- Medical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Al-abidiyah, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm-Al-Qura University, Al-abidiyah, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajida Hassan
- Viral Hepatitis Program, Laboratory of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Davis C, Mgomella GS, da Silva Filipe A, Frost EH, Giroux G, Hughes J, Hogan C, Kaleebu P, Asiki G, McLauchlan J, Niebel M, Ocama P, Pomila C, Pybus OG, Pépin J, Simmonds P, Singer JB, Sreenu VB, Wekesa C, Young EH, Murphy DG, Sandhu M, Thomson EC. Highly Diverse Hepatitis C Strains Detected in Sub-Saharan Africa Have Unknown Susceptibility to Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatments. Hepatology 2019; 69:1426-1441. [PMID: 30387174 PMCID: PMC6492010 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The global plan to eradicate hepatitis C virus (HCV) led by the World Health Organization outlines the use of highly effective direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) to achieve elimination by 2030. Identifying individuals with active disease and investigation of the breadth of diversity of the virus in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is essential as genotypes in this region (where very few clinical trials have been carried out) are distinct from those found in other parts of the world. We undertook a population-based, nested case-control study in Uganda and obtained additional samples from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to estimate the prevalence of HCV, assess strategies for disease detection using serological and molecular techniques, and characterize genetic diversity of the virus. Using next-generation and Sanger sequencing, we aimed to identify strains circulating in East and Central Africa. A total of 7,751 Ugandan patients were initially screened for HCV, and 20 PCR-positive samples were obtained for sequencing. Serological assays were found to vary significantly in specificity for HCV. HCV strains detected in Uganda included genotype (g) 4k, g4p, g4q, and g4s and a newly identified unassigned g7 HCV strain. Two additional unassigned g7 strains were identified in patients originating from DRC (one partial and one full open reading frame sequence). These g4 and g7 strains contain nonstructural (ns) protein 3 and 5A polymorphisms associated with resistance to DAAs in other genotypes. Clinical studies are therefore indicated to investigate treatment response in infected patients. Conclusion: Although HCV prevalence and genotypes have been well characterized in patients in well-resourced countries, clinical trials are urgently required in SSA, where highly diverse g4 and g7 strains circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Davis
- Medical Research Council ‐ University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - George S. Mgomella
- Department of Medicine ‐ University of CambridgeCambridgeCambridgeshireUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Ana da Silva Filipe
- Medical Research Council ‐ University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Joseph Hughes
- Medical Research Council ‐ University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
- Uganda Virus Research InstituteEntebbeUganda
| | | | - John McLauchlan
- Medical Research Council ‐ University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Marc Niebel
- Medical Research Council ‐ University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Ponsiano Ocama
- Department of MedicineMakerere University College of Health SciencesKampalaUganda
| | - Cristina Pomila
- Department of Medicine ‐ University of CambridgeCambridgeCambridgeshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Joshua B. Singer
- Medical Research Council ‐ University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Vattipally B. Sreenu
- Medical Research Council ‐ University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Elizabeth H. Young
- Department of Medicine ‐ University of CambridgeCambridgeCambridgeshireUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Donald G. Murphy
- National Institute of Public Health of Quebec, Laboratory of Public Health of QuebecSainte‐Anne‐de‐BellevueQuebecCanada
| | - Manj Sandhu
- Department of Medicine ‐ University of CambridgeCambridgeCambridgeshireUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Emma C. Thomson
- Medical Research Council ‐ University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
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Trémeaux P, Caporossi A, Thélu MA, Blum M, Leroy V, Morand P, Larrat S. Hepatitis C virus whole genome sequencing: Current methods/issues and future challenges. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:341-51. [PMID: 27068766 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2016.1163663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapy for hepatitis C is currently undergoing a revolution. The arrival of new antiviral agents targeting viral proteins reinforces the need for a better knowledge of the viral strains infecting each patient. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) whole genome sequencing provides essential information for precise typing, study of the viral natural history or identification of resistance-associated variants. First performed with Sanger sequencing, the arrival of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has simplified the technical process and provided more detailed data on the nature and evolution of viral quasi-species. We will review the different techniques used for HCV complete genome sequencing and their applications, both before and after the apparition of NGS. The progress brought by new and future technologies will also be discussed, as well as the remaining difficulties, largely due to the genomic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Trémeaux
- a Laboratoire de Virologie , Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France .,b Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), UMR 5075 CEA-CNRS-UGA , Grenoble , France
| | - Alban Caporossi
- c Centre d'investigation clinique, Santé publique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France .,d Laboratoire TIMC-IMAG , Université de Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France , and
| | - Marie-Ange Thélu
- e Clinique d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France
| | - Michael Blum
- d Laboratoire TIMC-IMAG , Université de Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France , and
| | - Vincent Leroy
- e Clinique d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France
| | - Patrice Morand
- a Laboratoire de Virologie , Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France .,b Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), UMR 5075 CEA-CNRS-UGA , Grenoble , France
| | - Sylvie Larrat
- a Laboratoire de Virologie , Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France .,b Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), UMR 5075 CEA-CNRS-UGA , Grenoble , France
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Smith DB, Bukh J, Kuiken C, Muerhoff AS, Rice CM, Stapleton JT, Simmonds P. Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource. Hepatology 2014; 59:318-27. [PMID: 24115039 PMCID: PMC4063340 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 924] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The 2005 consensus proposal for the classification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) presented an agreed and uniform nomenclature for HCV variants and the criteria for their assignment into genotypes and subtypes. Since its publication, the available dataset of HCV sequences has vastly expanded through advancement in nucleotide sequencing technologies and an increasing focus on the role of HCV genetic variation in disease and treatment outcomes. The current study represents a major update to the previous consensus HCV classification, incorporating additional sequence information derived from over 1,300 (near-)complete genome sequences of HCV available on public databases in May 2013. Analysis resolved several nomenclature conflicts between genotype designations and using consensus criteria created a classification of HCV into seven confirmed genotypes and 67 subtypes. There are 21 additional complete coding region sequences of unassigned subtype. The study additionally describes the development of a Web resource hosted by the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) that maintains and regularly updates tables of reference isolates, accession numbers, and annotated alignments (http://talk.ictvonline.org/links/hcv/hcv-classification.htm). The Flaviviridae Study Group urges those who need to check or propose new genotypes or subtypes of HCV to contact the Study Group in advance of publication to avoid nomenclature conflicts appearing in the literature. While the criteria for assigning genotypes and subtypes remain unchanged from previous consensus proposals, changes are proposed in the assignment of provisional subtypes, subtype numbering beyond "w," and the nomenclature of intergenotypic recombinant. CONCLUSION This study represents an important reference point for the consensus classification of HCV variants that will be of value to researchers working in clinical and basic science fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Smith
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghScotland, UK
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, and Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Carla Kuiken
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics group, Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of IowaIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghScotland, UK
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Newman RM, Kuntzen T, Weiner B, Berical A, Charlebois P, Kuiken C, Murphy DG, Simmonds P, Bennett P, Lennon NJ, Birren BW, Zody MC, Allen TM, Henn MR. Whole genome pyrosequencing of rare hepatitis C virus genotypes enhances subtype classification and identification of naturally occurring drug resistance variants. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:17-31. [PMID: 23136221 PMCID: PMC3666132 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a burgeoning worldwide public health problem, with 170 million infected individuals and an estimated 20 million deaths in the coming decades. While 6 main genotypes generally distinguish the global geographic diversity of HCV, a multitude of closely related subtypes within these genotypes are poorly defined and may influence clinical outcome and treatment options. Unfortunately, the paucity of genetic data from many of these subtypes makes time-consuming primer walking the limiting step for sequencing understudied subtypes. METHODS Here we combined long-range polymerase chain reaction amplification with pyrosequencing for a rapid approach to generate the complete viral coding region of 31 samples representing poorly defined HCV subtypes. RESULTS Phylogenetic classification based on full genome sequences validated previously identified HCV subtypes, identified a recombinant sequence, and identified a new distinct subtype of genotype 4. Unlike conventional sequencing methods, use of deep sequencing also facilitated characterization of minor drug resistance variants within these uncommon or, in some cases, previously uncharacterized HCV subtypes. CONCLUSIONS These data aid in the classification of uncommon HCV subtypes while also providing a high-resolution view of viral diversity within infected patients, which may be relevant to the development of therapeutic regimens to minimize drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi M Newman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a Flavivirus with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of about 9,600 nucleotides. It is a major cause of liver disease, infecting almost 200 million people all over the world. Similarly to most RNA viruses, HCV displays very high levels of genetic diversity which have been used to differentiate six major genotypes and about 80 subtypes. Although the different genotypes and subtypes share basic biological and pathogenic features they differ in clinical outcomes, response to treatment and epidemiology. The first HCV recombinant strain, in which different genome segments derived from parentals of different genotypes, was described in St. Petersburg (Russia) in 2002. Since then, there have been only a few more than a dozen reports including descriptions of HCV recombinants at all levels: between genotypes, between subtypes of the same genotype and even between strains of the same subtype. Here, we review the literature considering the reasons underlying the difficulties for unequivocally establishing recombination in this virus along with the analytical methods necessary to do it. Finally, we analyze the potential consequences, especially in clinical practice, of HCV recombination in light of the coming new therapeutic approaches against this virus.
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Eriksen MB, Jørgensen LB, Krarup H, Laursen AL, Christensen PB, Møller A, Schlichting P, Kuiken C, Bukh J, Weis N. Molecular and epidemiological profiles of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in Denmark. J Med Virol 2011; 82:1869-77. [PMID: 20872713 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 has increased throughout Europe. This is an epidemiological study of patients infected chronically with HCV genotype 4 in Denmark. The HCV strains analyzed originated from patient samples collected between 1999 and 2007 as part of the national Danish hepatitis B and C network, DANHEP. Sequence analyses were based on the envelope 1 region of HCV. Results from a total of 72 patients indicated a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. Fifty-six patients (78%) were infected with one of the three dominating subtypes: 4d, 4a, or 4r. The remaining 16 patients (22%) were infected with subtypes 4h, 4k, 4l, 4n, 4o, or 4Unclassified. Three epidemiological profiles were identified: (1) patients infected with HCV by intravenous drug use were infected solely with subtype 4d. They were all of European origin, and 15 of the 16 patients were ethnic Danes. No single transmission event could be confirmed, but the pairwise nucleotide identity within the patients of Danish origin was relatively high (∼95%), suggesting a recent introduction into Denmark. (2) The 21 patients infected with subtype 4a all came from Northern Africa, Egypt, Pakistan, or the Middle East. (3) Patients from Southern Africa dominated among patients infected with subtype 4r (10 of 12 patients). This study demonstrates that HCV genotype 4d has been introduced in and spread among Danish intravenous drug users. The remaining subtypes show restricted distribution, infecting almost exclusively patients from geographical areas with a relatively high prevalence of HCV genotype 4 infections.
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Li C, Lu L, Wu X, Wang C, Bennett P, Lu T, Murphy D. Complete genomic sequences for hepatitis C virus subtypes 4b, 4c, 4d, 4g, 4k, 4l, 4m, 4n, 4o, 4p, 4q, 4r and 4t. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1820-1826. [PMID: 19357224 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.010330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the full-length genomic sequences of 13 distinct hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 isolates/subtypes: QC264/4b, QC381/4c, QC382/4d, QC193/4g, QC383/4k, QC274/4l, QC249/4m, QC97/4n, QC93/4o, QC139/4p, QC262/4q, QC384/4r and QC155/4t. These were amplified, using RT-PCR, from the sera of patients now residing in Canada, 11 of which were African immigrants. The resulting genomes varied between 9421 and 9475 nt in length and each contains a single ORF of 9018-9069 nt. The sequences showed nucleotide similarities of 77.3-84.3 % in comparison with subtypes 4a (GenBank accession no. Y11604) and 4f (EF589160) and 70.6-72.8 % in comparison with genotype 1 (M62321/1a, M58335/1b, D14853/1c, and 1?/AJ851228) reference sequences. These similarities were often higher than those currently defined by HCV classification criteria for subtype (75.0-80.0 %) and genotype (67.0-70.0 %) division, respectively. Further analyses of the complete and partial E1 and partial NS5B sequences confirmed these 13 'provisionally assigned subtypes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Li
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 30N 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ling Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 30N 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Xianghong Wu
- Department of Biology, Kunming Teacher's College, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.,Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 30N 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Phil Bennett
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Teng Lu
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Donald Murphy
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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