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Schöffl I, Holler S, Dittrich S, Pickardt T, Opgen-Rhein B, Boehne M, Wannenmacher B, Reineke K, Wiegand G, Hecht T, Kaestner M, Messroghli D, Schubert S, Seidel F, Weigelt A. Myocarditis and sports in the young: data from a nationwide registry on myocarditis-"MYKKE-Sport". Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1197640. [PMID: 37435596 PMCID: PMC10331598 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1197640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocarditis represents one of the most common causes of Sudden Cardiac Death in children. Myocardial involvement during a viral infection is believed to be higher as a consequence of intensive exertion. Recommendations for return to sports are based on cohort and case studies only. This study aims to investigate the relationship between physical activity and myocarditis in the young. Patient Every patient in the MYKKE registry fulfilling criteria for suspicion of myocarditis was sent a questionnaire regarding the physical activity before, during and after the onset of myocarditis. Method This study is a subproject within the MYKKE registry, a multicenter registry for children and adolescents with suspected myocarditis. The observation period for this analysis was 93 months (September 2013-June 2021). Anamnestic, cardiac magnetic resonance images, echocardiography, biopsy and laboratory records from every patient were retrieved from the MYKKE registry database. Results 58 patients (mean age 14.6 years) were enrolled from 10 centers. Most patients participated in curricular physical activity and 36% in competitive sports before the onset of myocarditis. There was no significant difference of heart function at admission between the physically active and inactive subjects (ejection fraction of 51.8 ± 8.6% for the active group vs. 54.4 ± 7.7% for the inactive group). The recommendations regarding the return to sports varied widely and followed current guidelines in 45%. Most patients did not receive an exercise test before returning to sports. Conclusion Sports before the onset of myocarditis was not associated with a more severe outcome. There is still a discrepancy between current literature and actual recommendations given by health care providers. The fact that most participants did not receive an exercise test before being cleared for sports represents a serious omission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Schöffl
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, Great Britain
| | - Sophia Holler
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Sven Dittrich
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pickardt
- Competence Network for Congenital Heart Defects, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Opgen-Rhein
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Boehne
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bardo Wannenmacher
- Clinic for Paediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Reineke
- Department for Paediatric Cardiology, University Heart Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gesa Wiegand
- Department for Paediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Hecht
- Heart- and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Center of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Messroghli
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schubert
- Heart- and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Center of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Seidel
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Imaging Science and Computational Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Weigelt
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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2
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Evaluation of Molecular Test for the Discrimination of "Naked" DNA from Infectious Parvovirus B19 Particles in Serum and Bone Marrow Samples. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040843. [PMID: 35458573 PMCID: PMC9027101 DOI: 10.3390/v14040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low levels of parvovirus B19 (B19V) DNA can be detected in the circulation and in different tissue of immunocompetent individuals for months or years, which has been linked to inflammatory diseases such as cardiomyopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis, and vasculitis. However, the detection of B19V DNA does not necessarily imply that infectious virions are present. This study aimed to evaluate the method based on the Benzonase® treatment for differentiation between the infectious virions from “naked” DNA in serum and bone marrow (BM) samples to be useful for the B19V routine diagnosis. In addition, we estimated the period of viremia and DNAemia in the sera and bone marrow of nonhuman primates experimentally infected with B19V. Serum samples from ten patients and from four cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with B19V followed up for 60 days were used. Most of the human serum samples became negative after pretreatment; however, only decreased viral DNA loads were observed in four patients, indicating that these samples still contained the infectious virus. Reduced B19V DNA levels were observed in animals since 7th dpi. At approximately 45th dpi, B19V DNA levels were below 105 IU/mL after Benzonase® pretreatment, which was not a consequence of active B19V replication. The test based on Benzonase® pretreatment enabled the discrimination of “naked DNA” from B19V DNA encapsidated in virions. Therefore, this test can be used to clarify the role of B19V as an etiological agent associated with atypical clinical manifestations.
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Mohammad MHS, Fawzy M, Rabie AGE, Attia FM, Anani MM. Assessment of human parvovirus B19 infection in Egyptian hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int 2021; 26:202-206. [PMID: 34970833 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parvovirus B19V has been shown to be associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with increased risk of post-infection anemia, especially in hemodialysis (HD) patients. This effect may be due to immunosuppression, insufficient erythropoietin, or short lifespan of red blood cells. Therefore, parvovirus infection should be investigated in this group of patients suffering from anemia or pancytopenia. We assessed the frequency of parvovirus B19 in HD patients attending Suez Canal University Hospital and analyzed the correlation of this infection with hematological parameters in those patients compared with normal individuals. METHODS We recruited 80 ESRD patients on hemodialysis and 70 healthy controls. History-taking, full examination, and complete blood count (CBC) were performed for all study subjects. Parvovirus B19 detection was performed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which included the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit for extracting DNA, which was amplified using TaqMan Universal Master Mix and detected using TaqMan MGB probes by real-time PCR using Rotor Gene Analyzer (6000). FINDINGS HD patients had a significantly higher frequency of B19V infection than the control group (p = .02). We also found that parvovirus B19-infected HD patients had significantly lower CBC values than uninfected patients. CONCLUSION The frequency of parvovirus B19 was significantly higher in HD patients and was associated with lower hematological parameters than in uninfected patients, suggesting a significant role of this virus in the pathogenesis of anemia and/or pancytopenia in ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai H S Mohammad
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Abeer G E Rabie
- Medical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fadia M Attia
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Maha M Anani
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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4
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Au CK, Lai TL, Yim CW. Association of Parvovirus B19 with Rheumatic Diseases. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2661341721300044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 infections are well reported to be associated with different autoimmune disorders. They can either mimic or trigger autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and vasculitis. A lack of awareness about this infection can result in delays in diagnosis and poor care. In this review, the basic biology and clinical aspects of the parvovirus, human immune response, and the pathogenesis in the rheumatic diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kit Au
- Department of Medicine, Wong Tai Sin Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Tin Lok Lai
- Department of Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Cheuk Wan Yim
- Department of Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong
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5
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Zehetner V, Cavalleri JMV, Klang A, Hofer M, Preining I, Steinborn R, Ramsauer AS. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Screening in Horses and Donkeys with Histopathologic Liver Abnormalities. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081599. [PMID: 34452465 PMCID: PMC8402897 DOI: 10.3390/v13081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is associated with the onset of Theiler's disease, an acute hepatic necrosis, in horses. However, the impact of this virus on other hepatopathies remains unknown. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence and quantify the viral loads of EqPV-H in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded equine and donkey livers with various histopathologic abnormalities. The pathologies included cirrhosis, circulatory disorders of the liver, toxic and metabolic hepatic diseases as well as neoplastic and inflammatory diseases (n = 84). Eight normal liver samples were included for comparison as controls. EqPV-H DNA was qualitatively and quantitatively measured by real-time PCR and digital PCR, respectively. The virus was detected in two livers originating from horses diagnosed with abdominal neoplasia and liver metastasis (loads of 5 × 103 and 9.5 × 103 genome equivalents per million cells). The amount of viral nucleic acids measured indicates chronic infection or persistence of EqPV-H, which might have been facilitated by the neoplastic disease. In summary, this study did not provide evidence for EqPV-H being involved in hepatopathies other than Theiler's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Zehetner
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
| | - Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Klang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martin Hofer
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Irina Preining
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna S. Ramsauer
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.Z.); (I.P.); (A.S.R.)
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6
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Ramsauer AS, Badenhorst M, Cavalleri JMV. Equine parvovirus hepatitis. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:886-894. [PMID: 34101906 PMCID: PMC8457058 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV‐H) was first described in 2018 in a fatal case of Theiler's disease which followed the administration of an equine‐origin biological product. The virus has since been frequently identified in serum and liver tissue of horses affected by Theiler's disease—an acute, severe hepatitis characterised by fulminant hepatic necrosis with a fatal outcome in most cases. EqPV‐H is hepatotropic, appears to be associated with subclinical to severe hepatitis in horses, and is a likely cause of Theiler's disease. Although this disease is most frequently reported following the administration of equine‐origin biological products, it can also occur among in‐contact horses. Horizontal transmission may be iatrogenic, via contaminated equine‐origin biological products such as equine serum, botulism or tetanus antitoxin, and mesenchymal stem cells or by means of the oral route of infection. Other horizontal transmission routes, for example, arthropod vectors, warrant further investigation. A worldwide prevalence of EqPV‐H antibodies and DNA has been reported in asymptomatic horses. EqPV‐H‐positive horses suffering from acute, severe hepatitis have reportedly developed clinical signs including icterus, lethargy, inappetence, and neurological abnormalities and have had increased liver‐associated biochemistry parameters recorded. The most common histopathological abnormalities of the liver have been hepatocellular necrosis, collapse of the lobular architecture, and lymphocytic infiltration. Most horses infected experimentally with EqPV‐H have developed subclinical hepatitis, and close temporal associations between peak viraemia, seroconversion, and the onset of hepatitis have been observed. Based on strong evidence indicating that EqPV‐H causes hepatitis in horses, veterinarians should consider this virus an important differential diagnosis in such cases. Potential risks associated with the administration of equine‐origin biological products must be emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcha Badenhorst
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Toppinen M, Sajantila A, Pratas D, Hedman K, Perdomo MF. The Human Bone Marrow Is Host to the DNAs of Several Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:657245. [PMID: 33968803 PMCID: PMC8100435 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.657245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term impact of viruses residing in the human bone marrow (BM) remains unexplored. However, chronic inflammatory processes driven by single or multiple viruses could significantly alter hematopoiesis and immune function. We performed a systematic analysis of the DNAs of 38 viruses in the BM. We detected, by quantitative PCRs and next-generation sequencing, viral DNA in 88.9% of the samples, up to five viruses in one individual. Included were, among others, several herpesviruses, hepatitis B virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus and, unprecedentedly, human papillomavirus 31. Given the reactivation and/or oncogenic potential of these viruses, their repercussion on hematopoietic and malignant disorders calls for careful examination. Furthermore, the implications of persistent infections on the engraftment, regenerative capacity, and outcomes of bone marrow transplantation deserve in-depth evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Toppinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diogo Pratas
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Klaus Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria F Perdomo
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Ndiana LA, Lanave G, Desario C, Berjaoui S, Alfano F, Puglia I, Fusco G, Colaianni ML, Vincifori G, Camarda A, Parisi A, Sgroi G, Elia G, Veneziano V, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Circulation of diverse protoparvoviruses in wild carnivores, Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2489-2502. [PMID: 33176056 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protoparvovirus is a monophyletic viral genus that includes the species Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 infecting domestic and wild carnivores. In this paper, the results of an epidemiological survey for Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 in wild carnivores in Italy are reported. Overall, 34 (11.4%) out of 297 tested animals were positive for Carnivore protoparvovirus-1, but the frequency of detection was much higher in intestine (54%) than in spleen samples (2.8%), thus suggesting that the intestine is the best sample to collect from wild animals for parvovirus detection. Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) was detected in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (2.8%, 7/252) and Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) (10%, 1/10), whilst canine parvovirus (CPV) was found in wolves (54.3%, 19/35), Eurasian badgers (60%, 6/10) and one beech marten (Martes foina) (100%, 1/1), with more than one parvovirus type detected in some animals. Protoparvoviral DNA sequences from this study were found to be related to CPV/FPV strains detected in Asia and Europe, displaying some amino acid changes in the main capsid protein VP2 in comparison with other parvovirus strains from wildlife. In particular, the two most common mutations were Ile418Thr and Ala371Gly, which were observed in 6/12 (50%) and 5/12 (41.7%) of the CPV sequences from this study. Continuous surveillance for parvoviruses in wild carnivores and genetic analysis of the detected strains may help obtain new insight into the role of these animals in the evolution and epidemiology of carnivore parvoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Ndiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Flora Alfano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Ilaria Puglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Vincifori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Camarda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Mohanlal R, Reddy DL. Spectrum of HIV-associated infectious diseases: A case series through the eyes of the histopathologist. South Afr J HIV Med 2020; 21:1087. [PMID: 32670628 PMCID: PMC7343954 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases the risk of infection by a host of other opportunistic pathogens. The clinical presentations of these co-infections in immunocompromised patients are often atypical; therefore diagnosis is delayed in the absence of investigations such as tissue biopsy. Infection may involve sites that are difficult to access for biopsy and, as a consequence, there is limited diagnostic tissue available for analysis. The histopathologist, aided by ancillary tests, is relied upon to make a timeous and accurate diagnosis. Objectives To illustrate key histological features of HIV-associated infectious diseases encountered in a histopathology laboratory and to highlight, with the aid of literature, the relevance of histopathology in diagnosis. Method A retrospective descriptive case series of biopsies histologically diagnosed with HIV-associated infectious diseases over four years (2015–2019) was performed at the Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital National Health Laboratory Services Histopathology department. These cases have been photographed to illustrate microscopic aspects and will be accompanied by a literature review of opportunistic infections in the context of HIV infection. Results This article highlights aspects of fungal, parasitic, viral and selected bacterial infections of people living with HIV for whom the histopathological examination of tissue was an essential component of the clinical diagnosis. Histological features are noted on routine slides and accompanied by diagnostic features revealed with histochemical and immunohistochemical stains. Conclusion Medical practitioners working in areas of high HIV endemicity should be familiar with the variety of infectious diseases that are encountered and with the diagnostic importance of the histopathologist in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Mohanlal
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Services, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Denasha L Reddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
Inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMi) is a syndrome, not an etiological disease entity. The infective etiology and the immunopathology can be best determined through endomyocardial biopsy with a complete work-up by light microscopy, immunohistology, and polymerase chain reaction for microbial agents. This review focuses on the methodological advances in diagnosis in the past few years and exemplifies the importance of an etiology-orientated treatment in different case scenarios. In fulminant nonviral myocarditis, immunosuppressive treatment together with hemodynamic stabilization of the patient via mechanical circulatory support (e.g., microaxial pumps, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, left ventricular assist device) can be life-saving. For viral inflammatory cardiomyopathy, intravenous immunoglobulin treatment can resolve inflammation and often eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Maisch
- Medical Faculty, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
- Heart and Vessel Centre, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Pankuweit
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps University and UKGM, Marburg, Germany
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11
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Li X, Lin Z, Liu J, Tang Y, Yuan X, Li N, Lin Z, Chen Y, Liu A. Overall prevalence of human parvovirus B19 among blood donors in mainland China: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19832. [PMID: 32332630 PMCID: PMC7220778 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection exhibits a broad range of clinical outcomes. Blood transfusion is a common route of B19V transmission. However, information about the overall prevalence of B19V infection and B19V genotypes among blood donors in mainland China is lacking. METHODS This meta-analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search for studies reporting the B19V prevalence among blood donors in mainland China from 2000 to 2018 was performed. The prevalence of B19V was estimated through a meta-analysis of the relevant literature. A comprehensive meta-analysis program was used for data processing and statistical analysis. RESULTS Twenty-one eligible articles were included, involving 48,923 participants assessed for B19V-DNA, 12,948 participants assessed for anti-B19V immunoglobulin M (IgM), and 8244 participants assessed for anti-B19V immunoglobulin G (IgG). The analysis revealed the pooled estimates of the prevalence rates of B19V-DNA, anti-B19V IgM, and anti-B19V IgG among blood donors to be 0.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-2.4%), 2.7% (95% CI 1.7-4.3%), and 33.6% (95% CI 28.2-39.4%), respectively. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses indicated that 142 of 169 (84.0%) B19V isolates belonged to Genotype 1. CONCLUSIONS The overall prevalence of B19V among blood donors is not high in mainland China, and most isolates belong to Genotype 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- Department of Rheumatology, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province
| | - Xiaohong Yuan
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
| | - Nainong Li
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
| | - Zhenxing Lin
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
| | - Yuanzhong Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
| | - Ailin Liu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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12
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Tomlinson JE, Jager M, Struzyna A, Laverack M, Fortier LA, Dubovi E, Foil LD, Burbelo PD, Divers TJ, Van de Walle GR. Tropism, pathology, and transmission of equine parvovirus-hepatitis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:651-663. [PMID: 32192415 PMCID: PMC7144241 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1741326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has recently been associated with cases of Theiler's disease, a form of fulminant hepatic necrosis in horses. To assess whether EqPV-H is the cause of Theiler's disease, we first demonstrated hepatotropism by PCR on tissues from acutely infected horses. We then experimentally inoculated horses with EqPV-H and 8 of 10 horses developed hepatitis. One horse showed clinical signs of liver failure. The onset of hepatitis was temporally associated with seroconversion and a decline in viremia. Liver histology and in situ hybridization showed lymphocytic infiltrates and necrotic EqPV-H-infected hepatocytes. We next investigated potential modes of transmission. Iatrogenic transmission via allogeneic stem cell therapy for orthopedic injuries was previously suggested in a case series of Theiler's disease, and was demonstrated here for the first time. Vertical transmission and mechanical vectoring by horse fly bites could not be demonstrated in this study, potentially due to limited sample size. We found EqPV-H shedding in oral and nasal secretions, and in feces. Importantly, we could demonstrate EqPV-H transmission via oral inoculation with viremic serum. Together, our findings provide additional information that EqPV-H is the likely cause of Theiler's disease and that transmission of EqPV-H occurs via both iatrogenic and natural routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Ellen Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mason Jager
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Melissa Laverack
- New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Ann Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward Dubovi
- New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lane D Foil
- Entomology Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Peter D Burbelo
- Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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13
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Eid AJ, Ardura MI. Human parvovirus B19 in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American society of transplantation infectious diseases community of practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13535. [PMID: 30973192 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of human parvovirus B19 infection can vary widely and may be atypical in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, disease is apparent when there is destruction of erythrocyte progenitor cells leading to severe acute or chronic anemia with lack of an appropriate reticulocyte response in the setting of active parvovirus B19 infection. Serology may not reliably establish the diagnosis. High-level viremia is more likely to be associated with symptomatic disease. Conversely, ongoing DNAemia after infection may not be clinically significant, if detected at low levels. Despite lack of robust data, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is frequently used for the treatment of SOT recipients with symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection. Although the optimal dosage and duration of IVIG is not known, most patients receive a total of 2 g/kg over a period of 2-5 days. A daily dose of 1 g/kg or more seems to be associated with higher incidence of toxicity. Application of standard and droplet isolation precautions remains the cornerstone for preventing human parvovirus B19 transmission. Additional research is needed to assess the efficacy of current and novel therapies and to develop a safe and effective parvovirus B19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Eid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Monica I Ardura
- Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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14
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Zadsar M, Aghakhani A, Banifazl M, Kazemimanesh M, Tabatabaei Yazdi SM, Mamishi S, Bavand A, Sadat Larijani M, Ramezani A. Seroprevalence, molecular epidemiology and quantitation of parvovirus B19 DNA levels in Iranian blood donors. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1318-1322. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zadsar
- Blood Transfusion Research Center; High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine; Tehran Iran
| | - Arezoo Aghakhani
- Department of Clinical Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Banifazl
- Iranian Society for Support of Patients with Infectious Disease; Tehran Iran
| | | | | | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Anahita Bavand
- Department of Clinical Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Amitis Ramezani
- Department of Clinical Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
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15
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Ashaka OS, Agbede OO, Omoare AA, Ernest SK. Human parvovirus B19-induced anaemia in pre-school children in Ilorin, Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med 2018; 7:615. [PMID: 29850435 PMCID: PMC5968871 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v7i1.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sera collected from 57 anaemic and 115 non-anaemic age-matched pre-school children in Ilorin, Nigeria, between November 2014 and December 2015 were assayed for human parvovirus B19-specific IgM antibodies by using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. A total of 17 (29.8%) anaemic children and 18 (15.7%) non-anaemic children were positive for parvovirus B19 infection. Infection with parvovirus B19 is common in this population, and screening for the virus during differential diagnosis is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseyi S Ashaka
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Olajide O Agbede
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Adesuyi A Omoare
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel K Ernest
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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16
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Sotiriou E, Heiner S, Jansen T, Brandt M, Schmidt KH, Kreitner KF, Emrich T, Schultheiss HP, Schulz E, Münzel T, Wenzel P. Therapeutic implications of a combined diagnostic workup including endomyocardial biopsy in an all-comer population of patients with heart failure: a retrospective analysis. ESC Heart Fail 2018; 5:630-641. [PMID: 29745463 PMCID: PMC6073026 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aetiology of heart failure (HF) often remains obscure. We therefore evaluated the usefulness of a combined diagnostic approach including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) and endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) to assess the cause of unexplained cardiomyopathy underlying HF. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively investigated 100 consecutive patients (36% women, mean age 53.6 ± 18.8 years) presenting with unexplained cardiomyopathy (HF with reduced ejection fraction or left ventricular hypertrophy; excluding ischaemic and valvular heart disease; left ventricular ejection fraction 31.6 ± 13.9%, Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 18.2 ± 9.3 mmHg, heart rate 89 ± 26.6 b.p.m.; mean ± SEM) at the University Medical Center Mainz. We performed electrocardiography, echocardiography, CMRI, and cardiac catheterization with EMB analysed at a Food and Drug Administration-approved reference centre in 100%, 94%, 69%, and 100% of patients, respectively. On the basis of CMRI findings, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and medical history, the exact cause of cardiomyopathy remained uncertain in 37 of 69 cases (53.6%). In EMB, 25% of patients had viral replication, 23% had inflammation defined as lymphocytic infiltrations without active virus replication, 1% had giant cell myocarditis, and 1% had eosinophilic myocarditis. After diagnostic workup including EMB findings, the cause of cardiomyopathy remained unidentified in 14% of the cases, classified as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 10% or 4%, respectively. EMB helped to discuss a causal treatment strategy of HF involving immunosuppression or antiviral treatment in 53% of patients, which was opted for in 12% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive workup including imaging and EMB in an all-comer population of patients with HF may help physicians to improve diagnostics of unexplained cardiomyopathy in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Sotiriou
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Heiner
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Jansen
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Brandt
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Helge Schmidt
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Kreitner
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tilman Emrich
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
- IKDT Institut Kardiale Diagnostik und Therapie GmbH, Moltkestraße 31, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schulz
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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17
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Jain A, Kant R. Genotypes of erythrovirus B19, their geographical distribution & circulation in cases with various clinical manifestations. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:239-247. [PMID: 29923512 PMCID: PMC6022381 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1816_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrovirus B19 (B19V) is one of the erythroviruses known to be pathogenic in humans. B19V is classified into three distinct genotypes; 1, 2 and 3, differing from each other by 2-13 per cent. Genotype 1 consists of the prototype B19V isolates, genotype 2 comprises the A6, LaLi and their related isolates while genotype 3 includes the V9- and V9-related isolates. The classification of genotype 1 into two subtypes (1A and 1B) and genotype 3 into two subtypes (3a and 3b) with an estimated nucleotide difference of about 5 per cent has been done. Predominance of genotype 1 across all the continents is seen followed by genotypes 2 and 3. There are no disease-specific genotypes. All the three genotypes have been found in symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individuals and have been reported from several countries across the world. The prevalence of genotype 2 in older populations and its absence from current circulation in Northern Europe has also been reported. The present review focuses on geographic distribution and association of genotypes of B19V with different clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Former Vice-Chancellor, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, India
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18
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Balboni A, Bassi F, De Arcangeli S, Zobba R, Dedola C, Alberti A, Battilani M. Molecular analysis of carnivore Protoparvovirus detected in white blood cells of naturally infected cats. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:41. [PMID: 29402272 PMCID: PMC5799907 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cats are susceptible to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) variants 2a, 2b and 2c. Detection of FPV and CPV variants in apparently healthy cats and their persistence in white blood cells (WBC) and other tissues when neutralising antibodies are simultaneously present, suggest that parvovirus may persist long-term in the tissues of cats post-infection without causing clinical signs. The aim of this study was to screen a population of 54 cats from Sardinia (Italy) for the presence of both FPV and CPV DNA within buffy coat samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA viral load, genetic diversity, phylogeny and antibody titres against parvoviruses were investigated in the positive cats. Results Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 DNA was detected in nine cats (16.7%). Viral DNA was reassembled to FPV in four cats and to CPV (CPV-2b and 2c) in four cats; one subject showed an unusually high genetic complexity with mixed infection involving FPV and CPV-2c. Antibodies against parvovirus were detected in all subjects which tested positive to DNA parvoviruses. Conclusions The identification of FPV and CPV DNA in the WBC of asymptomatic cats, despite the presence of specific antibodies against parvoviruses, and the high genetic heterogeneity detected in one sample, confirmed the relevant epidemiological role of cats in parvovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Francesca Bassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Stefano De Arcangeli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Carla Dedola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Mara Battilani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
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19
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Parvovirus B19 in the Context of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Evaluating Cell Donors and Recipients. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e217. [PMID: 29184906 PMCID: PMC5682762 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common human pathogen, member of the family Parvoviridae. Typically, B19V has been found to infect erythroid progenitors and cause hematological disorders, such as anemia and aplastic crisis. However, the persistence of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been demonstrated in tonsils, liver, skin, brain, synovial, and testicular tissues as well as bone marrow, for both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms of persistence remain undefined, it raises questions about potential virus transmissibility and its effects in the context of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients. Methods With this aim, we retrospectively screened allogeneic stem cell donors from 173 patients admitted for allo-HSCT from January 2008 to May 2013 using a seminested polymerase chain reaction approach. Results We found 8 positive donor samples, yielding a 4.6% of parvovirus prevalence (95% confidence interval, 2.36-8.85). Pre- and post-HSCT samples (n = 51) from the 8 recipients of the positive donors were also investigated, and 1 case exhibited B19V DNA in the post-HSCT follow-up (D + 60). Direct DNA sequencing was performed to determine the genotype of isolates and classification, performed by phylogenetic reconstruction, showed a predominance of genotype 1a, whereas the rare genotype 3b was detected in 2 additional patients. By molecular cloning, different B19V 1a substrains polymorphisms were evidenced in the single case in which donor and its recipient were B19V+. Conclusions Our results suggest that HSCT allografts are not a main source for B19V transmission, pointing to potential events of reinfection or endogenous viral reactivation.
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20
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Schlaberg R, Ampofo K, Tardif KD, Stockmann C, Simmon KE, Hymas W, Flygare S, Kennedy B, Blaschke A, Eilbeck K, Yandell M, McCullers JA, Williams DJ, Edwards K, Arnold SR, Bramley A, Jain S, Pavia AT. Human Bocavirus Capsid Messenger RNA Detection in Children With Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:688-696. [PMID: 28934425 PMCID: PMC5853397 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of human bocavirus (HBoV) in respiratory illness is uncertain. HBoV genomic DNA is frequently detected in both ill and healthy children. We hypothesized that spliced viral capsid messenger RNA (mRNA) produced during active replication might be a better marker for acute infection. Methods As part of the Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) study, children aged <18 years who were hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and children asymptomatic at the time of elective outpatient surgery (controls) were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal specimens were tested for HBoV mRNA and genomic DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results HBoV DNA was detected in 10.4% of 1295 patients with CAP and 7.5% of 721 controls (odds ratio [OR], 1.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.0–2.0]); HBoV mRNA was detected in 2.1% and 0.4%, respectively (OR, 5.1 [95% CI, 1.6–26]). When adjusted for age, enrollment month, and detection of other respiratory viruses, HBoV mRNA detection (adjusted OR, 7.6 [95% CI, 1.5–38.4]) but not DNA (adjusted OR, 1.2 [95% CI, .6–2.4]) was associated with CAP. Among children with no other pathogens detected, HBoV mRNA (OR, 9.6 [95% CI, 1.9–82]) was strongly associated with CAP. Conclusions Detection of HBoV mRNA but not DNA was associated with CAP, supporting a pathogenic role for HBoV in CAP. HBoV mRNA could be a useful target for diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlaberg
- Department of Pathology.,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Keith D Tardif
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - Weston Hymas
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah
| | - Jon A McCullers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center.,Nashville and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital.,St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis
| | - Derek J Williams
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kathryn Edwards
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sandra R Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center.,Nashville and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital
| | - Anna Bramley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Seema Jain
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Santonja C, Santos-Briz A, Palmedo G, Kutzner H, Requena L. Detection of human parvovirus B19 DNA in 22% of 1815 cutaneous biopsies of a wide variety of dermatological conditions suggests viral persistence after primary infection and casts doubts on its pathogenic significance. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1060-1065. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Santonja
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz; Madrid Spain
| | - A. Santos-Briz
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology; Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - G. Palmedo
- Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen; Friedrichshafen Germany
| | - H. Kutzner
- Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen; Friedrichshafen Germany
| | - L. Requena
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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22
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Sharif A, Aghakhani A, Velayati AA, Banifazl M, Sharif MR, Razeghi E, Kheirkhah D, Kazemimanesh M, Bavand A, Ramezani A. Frequency and Genotype of Human Parvovirus B19 among Iranian Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Intervirology 2017; 59:179-185. [PMID: 28142135 DOI: 10.1159/000455124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and genotype of human parvovirus B19 and its relation with anemia among Iranian patients under dialysis. METHODS Fifty hemodialysis (HD) and 33 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients were enrolled. B19 IgG and IgM antibodies were assessed by ELISA, and the presence of B19 DNA was evaluated by nested PCR. PCR products were sequenced directly and phylogenetic analysis was performed. RESULTS In the HD group, the prevalence of B19 antibodies was 54% for IgG and 4% for IgM. B19 DNA was detected in 10% of the cases, and 10% showed B19 IgG and viremia simultaneously. In the PD group, the prevalence of B19 IgG and IgM was 57.6 and 0% respectively, whereas B19 DNA was found in 12.1% of the group. A total of 9.1% showed B19 IgG and viremia concurrently. There was no significant difference regarding anemia and B19 infection in either group. All B19 isolates were clustered in genotype 1A. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that B19 infection plays no role in leading chronic anemia in dialysis patients. However, persistent B19 viremia and the circulation of the same strains in dialysis patients may indicate a potential risk for the contamination of dialysis equipment and nosocomial spread of B19 infection within dialysis units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sharif
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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23
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Features of Hepatitis in Hepatitis-associated Aplastic Anemia: Clinical and Histopathologic Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:e7-e12. [PMID: 28030425 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAA) is a rare variant of aplastic anemia in which patients present with severe pancytopenia after an episode of acute hepatitis. The marrow failure is often rapid, severe, and usually fatal if untreated. The preceding hepatitis is largely under-studied. METHODS Retrospective study of the clinical and histopathologic features of hepatitis in pediatric patients who subsequently developed aplastic anemia and comparison with consecutive cases of acute liver failure and random cases of autoimmune hepatitis during the same time frame. RESULTS All 7 patients of HAA had significant elevations in aminotransferases and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia at initial presentation. Echoing liver function indices, cholestatic hepatitis with sinusoidal obstruction-type endothelial injury was seen histomorphologically. Autoimmune hepatitis serology such as anti-F-actin, anti-liver/kidney microsome, and hypergammaglobulinemia was negative in all patients. Five of 7 patients (71.4%) had, however, elevated antinuclear antibody, all with a speckled pattern. Hepatitis virus serology was negative in all patients. By immunohistochemical staining, the lobular CD8/CD4 lymphocyte ratio was markedly elevated in all of the initial samples with significant reduction in this ratio (P = 0.03) in 3 patients post treatment (ursodiol, antibiotics, and/or immunosuppressive therapy). CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis preceding HAA is characterized by marked elevation of aminotransferases, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, elevated antinuclear antibody with a speckled pattern, cholestatic hepatitis with sinusoidal obstruction morphology, and CD8 dominant lobular infiltrates. The present study suggests HAA may result from cytotoxic T-cell-mediated sinusoidal endothelial and hepatocytic injury.
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Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in particular, host features determine disease manifestations. These viruses are prevalent worldwide and are culturable in vitro, and serological and molecular assays are available but require careful interpretation of results. Additional human parvoviruses, including HBoV2 to -4, human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), and human bufavirus (BuV) are also reviewed. The full spectrum of parvovirus disease in humans has yet to be established. Candidate recombinant B19V vaccines have been developed but may not be commercially feasible. We review relevant features of the molecular and cellular biology of these viruses, and the human immune response that they elicit, which have allowed a deep understanding of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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25
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Kroes AC. Parvoviruses. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lavoipierre V, Dellyes A, Aubry C, Zandotti C, Lafforgue P, Parola P, Lagier JC. Acute polyarthritis in a young patient caused by meningococcal and parvovirus B19 infections: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2016; 10:362. [PMID: 27998301 PMCID: PMC5175313 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-016-1156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Meningococcal infection is a multifaceted disease including acute polyarthritis. This presentation should be known by clinicians in order to prevent delay in treatment. We report what we believe to be the first case of an association of parvovirus B19 and meningococcal polyarthritis in a young adult. Case presentation A 19-year-old Caucasian woman presented to our hospital with fever, intense leg pain, and a transient rash. A physical examination showed asymmetric polyarthritis and no neurological abnormalities. A parvovirus B19 polymerase chain reaction performed using a blood sample and knee fluid aspirate came back positive, but serology was negative for immunoglobulin M and positive for immunoglobulin G. A blood culture was positive for serotype C meningococcus; a polymerase chain reaction performed for Neisseria meningitidis was positive in joint fluid but negative in blood samples (performed after antibiotic treatment had begun). Our patient was treated with ceftriaxone for 15 days, associated with analgesic therapy. Hydroxychloroquine treatment was introduced 5 months after the onset of polyarthritis because of persisting inflammatory arthralgia. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of polyarthritis caused by concomitant meningococcal and parvovirus B19 infections. This unusual presentation of meningococcal disease may have resulted from the persistent parvovirus B19 infection. Our experience with this case illustrates the need for a systematic approach to the diagnosis of febrile acute polyarthritis. Only long-term follow-up will reveal if this infectious polyarthritis will evolve towards an autoimmune rheumatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lavoipierre
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses Aigues, Pôle Maladies Infectieuses, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Anna Dellyes
- Service de Rhumatologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Sainte Marguerite, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Aubry
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses Aigues, Pôle Maladies Infectieuses, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Zandotti
- Pôle Maladies Infectieuses, Fédération de Microbiologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Lafforgue
- Service de Rhumatologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Sainte Marguerite, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses Aigues, Pôle Maladies Infectieuses, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses Aigues, Pôle Maladies Infectieuses, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France. .,Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France.
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Molenaar-de Backer M, Russcher A, Kroes A, Koppelman M, Lanfermeijer M, Zaaijer H. Detection of parvovirus B19 DNA in blood: Viruses or DNA remnants? J Clin Virol 2016; 84:19-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Verdonschot J, Hazebroek M, Merken J, Debing Y, Dennert R, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Heymans S. Relevance of cardiac parvovirus B19 in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: review of the literature. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18:1430-1441. [PMID: 27748022 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, parvovirus B19 (B19V) has frequently been linked to the pathogenesis of myocarditis (MC) and its progression towards dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The exact role of the presence of B19V and its load remains controversial, as this virus is also found in the heart of healthy subjects. Moreover, the prognostic relevance of B19V prevalence in endomyocardial biopsies still remains unclear. As a result, it is unclear whether the presence of B19V should be treated. This review provides an overview of recent literature investigating the presence of B19V and its pathophysiological relevance in MC and DCM, as well as in normal hearts. In brief, no difference in B19V prevalence is observed between MC/DCM and healthy control hearts. Therefore, the question remains open whether and how cardiac B19V may be of pathogenetic importance. Findings suggest that B19V is aetiologically relevant either in the presence of other cardiotropic viruses, or when B19V load is high and/or actively replicating, which both may maintain myocardial (low-grade) inflammation. Therefore, future studies should focus on the prognostic relevance of the viral load, replicative status and virus co-infections. In addition, the immunogenetic background of MC/DCM patients that makes them susceptible to develop heart failure upon presence of B19V should be more thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Verdonschot
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Hazebroek
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Jort Merken
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Yannick Debing
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Dennert
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
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Jia J, Ma Y, Zhao X, Huangfu C, Zhong Y, Fang C, Fan R, Lv M, Zhang J. Existence of various human parvovirus B19 genotypes in Chinese plasma pools: genotype 1, genotype 3, putative intergenotypic recombinant variants and new genotypes. Virol J 2016; 13:155. [PMID: 27639978 PMCID: PMC5027099 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a frequent contaminant of blood and plasma-derived medicinal products. Three distinct genotypes of B19V have been identified. The distribution of the three B19V genotypes has been investigated in various regions or countries. However, in China, data on the existence of different B19V genotypes are limited. Methods One hundred and eighteen B19V-DNA positive source plasma pool samples collected from three Chinese blood products manufacturers were analyzed. The subgenomic NS1/VP1u region junction of B19V was amplified by nested PCR. These amplified products were then cloned and subsequently sequenced. For genotyping, their phylogenetic inferences were constructed based on the NS1/VP1-unique region. Then putative recombination events were analyzed and identified. Results Phylogenetic analysis of 118 B19V sequences attributed 61.86 % to genotype 1a, 10.17 % to genotype 1b, and 17.80 % to genotype 3b. All the genotype 3b sequences obtained in this study grouped as a specific, closely related cluster with B19V strain D91.1. Four 1a/3b recombinants and 5 new atypical B19V variants with no recombination events were identified. Conclusions There were at least 3 subtypes (1a, 1b and 3b) of B19V circulating in China. Furthermore, putative B19V 1a/3b recombinants and unclassified strains were identified as well. Such recombinant and unclassified strains may contribute to the genetic diversity of B19V and consequently complicate the B19V infection diagnosis and NAT screening. Further studies will be required to elucidate the biological significance of the recombinant and unclassified strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0611-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Jia
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuyuan Ma
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiong Zhao
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chaoji Huangfu
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yadi Zhong
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chi Fang
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Rui Fan
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Maomin Lv
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jingang Zhang
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Prevalence and Viral Load of Human Parvovirus B19 (B19V) Among Blood Donors in South-East Brazil. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2015; 32:323-5. [PMID: 27408426 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common event in the general population, including volunteer blood donors. In some cases it can be asymptomatic and can remain persistent for a long period of time. The objective of this study was to examine the B19V DNA prevalence and viral load in first-time volunteer blood donors. Blood samples were collected from 91 primary blood donors at the Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Southeast Brazil. Viral detection and quantitation was performed by an in-house TaqMan(®) real-time PCR with high sensitivity. B19V DNA was detected in one male blood donor (1.0 %) and was characterized by a very low viral load (537.36 copies/mL). Our studies demonstrate that B19V DNA at low titer may be present in apparently healthy individuals. Sensitive molecular diagnostic tools can be applied for the screening of fresh blood derived products in order to prevent transfusion-transmitted B19V infection.
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Broch K, Andreassen AK, Hopp E, Leren TP, Scott H, Müller F, Aakhus S, Gullestad L. Results of comprehensive diagnostic work-up in 'idiopathic' dilated cardiomyopathy. Open Heart 2015; 2:e000271. [PMID: 26468400 PMCID: PMC4600247 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterised by left ventricular dilation and dysfunction not caused by coronary disease, valvular disease or hypertension. Owing to the considerable aetiological and prognostic heterogeneity in DCM, an extensive diagnostic work-up is recommended. We aimed to assess the value of diagnostic testing beyond careful physical examination, blood tests, echocardiography and coronary angiography. Methods From October 2008 to November 2012, we prospectively recruited 102 patients referred to our tertiary care hospital with a diagnosis of ‘idiopathic’ DCM based on patient history, physical examination, routine blood tests, echocardiography and coronary angiography. Extended work-up included cardiac MRI, exercise testing, right-sided catheterisation with biopsies, 24 h ECG and genetic testing. Results In 15 patients (15%), a diagnosis other than ‘idiopathic’ DCM was made based on additional tests. In 10 patients (10%), a possibly disease-causing mutation was detected. 2 patients were found to have non-compaction cardiomyopathy based on MRI findings; 2 patients had systemic inflammatory disease with cardiac involvement; and in 1 patient, cardiac amyloidosis was diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy. Only in 5 cases did the results of the extended work-up have direct therapeutic consequences. Conclusions In patients with DCM, in whom patient history and routine work-up carry no clues to the aetiology, the diagnostic and therapeutic yield of extensive additional testing is modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Broch
- Department of Cardiology , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine , K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Arne K Andreassen
- Department of Cardiology , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Einar Hopp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Trond P Leren
- Department of Medical Genetics , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Helge Scott
- Institute of Pathology , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Fredrik Müller
- Department of Microbiology , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Svend Aakhus
- Department of Cardiology , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Department of Cardiology , Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine , K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Toppinen M, Norja P, Aaltonen LM, Wessberg S, Hedman L, Söderlund-Venermo M, Hedman K. A new quantitative PCR for human parvovirus B19 genotypes. J Virol Methods 2015; 218:40-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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de Groot-Mijnes JD, Dekkers J, de Visser L, Rothova A, van Loon AM, de Boer JH. Antibody Production against B19 Virus in Ocular Fluid of JIA-Associated Uveitis Patients. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:1270-1272.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Biesbroek PS, Beek AM, Germans T, Niessen HWM, van Rossum AC. Diagnosis of myocarditis: Current state and future perspectives. Int J Cardiol 2015; 191:211-9. [PMID: 25974197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis, i.e. inflammation of the myocardium, is one of the leading causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in young adults, and is an important cause of symptoms such as chest pain, dyspnea and palpitations. The pathophysiological process of disease progression leading to DCM involves an ongoing inflammation as a result of a viral-induced auto-immune response or a persisting viral infection. It is therefore crucial to detect the disease early in its course and prevent persisting inflammation that may lead to DCM and end-stage heart failure. Because of the highly variable clinical presentation, ranging from mild symptoms to severe heart failure, and the limited available diagnostic tools, the evaluation of patients with suspected myocarditis represents an important clinical dilemma in cardiology. New approaches for the diagnosis of myocarditis are needed in order to improve recognition, to help unravel its pathophysiology, and to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat the disease. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the current diagnostic strategies for patients with suspected myocarditis, and demonstrate several new techniques that may help to improve the diagnostic work-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stefan Biesbroek
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research of the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam (ICaR-VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Aernout M Beek
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research of the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam (ICaR-VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research of the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam (ICaR-VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert C van Rossum
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research of the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam (ICaR-VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Aravindh R, Saikia UN, Mishra B, Kumari V, Sarkar S, Sharma M, Ratho RK, Joshi K. Persistence of human parvovirus B19 in tissues from adult individuals: a comparison with serostatus and its clinical utility. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2371-6. [PMID: 24777824 PMCID: PMC7102120 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 (PVB19) is linked to variety of diseases, including erythema infectiosum, transient aplastic crisis, fetal hydrops, cardiomyopathy and, recently, hepatitis and arthritis. Persistence of PVB19 in asymptomatic individuals has been reported in skin, synovium, myocardium and bone marrow. A higher level of PVB19 DNA has been observed in various tissues from cases of disease than in controls. Simultaneously, equal detection of PVB19 DNA has been shown in both cases and controls. Thus, it has become fundamental to study PVB19 DNA persistence in tissues that are unaffected by disease. This will help to better understand PVB19 DNA persistence in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals and its possible pathogenic role in various diseases. A total of 70 adult autopsies were included and divided into seropositive (SP) and seronegative (SN) groups based on PVB19 IgG. Nested PCR for PVB19 DNA was carried out in myocardium, liver, kidney, and bone marrow. Of the 70 patients, 60% belonged to the SP group and 40% to the SN group. Seropositivity ranged from 50% in the 12 to 20 year old group to 66.7% in the 61 to 80 year old group. The viral genome was detected in 34.3% of myocardium, 20% of bone marrow, 10% of kidney and 8.6% of liver samples. There was no significant difference in the persistence rates between the SP and SN groups. The persistence of PVB19 DNA in various tissues ranged from 8.3% to 36% in the SP group and 10% to 30% in the SN group. The persistence of PVB19 DNA in all the tissues was low, and PVB19 serostatus had no influence on the persistence of PVB19 DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Aravindh
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Baijayantimala Mishra
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Vandana Kumari
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Subhabrata Sarkar
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Mirnalini Sharma
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Radha Kanta Ratho
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Kusum Joshi
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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Adamson-Small LA, Ignatovich IV, Laemmerhirt MG, Hobbs JA. Persistent parvovirus B19 infection in non-erythroid tissues: Possible role in the inflammatory and disease process. Virus Res 2014; 190:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ukena C, Kindermann M, Mahfoud F, Geisel J, Lepper PM, Kandolf R, Böhm M, Kindermann I. Diagnostic and prognostic validity of different biomarkers in patients with suspected myocarditis. Clin Res Cardiol 2014; 103:743-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00392-014-0709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Niccoli G, Severino A, Pieroni M, Cosentino N, Ventrone MA, Conte M, Roberto M, Gallinella G, Liuzzo G, Leone AM, Porto I, Burzotta F, Trani C, Crea F. Parvovirus B19 at the culprit coronary stenosis predicts outcome after stenting. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:209-18. [PMID: 24289269 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parvovirus (PV) B19 DNA is detected in endothelial cells and may cause endothelial dysfunction, which is involved in in-stent restenosis. We aimed at performing an exploratory analysis that evaluated if PVB19 DNA at the culprit coronary stenosis would be associated with an increased rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after coronary stenting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive patients undergoing stent implantation for stable or unstable coronary artery disease were enroled. Serology for PVB19 infection and presence of DNA for PVB19 on balloons used for predilatation were assessed in all patients. MACE rate, as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI) or clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR) was obtained at 24 month follow-up. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for variables associated with MACE. RESULTS One hundred and nine patients [age 66 ± 10, male sex 89 (82%)] were enroled. At 24-month follow-up, 18 patients experienced a MACE. Two patients (2%) experienced MI, while 16 patients (15%) experienced clinically driven TLR. At multiple Cox regression analysis, the presence of PVB19 DNA on the balloon and the use of bare-metal stents were independent predictors of MACE [HR 3·30, 95% CI (1·12-10·08), P = 0·03 and HR 4·19, 95% CI (1·60-10·94), P = 0·003]. CONCLUSIONS PVB19 DNA detected on the balloon used for dilatation of coronary stenosis before stent implantation is associated with MACE rate at follow-up, mainly due to clinically driven TLR. The results of this exploratory analysis should be confirmed in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Niccoli
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Adenovirus death protein (ADP) is required for lytic infection of human lymphocytes. J Virol 2013; 88:903-12. [PMID: 24198418 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01675-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus death protein (ADP) is expressed at late times during a lytic infection of species C adenoviruses. ADP promotes the release of progeny virus by accelerating the lysis and death of the host cell. Since some human lymphocytes survive while maintaining a persistent infection with species C adenovirus, we compared ADP expression in these cells with ADP expression in lymphocytes that proceed with a lytic infection. Levels of ADP were low in KE37 and BJAB cells, which support a persistent infection. In contrast, levels of ADP mRNA and protein were higher in Jurkat cells, which proceed with a lytic infection. Epithelial cells infected with an ADP-overexpressing virus died more quickly than epithelial cells infected with an ADP-deleted virus. However, KE37, and BJAB cells remained viable after infection with the ADP-overexpressing virus. Although the levels of ADP mRNA increased in KE37 and BJAB cells infected with the ADP-overexpressing virus, the fraction of cells with detectable ADP was unchanged, suggesting that the control of ADP expression differs between epithelial and lymphocytic cells. When infected with an ADP-deleted adenovirus, Jurkat cells survived and maintained viral DNA for greater than 1 month. These findings are consistent with the notion that the level of ADP expression determines whether lymphocytic cells proceed with a lytic or a persistent adenovirus infection.
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Low-level DNAemia of parvovirus B19 (genotypes 1–3) in adult transplant recipients is not associated with anaemia. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:443-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Parvovirus B19 is a widespread human pathogenic virus, member of the Erythrovirus genus in the Parvoviridae family. Infection can be associated with an ample range of pathologies and clinical manifestations, whose characteristics and outcomes depend on the interplay between the pathogenetic potential of the virus, its adaptation to different cellular environments, and the physiological and immune status of the infected individuals. The scope of this review is the advances in knowledge on the biological characteristics of the virus and of virus-host relationships; in particular, the interactions of the virus with different cellular environments in terms of tropism and ability to achieve a productive replicative cycle, or, on the contrary, to establish persistence; the consequences of infection in terms of interference with the cell physiology; the process of recognition of the virus by the innate or adaptive immune system, hence the role of the immune system in controlling the infection or in the development of clinical manifestations. Linked to these issues is the continuous effort to develop better diagnostic algorithms and methods and the need for development of prophylactic and therapeutic options for B19V infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, and Microbiology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Eid AJ, Chen SF. Human parvovirus B19 in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13 Suppl 4:201-5. [PMID: 23465012 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Eid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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da Costa A, Bendit I, de Oliveira A, Kallas E, Sabino E, Sanabani S. Investigation of human parvovirus B19 occurrence and genetic variability in different leukaemia entities. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:E31-E43. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Immunohistochemical detection of parvovirus B19 in "gloves and socks" papular purpuric syndrome: direct evidence for viral endothelial involvement. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 33:790-5. [PMID: 22024574 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e318221bc41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Papular-purpuric "gloves and socks" syndrome is a distinctive dermatosis featuring acral pruritus, edema, and petechiae. It has been attributed in most--but not all--reported cases to Parvovirus B19 infection, on the grounds of serological proof of recent infection or detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction in patient serum or biopsies. We report the immunohistochemical detection of Parvovirus B19 VP2 structural protein in the endothelial lining of dermal blood vessels in 3 examples of Papular-purpuric "gloves and socks" syndrome and review previously described immunohistochemical investigations in cutaneous involvement by this infection.
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Koepsell SA, Anderson DR, Radio SJ. Parvovirus B19 is a bystander in adult myocarditis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 21:476-81. [PMID: 22425629 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genomic DNA of parvovirus B19, a small single-stranded DNA virus of the genus Erythrovirus, has been shown to persist in solid tissues of constitutionally healthy, immunocompetent individuals. Despite these data, many case reports and series have linked the presence of parvovirus B19 genomic DNA, detected through nucleic acid amplification testing, with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Herein, we use multiple tools to better assess the relationship between parvovirus B19 and myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. METHODS Nucleic acid amplification testing, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy were used to assess the location and activity of parvovirus B19 in cases of myocarditis and in cases with no significant cardiac disease. RESULTS Nucleic acid amplification testing for parvovirus B19 genomic DNA was positive in 73% of patients with myocarditis/cardiomyopathy and in 26% of patients with no significant disease. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that, in cases with amplifiable parvovirus B19 DNA, parvovirus B19 genomic DNA and viral protein production were present in rare mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS In a majority of cases of myocarditis and a significant number of otherwise normal hearts, nucleic acid amplification testing detected persistent parvovirus B19 genomic DNA that did not play a significant pathogenic role. The source of parvovirus B19 DNA appeared to be interstitial mononuclear inflammatory cells and not myocardial or endothelial cells. Therefore, nucleic acid amplification testing alone is not diagnostically helpful for determining the etiology of adult myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Koepsell
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Ruppert V, Meyer T, Balbach A, Richter A, Müller HH, Maisch B, Pankuweit S. Genotype-specific effects on left ventricular function in parvovirus B19-positive patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Med Virol 2012; 83:1818-25. [PMID: 21837800 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genotype-specific effects of parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections on left ventricular function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) have not been investigated so far. In this prospective clinical study, the prevalences of B19V genotypes in endomyocardial biopsies from patients presenting with inflammatory heart disease and DCM were determined. A total of 139 consecutive patients were included in the study; among them 53 patients were diagnosed as DCM. Among the total study cohort, B19V DNA was detected in 65 study participants (46.8%). Genotyping of the B19V genomes in the total cohort identified genotype 1 in 38 samples (27.3%), genotype 2 in 25 samples (18.0%), and genotype 3 in only two patients (1.4%). During an average follow-up period of 8 months left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improved significantly both in B19V-positive (7.1 ± 13.8%, n = 17, P = 0.038) as well as B19V-negative patients with DCM (9.5 ± 13.9%, n = 20, P = 0.017). However, mean LVEF improved only in patients with genotype 1 (11.0 ± 14.4%, n = 7), whereas it even decreased in patients with genotype 2 (-6.2 ± 6.3%, n = 5, P = 0.033). These data from a small sample of patients diagnosed as DCM suggested that myocardial function during short-time follow-up differed between genetic variants of B19V. Patients with genotype 1 were on average younger than genotype 2 and appeared to be more prone to a beneficial course of left ventricular function than patients with genotype 2. Future studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods will be required to confirm this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Ruppert
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gießen & Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Yajima T. Viral myocarditis: potential defense mechanisms within the cardiomyocyte against virus infection. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:551-66. [PMID: 21585262 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection can inflict significant damage on cardiomyocytes through direct injury and secondary immune reactions, leading to myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. While viral myocarditis or cardiomyopathy is a complication of systemic infection of cardiotropic viruses, most individuals infected with the viruses do not develop significant cardiac disease. However, some individuals proceed to develop severe virus-mediated heart disease. Recent studies have shown that viral infection of cardiomyocytes is required for the development of myocarditis and subsequent cardiomyopathy. This suggests that viral infection of cardiomyocytes can be an important step that determines the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis during systemic infection. Accordingly, this article focuses on potential defense mechanisms within the cardiomyocyte against virus infection. Understanding of the cardiomyocyte defense against invading viruses may give us novel insights into the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis, and enable us to develop innovative strategies of diagnosis and treatment for this challenging clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Yajima
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0613K, USA.
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