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Estirado Gómez A, Justo Gil S, Limia A, Avellón A, Arce Arnáez A, González-Rubio R, Diaz A, Del Amo J. Prevalence and undiagnosed fraction of hepatitis C infection in 2018 in Spain: results from a national population-based survey. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:1117-1122. [PMID: 34392348 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A national strategy against hepatitis C virus (HCV) was implemented in Spain in 2015 with the aim of reducing associated morbidity and mortality. In order to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of HCV, we analysed the prevalence of HCV antibodies and active infection overall and by age and sex in the general population aged 20-80 years. We also aimed to report the undiagnosed fraction. METHODS A national population-based seroprevalence survey was conducted in 2017-2018. A representative sample from the general population was selected using two-stage sampling. The prevalence of total HCV antibodies and of HCV RNA was calculated using inverse probability weighting based on bootstrapping. RESULTS Overall, we approached 17 496 persons; 9103 agreed to participate and met the eligibility criteria and 7675 were aged 20-80. We obtained a prevalence of HCV antibodies of 0.85% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-1.08%] and of active infection of 0.22% (95% CI: 0.12-0.32%). The prevalence of active HCV infection was highest in men aged 50-59 (0.86%; 95% CI: 0.28-1.57%) and in men aged 60-69 years (0.72%; 95% CI: 0.27-1.28%). Prevalence was below 0.20% in the remaining age groups. The undiagnosed fraction for active HCV infection was 29.4%. CONCLUSION This study shows that prevalence of HCV in the general population in Spain is low and reflects the impact of scaling up treatment with direct acting antivirals, together with other prevention strategies, from 2015 onwards. The data reported can guide subsequent public health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Estirado Gómez
- Health Information, General Secretariat for Digital Health, Information and Innovation, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Justo Gil
- Health Promotion, Prevention and Quality, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Limia
- Health Promotion, Prevention and Quality, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Avellón
- National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli Arce Arnáez
- Health Information, General Secretariat for Digital Health, Information and Innovation, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Rubio
- National Plan against HIV & STIs & Viral Hepatitis & TB, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Diaz
- National Plan against HIV & STIs & Viral Hepatitis & TB, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.,HIV, HCV & STI Surveillance, National Center for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Del Amo
- National Plan against HIV & STIs & Viral Hepatitis & TB, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
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Ratana-Amornpin S, Vilaichone RK, Miftahussurur M, Aumpan N, Kaewkarnjanarat K, Nun-Anan P, Chonprasertsuk S, Siramolpiwat S, Bhanthumkomol P, Pornthisarn B, Uchida T, Mahachai V. Clinical Features and Overall Survival of Females with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study and Review of the Literature in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Int J Womens Health 2021; 13:717-725. [PMID: 34326670 PMCID: PMC8314927 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s311419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes more than 200,000 women deaths annually. This study aimed to investigate the clinical features, provide prognostic factors for female patients with HCC, and performed a literature review on them in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of female patients with HCC at Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand between January 2009 and January 2019. Furthermore, important aspects of female patients with HCC in the ASEAN published in PubMed and Scopus up to October 2020 were extensively reviewed. Results A total of 187 female patients with HCC were included (mean age 65.7±11.9 years). Elderly females were diagnosed with HCC at a more advanced stage than younger individuals (37.0% vs 23.2%, p=0.049, OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.00-3.78) and the younger group had a significantly higher overall 2-year survival rate than the elderly group (65.0% vs 45.5%, p=0.03, OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.09-4.57). Abdominal pain (HR 9.89, 95% CI 2.85-34.38, p<0.001), ascites at presentation (HR 2.77, 95% CI 1.11-6.92, p=0.03), ruptured hepatoma (HR 14.68, 95% CI 12.60-83.09, p=0.002), advanced-stage HCC (HR 9.74, 95% CI 1.89-50.26; p=0.007), and serum hypoalbuminemia (HR 4.67, 95% CI 1.62-13.50, p=0.004) were significantly associated with poor survival rate. From the ASEAN, a total of 543 females HCC patients from 6 studies were extensively reviewed. Chronic hepatitis B infection was among the pre-existing liver disease leading to HCC in ASEAN. HCC in females of the ASEAN occurred most often at an advanced age and had a grave prognosis. Conclusion HCC affects a large number of females, especially in Thailand and the ASEAN, is diagnosed at an advanced stage and had a grave prognosis. Abdominal pain, ascites, ruptured HCC, advanced-stage HCC, and serum hypoalbuminemia are associated with poor prognosis. Early detection of HCC and prompt treatment in patients at risk could result in better survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Ratana-Amornpin
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Ratha-Korn Vilaichone
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine (CICM) at Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.,Gastroentero-Hepatology Section, Internal Medicine Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Miftahussurur
- Gastroentero-Hepatology Section, Internal Medicine Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Natsuda Aumpan
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Kaewkarnjanarat
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Pongjarat Nun-Anan
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Soonthorn Chonprasertsuk
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sith Siramolpiwat
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine (CICM) at Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Patommatat Bhanthumkomol
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Bubpha Pornthisarn
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Tomohisa Uchida
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Varocha Mahachai
- Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine (CICM) at Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.,Gastrointestinal and Liver Center, Bangkok Medical Center, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Burgui C, Martín C, Juanbeltz R, San Miguel R, Martínez-Baz I, Zozaya JM, Castilla J. Recapture of patients with an incomplete diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2021; 112:525-531. [PMID: 32515981 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2020.6944/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody tests have been performed since the 90s, although HCV-RNA (viral load) determination was not always performed. Some of these patients may be actively infected and not be aware of it. Here, we describe a procedure to capture these subjects and complete their diagnosis. METHODS the historical laboratory results of Navarra were reviewed and individuals who were positive for antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) and had not undergone HCV-RNA testing were identified. In September 2018, each general practitioner (GP) was informed about their patients and given precise instructions for completing the diagnosis. The procedure was assessed until December 2019. RESULTS two hundred and eighty-nine anti-HCV positive patients were detected for whom active infection had not been discarded. Two were HIV-positive and six had already died. GPs were asked to assess the remaining 281 subjects. By the end of 2019, a new blood test had been performed in 187 (67 %) patients, 5 % decided not to do it, 4 % were living outside of Navarra, 3 % could not be contacted and the GP considered that it was not justified in 2 % of cases. Thus, 19 % remained to be contacted. From the 187 assessed patients, active infection was confirmed in 52 (28 %) individuals, 40 % were false positives and HCV-RNA was undetectable in 31 %. Regarding the 52 actively infected subjects, 34 had already initiated antiviral therapy and three were hospitalized due to decompensated cirrhosis, from which one patient died. CONCLUSIONS the strategy to recapture individuals with an incomplete HCV infection diagnosis was effective to detect active infections and subsequent initiation of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Burgui
- Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, España
| | - Carmen Martín
- Microbiología Clínica, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra
| | | | | | - Iván Martínez-Baz
- Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra (IdiSNA), España
| | | | - Jesús Castilla
- Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra, España
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4
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Reyes-Urueña J, Celly A, Moreno S, Majó X, Colom J, Casabona J. Hepatitis C virus: Testing rate and attrition at linkage to specialized care, Catalonia, Spain 2011-2016. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:288-299. [PMID: 33098176 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening through primary care providers (PCP) might increase linkage to specialized care. This study aimed to calculate HCV testing rate and prevalence of anti-HCV according to socio-demographic factors in primary care in Catalonia, Spain, from 2011 to 2016, and to identify the rate and determinants of attrition at linkage to specialized care. Patient data from 274 primary care centres (3414 PCP) were analysed, including socio-demographic information, morbidity, laboratory tests and treatments (1-Jan-2011 to 31-Dec-2016). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine HCV testing rate, HCV seroprevalence and rate of attrition at linkage to specialized care. In the study period, there were 839 072 people tested for HCV infection and 21 156 with first-time positive anti-HCV test results. Rate of HCV testing was 143.54/103 pop (95% CI: 143.26-143.83). Women had higher HCV testing rate (158.65/103 women [95% CI: 158.24-159.07]), compared to men (128.10/103 men [95% CI: 127.72-128.49]). The highest HCV testing rate was among people aged 25-34 (284.11/103 pop [CIs: 283.10-285.12]). The anti-HCV seroprevalence was 3.62/103 pop (CIs: 3.57-3.67). The highest prevalence was found among men (4.20/103 men [CIs: 4.12-4.27]), people aged 45-54 (7.19/103 pop [CIs: 7.01-7.37]), people aged 75-84 (7.26/103 pop [CIs: 6.99-7.53]), Spanish (3.68/103 [CIs: 3.61-3.75]), European and Northern Americans (5.64/103 [CIs: 5.33-5.96]) and Asians (9.78/103 [CIs: 9.21-10.35]). From those who had a positive anti-HCV result, 49.8% (N = 10 528) were not linked to specialized care. Appropriate clinical care pathways and referral systems need to be established to ensure optimal linkage to specialized care for people newly diagnosed with HCV in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Reyes-Urueña
- Dept Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Centre Estudis Epidemiologics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissio Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Badalona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Badalona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Spain
| | - Ana Celly
- Dept Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Centre Estudis Epidemiologics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissio Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Badalona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, d'Obstetricia i Ginecologia i de Medicina Preventiva i de Salut Publica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sergio Moreno
- Dept Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Centre Estudis Epidemiologics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissio Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Badalona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Spain
| | - Xavier Majó
- Programa de prevenció, control i atenció al virus d'immunodeficiència humana (VIH), les infeccions de transmissió sexual (ITS) i les hepatitis víriques (HV), (PCVIHV), Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colom
- Programa de prevenció, control i atenció al virus d'immunodeficiència humana (VIH), les infeccions de transmissió sexual (ITS) i les hepatitis víriques (HV), (PCVIHV), Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Casabona
- Dept Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Centre Estudis Epidemiologics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissio Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Badalona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Badalona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, d'Obstetricia i Ginecologia i de Medicina Preventiva i de Salut Publica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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5
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Yaroslavtseva NG, Tikhomirov DS, Nikolaeva LI, Dedova AV, Ovchinnikova EN, Misko ON, Romanova TY, Makhnovskiy PI, Grishechkin AE, Tupoleva TA. [Low concentrations of hepatitis C virus RNA in serologically mild infection.]. Vopr Virusol 2020; 64:30-35. [PMID: 30893527 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2019-64-1-30-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Occult HCV infection (OCI) provides significant interest recently. HCV RNA in this case can be detected not in plasma, but in blood cells and/or in liver tissue. In case of antibody genesis impairment anti-HCV detection may lead to negative or "uncertain" result. The aim of the study was to estimate infection type in blood donors and patients with hematological diseases by exploration of samples with uncertain anti-HCV detection results. Blood samples of 30 180 potential blood donors' and 4322 patients with hematological diseases were tested. Comparative analysis of wide pattern of HCV markers was performed. 33 blood donors and 42 patients were enrolled in follow-up examination. Uncertain results of Anti-HCV detection in donors' samples were in 0.18% of cases. Follow-up examination of 33 donors provided discordant results using immunochemiluminescence assay and ELISA. 15.2% donors' samples contained HCV RNA in low concentration. Follow-up observation of 42 patients with incomplete antiviral antibody pattern showed HCV RNA presence in 40.5% cases (21.4% high viremia and 19.0% low viremia). Samples with low RNA concentration contained low titers of anti-core antibodies. Samples with high titers of anti-core antibodies contained high HCV RNA level. Uncertain results of anti-HCV in 15.2% of potential blood donors' samples were confirmed by detection of HCV RNA in low concentration. It proved OCI presence in these individuals and called for testing for wide pattern of HCV markers in addition to routine screening. Patients with hematological diseases showed low level of HCV RNA along with low titers of antibodies against one or two viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Yaroslavtseva
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology, 125167, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - D S Tikhomirov
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology, 125167, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - L I Nikolaeva
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A V Dedova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - E N Ovchinnikova
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology, 125167, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - O N Misko
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology, 125167, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - T Yu Romanova
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology, 125167, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - P I Makhnovskiy
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A E Grishechkin
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - T A Tupoleva
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology, 125167, Moscow, Russian Federation
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6
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Crespo J, Cuadrado A, Perelló C, Cabezas J, Llerena S, Llorca J, Cedillo S, Llop E, Escudero MD, Hernández Conde M, Puchades L, Redondo C, Fortea JI, Gil de Miguel A, Serra MA, Lazarus JV, Calleja JL. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in a country with universal access to direct-acting antiviral agents: Data for designing a cost-effective elimination policy in Spain. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:360-370. [PMID: 31755634 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate HCV prevalence estimates are necessary for guiding elimination policies. Our aim was to determine the HCV prevalence and assess the cost-effectiveness of a screen-and-treat strategy in the Spanish population. A population-based, cross-sectional study (PREVHEP-ETHON Cohort, Epidemiological sTudy of Hepatic infectiONs; NCT02749864) was performed from July 2015-April 2017. Participants from three Spanish regions were selected using two-stage conglomerate sampling, and stratified by age, with randomized subject selection. Anthropometric and demographic data were collected, and blood samples were taken to detect anti-HCV antibodies/quantify HCV RNA. The cost-effectiveness of the screening strategies and treatment were analysed using a Markov model. Among 12 246 participants aged 20-74 (58.4% females), the overall anti-HCV prevalence was 1.2% (95% CI 1.0-1.4), whereas the detectable HCV-RNA prevalence was 0.3% (0.2-0.4). Infection rates were highest in subjects aged 50-74 years [anti-HCV 1.6% (1.3-1.9), HCV RNA 0.4% (0.3-0.6]. Among the 147 anti-HCV + subjects, 38 (25.9%) had active infections while 109 (74.1%) had been cleared of infection; 44 (40.4%) had cleared after antiviral treatment, whereas 65 (59.6%) had cleared spontaneously. Overall, 59.8% of the anti-HCV + participants were aware of their serological status. Considering a cost of treatment of €7000/patient, implementing screening programmes is cost-effective across all age cohorts, particularly in patients aged 50-54 (negative incremental cost-effectiveness ratio which indicates a cost-saving strategy). The current HCV burden is lower than previously estimated, with approximately 25% of anti-HCV + individuals having an active infection. A strategy of screening and treatment at current treatment prices in Spain is cost-effective across all age cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Crespo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), s/n, Calle Cardenal Herrera Oria, Santander, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), s/n, Calle Cardenal Herrera Oria, Santander, Spain
| | - Christie Perelló
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Joaquin Cabezas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), s/n, Calle Cardenal Herrera Oria, Santander, Spain
| | - Susana Llerena
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), s/n, Calle Cardenal Herrera Oria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Llorca
- Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - Sergio Cedillo
- Outcomes Research Department, Chiltern International/MSD, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Elba Llop
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Desamparados Escudero
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Servicio Medicina Digestiva del Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia (HUCV) Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández Conde
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Laura Puchades
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Servicio Medicina Digestiva del Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia (HUCV) Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Redondo
- Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), s/n, Calle Cardenal Herrera Oria, Santander, Spain
| | - José I Fortea
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), s/n, Calle Cardenal Herrera Oria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Serra
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Servicio Medicina Digestiva del Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia (HUCV) Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Calleja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Majadahonda, Spain
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7
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Carvalho-Gomes Â, Cubells A, Pallarés C, Hontangas V, Conde I, Di Maira T, Peiró S, Sanfélix-Gimeno G, López-Labrador FX, Berenguer M. A population-based screening for hepatitis C antibodies and active infection using a point-of-care test in a low prevalence area. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228351. [PMID: 32045417 PMCID: PMC7012430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on the true prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the general population is essential. We evaluated a program implementing free universal HCV screening using a non-invasive point-of-care test (POCT) (OraQuick-HCV rapid test) in oral fluid in an urban area in Valencia, South-Eastern Spain. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed during 2015–2017. Free HCV screening was offered by regular mail to 11,500 individuals aged 18 and over, randomly selected from all census residents in the Health Department. All responding participants filled in a questionnaire about HCV infection risk factors and were tested in their tertiary Hospital. In those with a positive POCT, results were confirmed by enzyme-immunoassay and HCV-RNA. Results 1,206 persons agreed to participate (response rate: 11.16%). HCV antibodies were detected in 19 (1.60%) cases (age-sex standardized rate: 1.31%; 95%CI: 0.82–2.07), but only 8 showed positive HCV-RNA (age-sex standardized rate: 0.56%; 95%CI: 0.28–1.14). The majority (89%) of the cases were born before 1965 and 74% had at least one known risk factor for HCV infection. All anti-HCV positive individuals were already aware of their infection, and no undiagnosed cases were detected. The performance of the POCT was excellent for detecting active infection. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest that HCV population screening with a POCT is feasible but, in our setting, mailing recruiting is not effective (11% response rate). The low prevalence of HCV antibodies and active infection in the participant population (with no new diagnoses made) suggests that, in our setting, underdiagnosis may be uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Carvalho-Gomes
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, València, Spain
- CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Cubells
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, València, Spain
| | - Carmina Pallarés
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, València, Spain
- CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Hontangas
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, València, Spain
| | - Isabel Conde
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, València, Spain
| | - Tomasso Di Maira
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, València, Spain
| | - Salvador Peiró
- Health Services Research Area, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO Public Health), València, Spain
| | - Gabriel Sanfélix-Gimeno
- Health Services Research Area, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO Public Health), València, Spain
| | - F. Xavier López-Labrador
- Virology Laboratory, Joint Units in Genomics and Health and Infection and Health, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO Public Health) / Universitat de València, València, Spain
- CIBEResp, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Berenguer
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, València, Spain
- CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, València, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, València, Spain
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8
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Prevalence of HCV infection in a health area of Madrid (Spain): The first step towards microelimination. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2019; 38:317-322. [PMID: 31818498 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of HCV infection in the general population of a health area through an intervention in Primary Care, differentiating between new diagnoses and infections previously diagnosed but not treated. METHODS Participants were selected through a risk assessment questionnaire, with all those who gave at least one affirmative answer and all those over 50 years of age undergoing a rapid test. Positive tests were confirmed in the lab by determination of anti-HCV antibodies by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay and determination of viraemia. RESULTS Of the 7,991 participants, 36.2% presented a positive HCV risk questionnaire. 4,717 tests were performed, finding an anti-HCV percentage of 0.65% in the screened population, with 0.46% of active infections. Among the individuals with a positive test result, 51.9% had a known prior diagnosis but had not received treatment, because they were not aware of it or were not linked to the health system, and 19.2% had a positive result for the first time. The prevalence of hidden infection was higher in men, those over 50 years of age and people from Eastern Europe. CONCLUSION We found a prevalence of active infections higher than recently described nationwide, and a higher percentage of newly diagnosed infections than recent similar studies in other areas. These differences justify the need to perform local assessments of the prevalence of HCV infection in each of the health areas where it is planned to implement and monitor a microelimination programme.
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Edmunds BL, Miller ER, Tsourtos G. The distribution and socioeconomic burden of Hepatitis C virus in South Australia: a cross-sectional study 2010-2016. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:527. [PMID: 31068170 PMCID: PMC6505114 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is a communicable disease of increasing global importance with 1.75 million new infections and 400,000 related deaths annually. Until recently, treatment options have had low uptake and most infected people remain untreated. New Direct Acting Antiviral medications can clear the virus in around 95% of cases, with few side-effects. These medications are restricted in most countries but freely accessible in Australia, yet most people still remain untreated. This study applies a cross-sectional research design to investigate the socio-spatial distribution of HCV in South Australia, to identify vulnerable populations, and examine epidemiological factors to potentially inform future targeted strategies for improved treatment uptake. METHOD HCV surveillance data were sourced from South Australia's Communicable Diseases Control Branch and socio-economic population data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics from January 2010 to December 2016 inclusive. HCV cases were spatially mapped at postcode level. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of demographic risks for HCV notification and notification source. RESULTS HCV notifications (n = 3356) were seven times more likely to be from people residing in the poorest areas with high rates of non-employment (75%; n = 1876) and injecting drug use (74%; n = 1862) reported. Notifications among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were around six times that of non-Indigenous people. HCV notifications negatively correlated (Spearman's rho - 0.426; p < 0.001) with socio-economic status (residential postcode socio-economic resources Index). History of imprisonment independently predicted HCV diagnoses in lesser economically-resourced areas (RR1.5; p < 0.001). Independent predictors of diagnosis elsewhere than in general practices were non-employment (RR 4.6; p = 0.028), being male (RR 2.5; p < 0.001), and younger than mean age at diagnosis (RR 2.1; p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Most people diagnosed with HCV were from marginalised sub-populations. Given general practitioners are pivotal to providing effective HCV treatment for many people in Australia a most concerning finding was that non-employed people were statistically less likely to be diagnosed by general practitioners. These findings highlight a need for further action aimed at improving healthcare access and treatment uptake to help reduce the burden of HCV for marginalised people, and progress the vision of eliminating HCV as a major public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Ruth Miller
- Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia
| | - George Tsourtos
- Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia
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Juanbeltz R, Pérez-García A, Aguinaga A, Martínez-Baz I, Casado I, Burgui C, Goñi-Esarte S, Repáraz J, Zozaya JM, San Miguel R, Ezpeleta C, Castilla J. Progress in the elimination of hepatitis C virus infection: A population-based cohort study in Spain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208554. [PMID: 30513107 PMCID: PMC6279228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization set targets to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection through detection and treatment of all cases by 2030. This study aimed to describe the progress and difficulties in the elimination of HCV infection in Navarra, Spain. METHODS Using electronic healthcare databases, we performed a population-based prospective cohort study to describe changes in the prevalence of diagnosed active HCV infection at the beginning of 2015 and the end of 2017, the rate of new diagnoses and the rate of post-treatment viral clearance (PTVC) during this period. RESULTS At the beginning of 2015 there were 1503 patients diagnosed with positive HCV-RNA, 2.4 per 1000 inhabitants, and at the end of 2017 the prevalence had decreased by 47%. In the study period, 333 (18 per 100,000 person-years) new positive HCV-RNA cases were detected, but only 76 (23%; 4.2 per 100,000 person-years) did not have anti-HCV antibodies previously detected. Prevalent cases and new diagnoses of active infection were more frequent in men, people born in 1950-1979, HIV-infected patients and in those with lower income levels. Among patients with HCV-RNA, 984 achieved PTVC (22.7 per 100 person-years). PTVC was less frequent in patients born before 1940, in immigrants and in patients with lower income levels. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of diagnosed active HCV infection has dropped by almost half over three years, because the number of patients with PTVC was much higher than the number of new diagnoses. Interventions specifically targeted at population groups with less favourable trends may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Juanbeltz
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Pérez-García
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aitziber Aguinaga
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iván Martínez-Baz
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Casado
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Burgui
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Goñi-Esarte
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Repáraz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Zozaya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ramón San Miguel
- Department of Pharmacy, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Ezpeleta
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Castilla
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra—IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Pamplona, Spain
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Khudur Al-Nassary MS, Mahdi BM. Study of Hepatitis C Virus Detection Assays. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2018; 36:47-50. [PMID: 30377525 PMCID: PMC6202795 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus is a small, enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that causes and liver cancer like hepatocellular carcinoma and lymphomas.Aim of the study: to assess different methods in diagnosis HCV infection. Patients and methods A retrospective study of 426 patients was admitted to Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital, Baghdad-Iraq for surgical operations or renal dialysis from January-2015 to December-2016. Their serum tested for HCV Abs by rapid immunochromatography, Enzyme Linked ImunoSorbent Assay (ELISA), and RIBA test. Results The study sample was 426 patients, their age was ranged from 15 to 65 years. Males were represented 58% and the rest were females. The serum of all samples has tested by rapid Immunochromatography test. Fifty percent of them showed positive results by this test and the rest were negative. Those fifty serum samples who were positive by Immunochromatography test were reexamined by ELISA test and showed 39out of 50 (78%) were true positive by ELISA test and the rest were negative (P = 0.0001).The positive samples by ELISA have tested by RIBA test that showed 200(80%)were true positive in males and 130(74%)were true positive in females and the rest were false positive (P = 0.0001). Conclusions Early screening of the high risk group of population by highly sensitive test is important to treat infected patients and prevent dissemination among population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Batool Mutar Mahdi
- Al-Kindy College of Medicine, Head of HLA Research Unit, University of Baghdad, Iraq
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to estimate seroprevalence and prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a small health area of the Valencian Community, Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a descriptive cross-sectional study aimed at estimation of HCV infection prevalence in the whole adult population (25-70 years old), that is, a pilot study for an eventual population-based screening program. RESULTS A total of 5849 participants aged 25-70 years (51% male) were invited to participate by regular mail. Overall, 143 letters were returned owing to errors in the addresses. Of 5706 participants, 2637 (46.2%) participated in the study. Rapid test of anti-HCV antibody detection was positive in 30 cases (HCV seroprevalence 1.14%, 95% confidence intervals: 0.73-1.55%). Of those, seven were not aware of their condition. Participants who had a positive result in the rapid test of anti-HCV detection were given a confirmatory test by enzyme immune assay, and all had a positive result. RNA-HCV determination by quantitative PCR in positive anti-HCV patients showed positive viremia in 13 (43.3%) cases, of which five were not aware of the disease. Of the 17 patients who had negative viremia, two were unaware of their HCV status, one was a carrier of anti-HCV and was already aware of his condition, and 14 had been previously treated with satisfactory results. Regarding fibrosis, of the seven patients who were unaware of HCV infection, none of them had significant fibrosis. Moreover, 26 (86.7%) anti-HCV positive patients were reported to have one or more risk factors for HCV infection. CONCLUSION HCV screening strategies applied to the general population are good means to diagnose and treat patients who are not aware of their infection, avoiding new transmissions as well as disease progression.
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Berenguer J. Eliminación del virus de la hepatitis C en España: un reto pendiente. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 36:323-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Lazarus JV, Bromberg DJ, Del Amo J, Norgaard O, García-Samaniego J, Casellas A, Calleja JL, Requena-Méndez A. Hepatitis C prevalence among the migrant population in Spain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 37:222-230. [PMID: 29759423 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spain, which has one of the largest migrant populations in Europe, has committed to eliminating the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HCV among migrant groups in Spain, a country of 46 million people, with an estimated HCV-antibody prevalence of 1.7%. METHODS Studies on HCV and migration in Spain were identified by systematically searching three databases from the first records to 30 November 2017, and consulting experts at the Ministry of Health and in the 17 Spanish autonomous communities. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine pooled HCV prevalence for the general migrant population. Prevalences were also calculated for high-risk migrant populations and populations who had undergone hospital screening, stratified by region of origin. RESULTS Out of 243 studies identified, 26 met the eligibility criteria. The meta-analysis of the general migrant population found HCV antibody prevalence to be 1.6%. Migrants originating from European countries, including those at high or moderate risk for HCV, had the highest pooled prevalence (7.1%). In the general migrant population, prevalence was highest among sub-Saharan African migrants (3.1%) and lowest among Latin American migrants (0.2%). CONCLUSION Based on the limited available data, the prevalence among the general migrant population was found to be the same as the general Spanish population. Further research is needed to more accurately determine HCV prevalence for the overall migrant population and specific migrant subpopulations with a higher risk in the country as a whole and in each of Spain's 17 autonomous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel J Bromberg
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Del Amo
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Aina Casellas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana Requena-Méndez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Wasitthankasem R, Vichaiwattana P, Auphimai C, Siripon N, Klinfueng S, Tangkijvanich P, Vongpunsawad S, Poovorawan Y. HCV core antigen is an alternative marker to HCV RNA for evaluating active HCV infection: implications for improved diagnostic option in an era of affordable DAAs. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4008. [PMID: 29134150 PMCID: PMC5678506 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The core antigen of the hepatitis C virus (HCV Ag) presents an alternative marker to HCV RNA when screening patients for HCV viremia. This study sought to evaluate the utility of HCV Ag as a marker to assess active HCV infection in individuals residing in an HCV-endemic area. From 298 HCV-seropositive individuals evaluated for the presence of anti-HCV antibody, HCV Ag and HCV RNA, anti-HCV antibody was detected in 252 individuals (signal-to-cutoff ratios ≥5), HCV RNA was detected in 222 individuals (88%), and HCV Ag was reactive (≥3 fmol/L) in 220 individuals (87%). HCV genotype 1, 3, and 6 were identified. HCV Ag significantly correlated with HCV RNA irrespective of HCV genotype and/or HBV co-infection (log HCV RNA = 2.67 + 0.95 [log HCV Ag], R2 = 0.890, p < 0.001). To predict HCV viremia (HCV Ag ≥ 3 fmol/L), the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 99%, 99%, 100%, 100% and 97%, respectively. We concluded that HCV Ag was a good surrogate marker for HCV RNA and could be used to diagnose active HCV infection in a resource-limited setting. As a result, a cost-effective strategy for screening and identifying active HCV carriers using HCV Ag detection would enable more patients access to efficacious and increasingly affordable direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujipat Wasitthankasem
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chompoonut Auphimai
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nipaporn Siripon
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirapa Klinfueng
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Research Unit of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Moreno-Planas JM, Larrubia-Marfil JR, Sánchez-Ruano JJ, Morillas-Ariño J, Patón-Arenas R, Sáiz-Chumillas RM, Tébar-Romero E, Lucendo-Villarín A, Gancedo-Bringas P, Solera-Muñoz M, Vicente-Gutiérrez MDM, Martínez-Alfaro E. Influence of baseline MELD score in the efficacy of treatment of hepatitis C with simeprevir and sofosbuvir. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017. [PMID: 28641865 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are few published studies on predictors of response to treatment with sofosbuvir and simeprevir in HCV patients. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to analyse possible predictors of response to simeprevir (SMV) and sofosbuvir (SOF) in patients infected with hepatitis C genotypes 1 or 4. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective observational cohort study in 12 hospitals. The primary efficacy endpoint was SVR rate 12 weeks after end of treatment (SVR12). RESULTS 204 patients (62.3% male, mean age 55 years) were included: 186 (91.2%) genotype 1 (60.3% 1b 25% 1a) and 18 (8.8%) genotype 4. 132 (64.7%) cirrhotic (87.9% Child A), 33 (16.2%) F3, 31 (15.2%) F2, 8 (3.9%) F0-1. 80.8% MELD<10. 93 (45.6%) naive. Ribavirin was added in 68 (33.3%). Mean baseline viral load 2,151,549 IU/ml (SD: 2,391,840). Treatment duration 12 weeks in 93.1%. 4 discontinued therapy: suicide, psychotic attack, hyperbilirubinaemia and liver cancer recurrence. 190 (93.1%) achieved SVR12. There were no differences in SVR12 depending on the genotype, treatment duration, ribavirin use, prior therapy, viral load (VL) or baseline platelets. In univariate analysis, undetectable VL at 4 weeks (p=0.042), absence of cirrhosis (p=0.021), baseline albumin ≥ 4g/dl (p=0.001) and MELD<10 (p<0.0001) were associated with higher SVR12. In multivariate analysis, only baseline MELD score <10 patients had higher SVR12 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The combination of simeprevir and sofosbuvir in patients infected with genotype 1 and 4 hepatitis C is highly effective. It is a safe therapy, especially in patients without ribavirin. This combination was more effective in patients with a MELD score below 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Planas
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, España.
| | - Juan Ramón Larrubia-Marfil
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, España; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
| | | | - Julia Morillas-Ariño
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Virgen de la Luz de Cuenca, Cuenca, España
| | - Roberto Patón-Arenas
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, España
| | | | - Emilia Tébar-Romero
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de Alcázar de San Juan, Ciudad Real, España
| | | | | | - Mario Solera-Muñoz
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Villarrobledo, Albacete, España
| | - María Del Mar Vicente-Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, España
| | - Elisa Martínez-Alfaro
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, España
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Aguinaga A, Díaz-González J, Pérez-García A, Barrado L, Martínez-Baz I, Casado I, Juanbeltz R, Ezpeleta C, Castilla J. The prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed hepatitis C virus infection in Navarra, Spain, 2014-2016. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 36:325-331. [PMID: 28110858 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Navarra, Spain, as well as to distinguish between diagnosed and undiagnosed infections. METHODS A study was conducted on patients scheduled for surgery unrelated to HCV infection. They were all tested for HCV antibodies, under a routine scheme, from January 2014 to September 2016. Patients with a positive result by enzyme immunoassay were confirmed using immunoblot and/or HCV-RNA. Previous laboratory results were also taken into account. The prevalence was adjusted to the sex and age structure of the Navarra population. RESULTS The study included a total of 7,378 patients with a median age 46 years, of whom 50% women. HCV antibodies were detected in 69 patients, which is a prevalence in the population of 0.83% (95% confidence interval: 0.64-1.05), and was higher in men (1.11%) than in women (0.56%; P=.0102). Among the HCV positive patients, 67 (97%) had had another previous positive result. Population prevalence of previous positive HCV was 0.80%, and was 0.03% for a new diagnosis. Of the HCV positive patients, 78% had detectable HCV-RNA. It was estimated that 0.65% of the population had had detectable HCV-RNA, and 0.51% continued to have it when recruited into the study. CONCLUSION Previous estimates of prevalence of HCV infection should be revised downwards. Only a small proportion of HCV positive patients remain undiagnosed, and only a small part have active infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitziber Aguinaga
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - Jorge Díaz-González
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - Alejandra Pérez-García
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pamplona, España
| | - Laura Barrado
- Hospital García Orcoyen, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Estella, Navarra, España
| | - Iván Martínez-Baz
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pamplona, España
| | - Itziar Casado
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pamplona, España
| | - Regina Juanbeltz
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pamplona, España
| | - Carmen Ezpeleta
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - Jesús Castilla
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pamplona, España.
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Daw MA, El-Bouzedi AA, Ahmed MO, Dau AA, Agnan MM, Drah AM. Geographic integration of hepatitis C virus: A global threat. World J Virol 2016; 5:170-182. [PMID: 27878104 PMCID: PMC5105050 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v5.i4.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess hepatitis C virus (HCV) geographic integration, evaluate the spatial and temporal evolution of HCV worldwide and propose how to diminish its burden.
METHODS A literature search of published articles was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE and other related databases up to December 2015. A critical data assessment and analysis regarding the epidemiological integration of HCV was carried out using the meta-analysis method.
RESULTS The data indicated that HCV has been integrated immensely over time and through various geographical regions worldwide. The history of HCV goes back to 1535 but between 1935 and 1965 it exhibited a rapid, exponential spread. This integration is clearly seen in the geo-epidemiology and phylogeography of HCV. HCV integration can be mirrored either as intra-continental or trans-continental. Migration, drug trafficking and HCV co-infection, together with other potential risk factors, have acted as a vehicle for this integration. Evidence shows that the geographic integration of HCV has been important in the global and regional distribution of HCV.
CONCLUSION HCV geographic integration is clearly evident and this should be reflected in the prevention and treatment of this ongoing pandemic.
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Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus and genotype distribution in immigrants crossing to Europe from North and sub-Saharan Africa. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14:517-526. [PMID: 27502972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and immigration is rarely studied, particularly for the immigrants crossing to the resettlement countries. Most of the published data are confined to those immigrants who were resident in European countries and rarely immigrated before they reach the final destination. Libya is a large country in North Africa with the longest coast of the Mediterranean Sea facing the European Union. It has been considered as the main transient station for African immigrants to Europe. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the prevalence of HCV in African immigrants gathered in Libya from different African countries on their way to Europe and (2) HCV genotype distribution in these immigrants and its correlation with different demographic factors. METHODS A total of 14 205 serum samples were collected in a 3-year period (2013-2015) from different immigrants from North and sub-Saharan Africa who resided in the African immigrant campus, Tripoli, Libya. The participants were interviewed, and relevant information was collected, including socio-demographic, ethnic, and geographic variables. Each serum sample was tested for anti-HCV antibody using ELISA. The genotypes were determined and assigned using a specific genotyping assay and correlated with demographic and potential risk factors of the recruited individuals. RESULTS Of the immigrants studied, 1078 (7.6%) were positive for HCV. The prevalence of HCV infection ranged from 1.4% to 18.7%; it was higher among individuals arriving from Nile river (3.6-18.7%) of North Africa, followed by those who arrived from the West African region (2.1-14.1%), Horn of Africa (HOA, 6.8-9.9%), and Maghreb countries (1.4-2.7%). The relative risk factor attributable to gender variation was not significant (95% Cl: 0.8513-1.2381). Five genotypes were detected in 911 African immigrants. Genotypic analysis showed that the predominant HCV genotypes in this group were genotypes 4, 1, and 2 that accounted for 329 (36.1%), 326 (35.8%), and 131 (14.4%) strains, respectively, followed by genotype 3 that accounted for 87 (9.5%) strains. Genotype 5 was isolated mainly from 18 HOA (2%) and 20 West African (2.2%) individuals. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HCV is considered high with a unique disparate distribution among African immigrants crossing to Europe. This indicated that the prevalence of HCV is high among these immigrants and thus may be reflected on the HCV prevalence in the guest countries. The broad genetic heterogeneity of HCV genotypes detected here may impact the efficacy of prevention and control efforts for HCV in both Europe and North and sub-Saharan Africa; hence, an integrated global policy of actions is needed.
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Morisco F, Loperto I, Stroffolini T, Lombardo FL, Cossiga V, Guarino M, De Feo A, Caporaso N. Prevalence and risk factors of HCV infection in a metropolitan area in southern Italy: Tail of a cohort infected in past decades. J Med Virol 2016; 89:291-297. [PMID: 27431017 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Data on the prevalence of HCV infection in Italy are often outdated and from non-urban populations. This study assessed the prevalence and risk factors for HCV infection in a large metropolitan area in southern Italy. A random 1:3 systematic sample of the adult general population of Naples was selected from three general practitioner patient registers in three different city districts. Socioeconomic indicators and risk factors for HCV infection were collected. Anti-HCV and HCV-RNA assays were performed. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of HCV infection. Of 1,500 randomly selected subjects, 1,315 (87.7%) participated in the study. Forty subjects (3.0%; 95%CI: 2.1-4.0) were anti-HCV-positive, with HCV-RNA detected by PCR in 31 (77.5%) of these. Anti-HCV prevalence increased with age, peaking (8.2%) in people born during the years 1945-1955. It was 1.7% in people residing in the better socioeconomic districts; but 5.7% in those residing in the district with lower socioeconomic status (P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, age ≥60 years (OR 2.8, 95%CI: 1.3-6.1) and lower educational level (OR 3.6; 95%CI: 1.4-9.3), which is a proxy of low socioeconomic status, were the only independent predictors of the likelihood of anti-HCV positivity. Overall, 22.5% of anti-HCV positive subjects were previously unaware of their status. In the large city of Naples, infection with HCV is most common in people aged older than 60 years. Differences in socioeconomic conditions have played an important role in the spread of this infection. HCV positive subjects born during the years 1945-1955 are those who may benefit, to a greater extent, to be identified in order to receive the new effective therapy. J. Med. Virol. 89:291-297, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Morisco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Loperto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Stroffolini
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Lucia Lombardo
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Cossiga
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Guarino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia De Feo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Caporaso
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Alonso López S, Agudo Fernández S, García Del Val A, Martínez Abad M, López Hermosa Seseña P, Izquierdo MJ, Núñez I, Berbel León S, Visedo Campillo L, Guisado Pérez C, Sánchez Lozano S, Mariño Pfeiffer I, García Bermúdez L, Sánchez Jiménez FJ, López Vega E, Zambrano Álvarez J, Castro Pastor ML, Montes Ramírez G, Murillo C, Villafranca Ortega N, Ayuso Hernández I, Espejo M, Lasala López P, Rodríguez Caravaca G, Carrascosa Aguilar B, Gutiérrez García ML, Fernández Rodríguez C. Hepatitis C seroprevalence in an at-risk population in the southwest Madrid region of Spain. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2016; 39:656-662. [PMID: 27417563 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The estimated seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Spain is 1.7%, but is much higher in the at-risk population. The most efficient national screening strategy is unclear. AIMS To estimate the prevalence of HCV among the at-risk population seen in primary care (PC), and to determine their epidemiological profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional descriptive prevalence study that included adult patients with risk factors for HCV infection seen in PC in the southwest Madrid region between 2010 and 2012. RESULTS A total of 158 patients (men=51.3%), mean age 46 years (SD=16.6), were included. The most common risk factors were hypertransaminasaemia (44.3%) and major surgery (13.3%). Immigration, unsafe sexual practices, and tattoos or body piercing were more prevalent in patients younger than 45 years of age. Fifteen patients (9.5%) were positive for anti-HCV; 9 of these (5.7%) were HCV-ARN positive. Of the positive patients, 4 (44.4%) had significant fibrosis at diagnosis (F3-F4). Male patients had a higher rate of positive anti-HCV results (13.8 vs. 5.3%; P=.072), as did patients older than 45 years of age (12.8 vs. 6.3%; P=.167). Intravenous and intranasal drug use were associated with a higher rate of positive anti-HCV results (50 vs. 8.5%; P=.005 and 66.7 vs. 8.4%; P=.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Patients with risk factors for HCV infection have high seroprevalence. Screening programmes must therefore be implemented to detect HCV infection in this population in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Agudo Fernández
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España; Unidad de Digestivo, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabel Núñez
- Centro de Salud Ramón y Cajal, Dirección Asistencial Oeste, Madrid, España
| | - Susana Berbel León
- Centro de Salud Gregorio Marañón, Dirección Asistencial Oeste, Madrid, España
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena López Vega
- Centro de Salud Ramón y Cajal, Dirección Asistencial Oeste, Madrid, España
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Murillo
- Centro de Salud Miguel Servet, Dirección Asistencial Oeste, Madrid, España
| | | | | | - María Espejo
- Centro de Salud Los Castillos, Dirección Asistencial Oeste, Madrid, España
| | - Pilar Lasala López
- Centro de Salud Gregorio Marañón, Dirección Asistencial Oeste, Madrid, España
| | - Gil Rodríguez Caravaca
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España; Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
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Quiroga JA, Avellón A, Bartolomé J, Andréu M, Flores E, González MI, González R, Pérez S, Richart LA, Castillo I, Alcover J, Palacios R, Carreño V, Echevarría JM. Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core–specific antibody suggests occult HCV infection among blood donors. Transfusion 2016; 56:1883-90. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Quiroga
- Fundación para el Estudio de las Hepatitis ViralesMadrid Spain
| | - Ana Avellón
- Department of VirologyCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid Spain
| | | | - María Andréu
- Centro de Transfusión de la Cruz RojaMadrid Spain
| | - Elena Flores
- Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad de MadridMadrid Spain
| | - María I. González
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonación de Castilla y LeónValladolid Spain
| | | | - Sonia Pérez
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonación de Castilla y LeónValladolid Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Vicente Carreño
- Fundación para el Estudio de las Hepatitis ViralesMadrid Spain
| | - José M. Echevarría
- Department of VirologyCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid Spain
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Wasitthankasem R, Posuwan N, Vichaiwattana P, Theamboonlers A, Klinfueng S, Vuthitanachot V, Thanetkongtong N, Saelao S, Foonoi M, Fakthongyoo A, Makaroon J, Srisingh K, Asawarachun D, Owatanapanich S, Wutthiratkowit N, Tohtubtiang K, Yoocharoen P, Vongpunsawad S, Poovorawan Y. Decreasing Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Thailand in the Past Decade: Evidence from the 2014 National Survey. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149362. [PMID: 26871561 PMCID: PMC4752320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects ≥ 180 million individuals worldwide especially those living in developing countries. Recent advances in direct-acting therapeutics promise effective treatments for chronic HCV carriers, but only if the affected individuals are identified. Good treatment coverage therefore requires accurate epidemiological data on HCV infection. In 2014, we determined the current prevalence of HCV in Thailand to assess whether over the past decade the significant number of chronic carriers had changed. In total, 5964 serum samples from Thai residents between 6 months and 71 years of age were obtained from 7 provinces representing all 4 geographical regions of Thailand and screened for the anti-HCV antibody. Positive samples were further analyzed using RT-PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis to identify the prevailing HCV genotypes. We found that 56 (0.94%) samples tested positive for anti-HCV antibody (mean age = 36.6±17.6 years), while HCV RNA of the core and NS5B subgenomic regions was detected in 23 (41%) and 19 (34%) of the samples, respectively. The seropositive rates appeared to increase with age and peaked in individuals 41–50 years old. These results suggested that approximately 759,000 individuals are currently anti-HCV-positive and that 357,000 individuals have viremic HCV infection. These numbers represent a significant decline in the prevalence of HCV infection. Interestingly, the frequency of genotype 6 variants increased from 8.9% to 34.8%, while the prevalence of genotype 1b declined from 27% to 13%. These most recent comprehensive estimates of HCV burden in Thailand are valuable towards evidence-based treatment coverage for specific population groups, appropriate allocation of resources, and improvement in the national public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujipat Wasitthankasem
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Posuwan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apiradee Theamboonlers
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirapa Klinfueng
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pornsak Yoocharoen
- Bureau of General Communicable Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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