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Zhou X, Qian K, Zhu C, Yi L, Tu J, Yang S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xia W, Ni X, Xu T, He F, Li H. Surveillance, epidemiology, and impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 interventions on the incidence of enterovirus infections in Nanchang, China, 2010-2022. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1251683. [PMID: 37920267 PMCID: PMC10618362 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pathogen spectrum of Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has substantially changed in the past decade in China. Growing evidence has indicated that anti-COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can support control of various infectious diseases, including intestinal diseases. Methods In this study, HFMD cases were enrolled from sentinel hospitals of Nanchang, Jiangxi province, and enteroviruses were genotyped using specific real time RT-PCR. We systematically characterized the epidemiology of HFMD based on the continuous molecular surveillance and estimated the impact of COVID-19 intervention on HFMD incidence using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. Results A total of 10247 HFMD cases were included during 2010-2022, of which 6121 enterovirus (EV)-positive cases (59.7%) were identified by real-time RT-PCR. Over 80% cases were associated with EV-A71 and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) during 2010-2012, while the type distribution significantly changed as CVA6 emerged to be dominant, accounting for 22.6%-59.6% during 2013-2022. It was observed that the prevalence patterns of EV-A71 and CVA16 were similar and both of them peaked in the second quarter and then leveled off. However, CVA6 was generally prevalent around the fourth quarter, demonstrating a staggered prevalence during 2010-2019. During the COVID-19 epidemic, the seasonal HFMD epidemic peak was restrained, and the ARIMA analysis indicated that the COVID-19 intervention had mitigated EV transmission during the first COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020. In addition, bivariate Spearman's cross-correlation coefficients were estimated for the major types CVA6, CVA16 and EV-A71. Our analyses indicated the possible existence of correlations among CVA6, CVA16 and EV-A71 prevalence in the epidemiological level. Discussion Taken together, the type distribution of HFMD has substantially changed over the last decade and CVA6 and CVA16 are currently the most predominant types co-circulating in Nanchang. The anti-COVID-19 NPIs significantly reduced the incidence of EV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zhou
- Cancer Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Ke Qian
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunlong Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Liu Yi
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Junling Tu
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanglin Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Xia
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiansheng Ni
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Tielong Xu
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Fenglan He
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
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Fu S, Yang Q, Sheng Y, Wang Q, Wu J, Qiu Z, Lan R, Wang Y, Liu Y. Metagenomics combined with comprehensive validation as a public health risk assessment tool for urban and agricultural run-off. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117941. [PMID: 34920315 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of emerging and life-threatening pathogens circulating in complex environments is urgently required to combat infectious diseases. This study proposed a public health risk assessment workflow with three stages, pathogen screening, pathogen genotyping, and risk assessment. In stage one, pathogens were screened with metagenomic sequencing, microfluidic chip, and qPCR. In stage two, pathogens were isolated and genotyped with multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) or conventional PCR. Finally, virulence genes from metagenomic data were assessed for pathogenicity. Two regions (Donggang and Zhanjiang) with potential public health concerns were selected for evaluation, each of which comprised of one urban and one farming wastewater sampling location. Overall, metagenomic sequencing reflected the variation in the relative abundance of medically important bacteria. Over 90 bacterial pathogens were monitored in the metagenomic dataset, of which 56 species harbored virulence genes. In Donggang, a pathogenic Acinetobacter sp. reached high abundances in 2018 and 2020, whereas all pathogenic Vibrio spp. peaked in October 2019. In Zhanjiang, A. baumanni, and other Enterobacteriaceae species were abundantly present in 2019 and 2020, whereas Aeromonas and Vibrio spp. peaked in November-2017. Forty species were subsequently isolated and subtyped by MLST, half of which were prevalent genotypes in clinical data. Additionally, we identified the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) in water samples collected in 2017, ahead of the first reported ASFV outbreak in 2018 in China. RNA viruses like Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) were also detected, with concentrations peaking in April 2020 and April 2018, respectively. The dynamics of HAV and EV71 were consistent with local epidemic trends. Finally, based on the virulence gene profiles, our study identified the risk level in wastewater of two cities. This workflow illustrates the potential for an early warning of local epidemics, which helps to prioritize the preparedness for specific pathogens locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songzhe Fu
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Qian Yang
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Yijian Sheng
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qingyao Wang
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junmin Wu
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiu
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 150791, China
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He F, Rui J, Deng Z, Zhang Y, Qian K, Zhu C, Yu S, Tu J, Xia W, Zhu Q, Chen S, Chen T, Zhou X. Surveillance, Epidemiology and Impact of EV-A71 Vaccination on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Nanchang, China, 2010-2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:811553. [PMID: 35069515 PMCID: PMC8770912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.811553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After the first national-scale outbreak of Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in China, a national surveillance network was established. Here we described the epidemiology and pathogenic profile of HFMD and the impact of EV-A71 vaccination on pathogen spectrum of enteroviruses in the southeastern Chinese city of Nanchang during 2010–2019. A total of 7,951 HFMD cases from sentinel hospitals were included, of which 4,800 EV-positive cases (60.4%) were identified by real-time RT-PCR. During 2010–2012, enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) was the main causative agent of HFMD, causing 63.1% of cases, followed by 19.3% cases associated with coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16). Since 2013, the proportion of other enteroviruses has increased dramatically, with the sub genotype D3 strain of Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) replacing the dominance of EV-A71. These genetically diverse native strains of CV-A6 have co-transmitted and co-evolved in Nanchang. Unlike EV-A71 and CV-A16, most CV-A6 infections were concentrated in autumn and winter. The incidence of EV-A71 infection negatively correlated with EV-A71 vaccination (r = −0.990, p = 0.01). And severe cases sharply declined as the promotion of EV-A71 vaccines. After 2-year implementation of EV-A71 vaccination, EV-A71 is no longer detected from the reported HFMD cases in Nanchang. In conclusion, EV-A71 vaccination changed the pattern of HFMD epidemic, and CV-A6 replaced the dominance of EV-A71 over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglan He
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Jia Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Ke Qian
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunhui Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Junling Tu
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Xia
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingxiong Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengen Chen
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhou
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
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Wang Y, Li Y, Yang Y, Peng C, Fu X, Gu X, Gao H. Virological investigation of genetic variation of enterovirus type 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:543-549. [PMID: 32537012 PMCID: PMC7281934 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the sequence of the VP1 gene in enterovirus 71 (EV71) isolates and to explore their genetic evolution, so as to provide a scientific basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of hand, foot and mouth disease. The fecal samples of 590 patients with suspected hand, foot and mouth disease treated at Yan'an Hospital (Kunming, China) between January 2015 and December 2016 were collected and EV71 nucleic acid was detected by fluorescence PCR. The viral RNA of EV71-positive samples was extracted, the VP1 gene was amplified by PCR and the products were sequenced. The VP1 gene sequence was analyzed using DNAMAN and MEGA (version 4.0) software and homologous modeling was performed using Pymol software. A total of 50 EV71-positive samples were identified and the detection rate was 8.47% (50/590 cases). All of the 50 EV71 strains were of the C4 subtype. The genetic distance between the strains detected in the present study and EV71 strains detected in Beijing, Anhui and Malaysia was 0.01-0.03, while that between the strains detected in the present study and Australian strains was 2.11. Homologous modeling indicated that the amino acid sequence of the VP1 gene of the detected strains had a H144Y mutation. There was no significant genetic variation in the EV71 strain within the 2-year period. In conclusion, the EV71 strains detected in the present study was similar to that detected in Beijing, Anhui and Malaysia but different to that from Australia. A point mutation was present in the amino acid sequence of the VP1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Chuanmei Peng
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoye Fu
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
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Liu J, Xiang X, Pu Z, Long Y, Xiao D, Zhang W, Li Q, Li X, Li S, Shao Z, Yang X, Xiong Y. Epidemic pattern of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Xi'an, China from 2008 through 2015. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:19. [PMID: 30616531 PMCID: PMC6322279 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease caused by enteroviruses that has a severely impair for those high incidence countries such as China.The current study aimed to investigate the epidemic pattern of HFMD by time and region in Northwestern China. Methods All reported HFMD cases from 2008 to 2015 were collected from local Disease Control and Prevention.The HFMD was diagnosed in accordance with the guidebook provided by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Results A total of 154,869 cases of probable HFMD were reported. The overall incidence of HFMD has been increased from 91.68 per 100/000 in 2008 to 335.64 per 100/000 in 2015.The case mortality is decreased from 0.014 per100/000 to 0.011 per 100/000 during the time period. Most HFMD (93.82%) occurred in children younger than 5 years. The seasonal peak of HFMD infections occurred in April–July and September–November and Central regions of Xi’an city were the major locations of the clusters (incidence rate 245.75/100,000; relative risk 1.19, P < 0.01). EVA71 was the predominant enterovirus serotype, accounting for 50.0% of all reported HFMD cases since 2011.The most susceptible group infected by HFMD was children younger than 5 years, especially boys. Conclusions Incidence of HFMD has been increasing in the past few years, however, the case fatality is decreasing. Season and region shall be considered as influence factors in the prevention of HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiFeng Liu
- Institute of Endemic Diseases of School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, YanTa West RD, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - XiaoMei Xiang
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - ZhongShu Pu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 17, Changle West RD, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Long
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - WeiLu Zhang
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; No,599 Xiying Rd, Xi'an 710054, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - XiTong Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; No,599 Xiying Rd, Xi'an 710054, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - SiYao Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; No,599 Xiying Rd, Xi'an 710054, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - ZhongJun Shao
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - XiaoLi Yang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases of School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, YanTa West RD, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - YongMin Xiong
- Institute of Endemic Diseases of School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, YanTa West RD, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Yin DQ, Wang CB, Wang CB, Xiao-Zhou, Ji SX. Epidemiology Characteristics of Human Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71 Circulating in Linyi, China, from 2009 to 2017. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:470-473. [PMID: 29962487 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In China, a rapid expansion of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks has occurred since 2004, and HFMD has become an important issue in China. There are more than 20 types of enterovirus causing HFMD, of which coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) are the most common. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD caused by EV71 and CA16 in Linyi, Shandong province, China, from 2009 to 2017. The stool specimens and throat samples of 5,324 patients with HFMD were obtained for nucleic acid detection of enterovirus. A total of 4,040 HFMD cases were caused by viral pathogens. Of these, 1,706 cases were positive for EV71 and 1,266 were positive for CA16. These 2 virus strains appeared alternately in Linyi city. The incidence of EV71-positive and CA16-positive cases was highest in children aged 0-5 years, with male patients being predominant. This outbreak of HMFD caused by EV71 and CA16 mainly occurred between April and July and appeared alternately between the years 2011 and 2017. These results demonstrated that the epidemiological analysis of EV71 and CA16 can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Qing Yin
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Chuan-Bao Wang
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Chuan-Bao Wang
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Xiao-Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Medical College
| | - Sheng-Xiang Ji
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Li Y, Bao H, Zhang X, Zhai M, Bao X, Wang D, Zhang S. Epidemiological and genetic analysis concerning the non-enterovirus 71 and non-coxsackievirus A16 causative agents related to hand, foot and mouth disease in Anyang city, Henan Province, China, from 2011 to 2015. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1749-1758. [PMID: 28480969 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are major pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and have been associated with consecutive outbreaks of HFMD in China over the past years. Although several other human enteroviruses (HEVs) have also acted as causative agents of HFMD, published information on their roles in the prevalence of HFMD is limited. This study was conducted to reveal the characteristics of the pathogenic spectrum and molecular epidemiology of the non-EV-71 and -CV-A16 HEVs in Anyang City, which is located in north-central China and has a population of five million. From 2011 to 2015, 2270 samples were collected from HFMD patients (3.89 ± 1.06 years of age), and 1863 HEV-positive samples, including 524 samples with 23 non-EV-71 and non-CV-A16 serotypes, were identified. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the VP1 gene, 6 common non-EV-71 and non-CV-A16 HEVs, including coxsackievirus A2, A6, A10, A14, B2, and B5, were studied to determine their phylogenies and selective pressures. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high level of genetic divergence and a pattern of lineage replacement over time in Mainland China. Selective pressure analyses showed that purifying selection was predominant in the evolution of the VP1 gene, whereas positive selection acted on individual codons. Overall, non-EV-71 and non-CV-A16 HEVs were important constituents of the pathogenic spectrum of HFMD in Anyang City during 2011-2015. Some of these HEVs with complex and active phylogenies represent a potential threat to public health, suggesting that long-term monitoring of these pathogens should be implemented to prevent HFMD outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Honghong Bao
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhai
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaobing Bao
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Demin Wang
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Shuanhu Zhang
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anyang, Henan, China
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