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Hong J, Lv J, Wu M, Shao J, Wu Q. The blood routine test holds screening values for influenza A in 2023: a retrospective study. Transl Pediatr 2024; 13:236-247. [PMID: 38455751 PMCID: PMC10915438 DOI: 10.21037/tp-23-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A is the most common viral pathogen isolated from pediatric clinics during influenza seasons. Some young patients with influenza manifest rapid progression with high fever and severe sequelae, such as pneumonia and meningitis. Therefore, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are highly important. Specific diagnostic tests currently include antigen detection, antibody detection, nucleic acid test and virus isolation. Rapid antigen testing is the most commonly adopted method in the outpatient setting, but false negative results are frequently observed, which causes delayed treatment and severe outcome. Routine blood test is the most commonly used detection for the outpatients. Incorporating specific blood cell counts into rapid antigen test may overcome some technical issues and enable accurate early diagnosis. Methods We enrolled 537 children with influenza-like symptoms like fever or respiratory symptoms from pediatric outpatients and 110 children without infectious diseases for control. Routine blood tests detected by a routine analyzer and influenza A virus antigen detection were performed in the patients. Significant blood routine parameters between groups were examined by statistical tests. Parameters in routine blood test were assessed by the receiver operating characteristic curve to find the screening indicators of influenza A. Multivariate logistic regression were used to establish the optimal combinations of blood routine parameters in our screening model. Results Two subgroups were set according to age: ≤6 years old group and >6 years old group. In each group, patients were further divided into three subgroups: the influenza A-positive-result group (A+ group) (n=259), influenza A-negative-result group (A- group) (n=277) and healthy control group (H group) (n=110). Most routine blood parameters showed significant differences among the three subgroups in each age group. Notably, lymphocyte (LYM) number, platelet (PLT) number, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and LYM multiplied by PLT (LYM*PLT) exhibited extremely significant differences. Using A- group as a reference based on the area under the curve (AUC), both age groups had a similar trend. For A- group, the optimal cutoff value of LYM*PLT was 221.6, the AUC, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.6830, 55.71% and 76.92% in the ≤6 years old group. Meanwhile, the cutoff value of LYM*PLT was 196.7, and the AUC, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.6448, 53.97% and 70.81%, respectively in the >6 years old group. Screening model based on multivariate logistic regression model revealed that LYM*PLT was the optimal parameter combinations in ≤6 years old group (AUC =0.7202), while LYM and PLT were the optimal parameter combinations in >6 years old group (AUC =0.6760). Conclusions Several blood routine parameters in children with influenza A demonstrate differential levels in both age subgroups. The LYM*PLT exhibits the potential screening value of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi Branch of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Roberts NJ. The Enigma of Lymphocyte Apoptosis in the Response to Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030759. [PMID: 36992468 PMCID: PMC10052818 DOI: 10.3390/v15030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection, lymphocyte apoptosis as a part of the infection and/or the immune response to the virus can be somewhat puzzling. The percentage of human T lymphocytes within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population that becomes apoptotic greatly exceeds the percentage that are infected after exposure to the virus, consistent with substantial apoptosis of bystander T lymphocytes. Studies reveal an important role of viral neuraminidase expression by co-cultured monocyte/macrophages in induction of apoptosis, including that of uninfected bystander lymphocytes. Despite these observations, it is a reasonable perspective to recognize that the development of lymphocyte apoptosis during the response to infection does not preclude a successful immune response and recovery of the infected host in the great majority of cases. Further investigation is clearly warranted to understand its role in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection for human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J. Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Gaveston, TX 77555, USA
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3
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Roberts NJ. The continuing need for therapeutic agents for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Antivir Chem Chemother 2023; 31:20402066231194424. [PMID: 37574755 PMCID: PMC10424541 DOI: 10.1177/20402066231194424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infections recur throughout life despite induction of immunity by the first natural infection. An effective vaccine has long been sought but no vaccine is currently licensed, although promising candidates are currently being developed based on greater knowledge of the virus properties. However, there are significant populations that may not be protected adequately by a vaccine or are unable to be vaccinated. Thus, there is a continued need for effective therapeutic agents to treat the infection, especially in higher-risk individuals, a perspective presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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4
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Jannapu Reddy R, Haritha Kumari A, Kumar JJ. Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of β-keto sulfones: new prospects for the synthesis of β-keto thiosulfones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3087-3118. [PMID: 33885563 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This review mainly focuses on recent developments in the preparation of β-keto sulfones and their extensive synthetic applications. New prospects for the synthesis of β-keto thiosulfones have also been highlighted. Over the last decade, there has been exponential growth in the direct construction of β-keto sulfones using a wide variety of keto and sulfonyl precursors. Of note, the most promising photoredox transformations and electrochemical synthesis methods of β-keto sulfones are also presented. Moreover, β-keto sulfones are versatile building blocks in organic synthesis due to their three essential functional groups: sulfonyl, carbonyl, and active methylene moieties. The convenient preparation of β-keto sulfones allows the synthesis of many valuable carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds, and the effortless removal of the sulfonyl moiety via transformations is supported. The chemistry of β-keto sulfones (2013 to present) can be divided into several sections based on the sulfonyl surrogates, and ubiquitous synthetic strategies were systematically outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Jannapu Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Carbonell-Estrany X, Rodgers-Gray BS, Paes B. Challenges in the prevention or treatment of RSV with emerging new agents in children from low- and middle-income countries. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:419-441. [PMID: 32972198 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1828866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes approximately 120,000 deaths annually in children <5 years, with 99% of fatalities occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). AREAS COVERED There are numerous RSV interventions in development, including long-acting monoclonal antibodies, vaccines (maternal and child) and treatments which are expected to become available soon. We reviewed the key challenges and issues that need to be addressed to maximize the impact of these interventions in LMICs. The epidemiology of RSV in LMICs was reviewed (PubMed search to 30 June 2020 inclusive) and the need for more and better-quality data, encompassing hospital admissions, community contacts, and longer-term respiratory morbidity, emphasized. The requirement for an agreed clinical definition of RSV lower respiratory tract infection was proposed. The pros and cons of the new RSV interventions are reviewed from the perspective of LMICs. EXPERT OPINION We believe that a vaccine (or combination of vaccines, if practicable) is the only viable solution to the burden of RSV in LMICs. A coordinated program, analogous to that with polio, involving governments, non-governmental organizations, the World Health Organization, the manufacturers and the healthcare community is required to realize the full potential of vaccine(s) and end the devastation of RSV in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Carbonell-Estrany
- Neonatology Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bosco Paes
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatal Division), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Roberts NJ. Further Discussion of a Likely Explanation for Decreased Peripheral Blood Anti-influenza CD8+ T-Cell Activity During Severe Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1756-1757. [PMID: 32459831 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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7
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Ghosh S, Samanta S, Ghosh AK, Neogi S, Hajra A. Advances in Oxosulfonylation Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Sadhanendu Samanta
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Asim Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Sukanya Neogi
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
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8
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Ochoa EE, Huda R, Scheibel SF, Nichols JE, Mock DJ, El-Daher N, Domurat FM, Roberts NJ. HLA-associated protection of lymphocytes during influenza virus infection. Virol J 2020; 17:128. [PMID: 32831108 PMCID: PMC7444183 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygosity at HLA class I loci is generally considered beneficial for host defense. We report here an element of HLA class I homozygosity that may or may not help preserve its existence in populations but which could indicate a new avenue for antiviral research. Methods Lymphocytes from serologically HLA-homozygous or -heterozygous donors were examined for synthesis of influenza virus proteins and RNA after exposure to virus as peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The virus-exposed lymphocytes were also examined for internalization of the virus after exposure, and for susceptibility to virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in comparison with virus-exposed monocytes/macrophages and unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results were compared using two-tailed Fisher’s exact test. Results Serologically-defined HLA-A2-homozygous lymphocytes, in contrast to heterozygous lymphocytes, did not synthesize detectable influenza virus RNA or protein after exposure to the virus. HLA-A2-homozygous lymphocytes, including both homozygous and heterozygous donors by genetic sequence subtyping, did internalize infectious virus but were not susceptible to lysis by autologous virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (“fratricide”). Similar intrinsic resistance to influenza virus infection was observed with HLA-A1- and HLA-A11-homozygous lymphocytes and with HLA-B-homozygous lymphocytes. Conclusions A significant proportion of individuals within a population that is characterized by common expression of HLA class I alleles may possess lymphocytes that are not susceptible to influenza virus infection and thus to mutual virus-specific lysis. Further study may identify new approaches to limit influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana E Ochoa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ruksana Huda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Steven F Scheibel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David J Mock
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nayef El-Daher
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Frank M Domurat
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 462 First Ave, Room A619, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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9
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Diverse and Unexpected Roles of Human Monocytes/Macrophages in the Immune Response to Influenza Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040379. [PMID: 32244278 PMCID: PMC7232416 DOI: 10.3390/v12040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocytes/macrophages play a central role in the immune response and defense of the host from influenza virus infection. They classically act as antigen-presenting cells for lymphocytes in the context of an immune cell cluster. In that setting, however, monocytes/macrophages exhibit additional, unexpected, roles. They are required for influenza virus infection of the lymphocytes in the cluster, and they are responsible for lymphocyte apoptosis via their synthesis and expression of the viral neuraminidase. Surprisingly, human alveolar macrophages, expected to be among the first cells to encounter the virus, are not susceptible to direct infection by a human influenza virus but can be infected when the virus is complexed with an antibody. Such monocyte/macrophage responses to influenza virus challenge should be considered part of a very complex but quite effective defense, since the common outcome is recovery of the host with development of immunity to the challenging strain of virus.
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10
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Chirkova T, Ha B, Rimawi BH, Oomens AGP, Hartert TV, Anderson LJ. In vitro model for the assessment of human immune responses to subunit RSV vaccines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229660. [PMID: 32191728 PMCID: PMC7081972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide and a high priority for vaccine development. Despite over 50 years of research, however, no vaccine is yet available. One block to vaccine development is an incomplete understanding of the aberrant memory response to the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (FI-RSV) given to children in the 1960s. This vaccine caused enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) with later natural RSV infection. Concern that any non-live virus vaccine may also cause ERD has blocked development of subunit vaccines for young children. A number of animal FI-RSV studies suggest various immune mechanisms behind ERD. However, other than limited data from the original FI-RSV trial, there is no information on the human ERD-associated responses. An in vitro model with human blood specimens may shed light on the immune memory responses likely responsible for ERD. Memory T cell responses to an antigen are guided by the innate responses, particularly dendritic cells that present an antigen in conjunction with co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine signaling. Our in vitro model involves human monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDC) and allogenic T cell cultures to assess innate responses that direct T cell responses. Using this model, we evaluated human responses to live RSV, FI-RSV, and subunit RSV G vaccines (G-containing virus-like particles, G-VLP). Similar to findings in animal studies, FI-RSV induced prominent Th2/Th17-biased responses with deficient type-1 responses compared to live virus. Responses to G-VLPs were similar to live virus, i.e. biased towards a Th1 and not a Th2/Th17. Also mutating CX3C motif in G gave a more pronounced moDC responses associated with type-1 T cell responses. This in vitro model identifies human immune responses likely associated with ERD and provides another pre-clinical tool to assess the safety of RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Chirkova
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Binh Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bassam H. Rimawi
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, WakeMed Health & Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonius G. P. Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Tina V. Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Roberts NJ. Respiratory syncytial virus suppression of the antiviral immune response: Implications for evaluation of candidate vaccines. Vaccine 2019; 37:7451-7454. [PMID: 31607601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infections recur throughout life despite induction of immunity by the first natural infection. Results of an extensive series of studies indicate that the virus adversely affects the human antiviral recall response to challenge, although subsequent infections are less severe than the initial illness. The observations suggest that candidate vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus should not be expected to prevent clinical illness upon subsequent exposure. Candidate vaccines may be considered effective if they render a subsequent natural infection less severe. This is what would be expected from an initial and commonly more severe natural infection and sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Decreased Frequencies of Th17 and Tc17 Cells in Patients Infected with Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1418251. [PMID: 31061831 PMCID: PMC6466882 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1418251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection, with a high mortality rate, has caused concern worldwide. Although interleukin-17- (IL-17-) secreting CD4+ T (Th17) and CD8+ T (Tc17) cells have been proven to play crucial roles in influenza virus infection, the changes and roles of Th17 and Tc17 cells in immune responses to H7N9 infection remain controversial. In this study, we found that the frequencies of Th17 and Tc17 cells among human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as IL-17A protein and mRNA levels were markedly decreased in patients with acute H7N9 virus infection. A positive correlation was found between the serum IL-17A level and the frequency of these two cell groups. In vitro infection experiments revealed decreased Th17 and Tc17 cell frequency and IL-17A levels at various time points postinfection. In addition, Th17 cells were the predominant sources of IL-17A in PBMCs of patients infected with H7N9 virus. Taken together, our results indicate immune disorder in acute H7N9 infection and a restored Th17 and Tc17 cell frequency might serve as a biomarker for predicting recovery in patients infected with this virus.
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Distinct transcriptional modules in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells response to human respiratory syncytial virus or to human rhinovirus in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213501. [PMID: 30845274 PMCID: PMC6405118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the main cause of bronchiolitis during the first year of life, when infections by other viruses, such as rhinovirus, also occur and are clinically indistinguishable from those caused by HRSV. In hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis, the analysis of gene expression profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) may be useful for the rapid identification of etiological factors, as well as for developing diagnostic tests, and elucidating pathogenic mechanisms triggered by different viral agents. In this study we conducted a comparative global gene expression analysis of PBMC obtained from two groups of infants with acute viral bronchiolitis who were infected by HRSV (HRSV group) or by HRV (HRV group). We employed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) which allows the identification of transcriptional modules and their correlations with HRSV or HRV groups. This approach permitted the identification of distinct transcription modules for the HRSV and HRV groups. According to these data, the immune response to HRSV infection—comparatively to HRV infection—was more associated to the activation of the interferon gamma signaling pathways and less related to neutrophil activation mechanisms. Moreover, we also identified host-response molecular markers that could be used for etiopathogenic diagnosis. These results may contribute to the development of new tests for respiratory virus identification. The finding that distinct transcriptional profiles are associated to specific host responses to HRSV or to HRV may also contribute to the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms triggered by different respiratory viruses, paving the way for new therapeutic strategies.
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Mock DJ, Frampton MW, Nichols JE, Domurat FM, Signs DJ, Roberts NJ. Influenza Virus Infection of Human Lymphocytes Occurs in the Immune Cell Cluster of the Developing Antiviral Response. Viruses 2018; 10:E420. [PMID: 30103427 PMCID: PMC6115886 DOI: 10.3390/v10080420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes-macrophages and lymphocytes are recruited to the respiratory tract in response to influenza virus challenge and are exposed to the virus during the establishment of immune defenses. The susceptibility of human lymphocytes to infection was assessed. The presence of monocytes-macrophages was required to attain infection of both resting and proliferating lymphocytes. Lymphocyte infection occurred in the context of immune cell clusters and was blocked by the addition of anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibody to prevent cell clustering. Both peripheral blood-derived and bronchoalveolar lymphocytes were susceptible to infection. Both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes were susceptible to influenza virus infection, and the infected CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes served as infectious foci for other nonpermissive or even virus-permissive cells. These data show that monocytes-macrophages and both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes can become infected during the course of an immune response to influenza virus challenge. The described leukocyte interactions during infection may play an important role in the development of effective anti-influenza responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mock
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Mark W Frampton
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Frank M Domurat
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Denise J Signs
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Sananez I, Raiden S, Erra-Díaz F, De Lillo L, Holgado MP, Geffner J, Arruvito L. Dampening of IL-2 Function in Infants With Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:75-83. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Sananez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Raiden
- Departamento de Medicina, Unidad de Internación 1, Hospital General de Niños “Pedro de Elizalde”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Erra-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo De Lillo
- Departamento de Medicina, Unidad de Internación 1, Hospital General de Niños “Pedro de Elizalde”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Pía Holgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lourdes Arruvito
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gonzàlez-Parra G, De Ridder F, Huntjens D, Roymans D, Ispas G, Dobrovolny HM. A comparison of RSV and influenza in vitro kinetic parameters reveals differences in infecting time. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192645. [PMID: 29420667 PMCID: PMC5805318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause acute infections of the respiratory tract. Since the viruses both cause illnesses with similar symptoms, researchers often try to apply knowledge gleaned from study of one virus to the other virus. This can be an effective and efficient strategy for understanding viral dynamics or developing treatment strategies, but only if we have a full understanding of the similarities and differences between the two viruses. This study used mathematical modeling to quantitatively compare the viral kinetics of in vitro RSV and influenza virus infections. Specifically, we determined the viral kinetics parameters for RSV A2 and three strains of influenza virus, A/WSN/33 (H1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1), and pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. We found that RSV viral titer increases at a slower rate and reaches its peak value later than influenza virus. Our analysis indicated that the slower increase of RSV viral titer is caused by slower spreading of the virus from one cell to another. These results provide estimates of dynamical differences between influenza virus and RSV and help provide insight into the virus-host interactions that cause observed differences in the time courses of the two illnesses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Gonzàlez-Parra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Hana M. Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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