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Roberts NJ, Bennett A, Cheema SS. Photon spectra in NPL standard monoenergetic neutron fields. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2023; 199:1685-1688. [PMID: 37819355 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector has been used to measure the photon spectra in the majority of monoenergetic neutron fields produced at NPL (0.144, 0.250, 0.565, 2.0, 5.0 and 16.5 MeV). The HPGe was characterised and then modelled to produce a response matrix. The measured pulse height spectra were then unfolded to produce photon fluence spectra. The new spectra were used to improve the photon to neutron dose equivalent ratios from some earlier work at NPL with Geiger-Muller tubes and electronic personal dosemeters.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- National Physical Laboratory, Nuclear Metrology Group, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx. TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A Bennett
- National Physical Laboratory, Nuclear Metrology Group, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx. TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - S S Cheema
- National Physical Laboratory, Nuclear Metrology Group, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx. TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Roberts NJ. The Enigma of Lymphocyte Apoptosis in the Response to Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030759. [PMID: 36992468 PMCID: PMC10052818 DOI: 10.3390/v15030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection, lymphocyte apoptosis as a part of the infection and/or the immune response to the virus can be somewhat puzzling. The percentage of human T lymphocytes within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population that becomes apoptotic greatly exceeds the percentage that are infected after exposure to the virus, consistent with substantial apoptosis of bystander T lymphocytes. Studies reveal an important role of viral neuraminidase expression by co-cultured monocyte/macrophages in induction of apoptosis, including that of uninfected bystander lymphocytes. Despite these observations, it is a reasonable perspective to recognize that the development of lymphocyte apoptosis during the response to infection does not preclude a successful immune response and recovery of the infected host in the great majority of cases. Further investigation is clearly warranted to understand its role in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection for human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J. Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Gaveston, TX 77555, USA
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Roberts NJ. The continuing need for therapeutic agents for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Antivir Chem Chemother 2023; 31:20402066231194424. [PMID: 37574755 PMCID: PMC10424541 DOI: 10.1177/20402066231194424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infections recur throughout life despite induction of immunity by the first natural infection. An effective vaccine has long been sought but no vaccine is currently licensed, although promising candidates are currently being developed based on greater knowledge of the virus properties. However, there are significant populations that may not be protected adequately by a vaccine or are unable to be vaccinated. Thus, there is a continued need for effective therapeutic agents to treat the infection, especially in higher-risk individuals, a perspective presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major cause of respiratory infections worldwide, with the most severe cases occurring in the very young and in elderly individuals [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J. Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(409)-771-3358; Fax: +1-(212)-263-3206
| | - Leonard R. Krilov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA;
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5
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Khattak RH, Zhensheng L, Liwei T, Pairah P, Zhirong Z, Roberts NJ. Monitoring post-release behavioural activity of captive-bred urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) at Togh Managara Safari Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e243250. [PMID: 34133572 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.243250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) is a globally threatened wild sheep species. In Pakistan the species is legally protected and bred in captivity to release into natural habitats to reinforce wild populations. Vigilance and feeding are critical to survival, though the degree to which captive-bred animals exhibit these behaviours post-release has rarely been investigated. We monitored the daily behaviours of five adult urial after release and classifying behaviours from 0600 hrs to 1800 hrs, replicating each one-hour period twice and recording four observations of each animal per hour. At the herd level, vigilance and feeding behaviours were exhibited equally. Males and females invested equal time in feeding, males were more vigilant (p = 0.001) and more aggressive (p = 0.010), and females were more restful (p = 0.019) or engaged in grooming (p = 0.044) or locomotion (p = 0.002). Females spent more time feeding than being vigilant (p = 0.002). Males maintained high levels of vigilance throughout the day. Patterns of resting 1300 hrs to 1500 hrs and feeding in early morning and late afternoon were common for both sexes. Behaviours classified as 'other' were exhibited equally between sexes. Our results reveal positive indications of captive-bred urial balancing threat detection and energy acquisition post-release and exhibiting natural behaviours and activity patterns. We encourage assessment of survivorship to evaluate long-term effectiveness of captive breeding and release as a candidate restoration programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Khattak
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R.China
| | - L Zhensheng
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R.China
| | - T Liwei
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R.China
| | - P Pairah
- Gunung Halimun Salak National Park Agency, Jalan Rya Cipanas Kec. Kabandungan, Kabupaten Sukabumi, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Z Zhirong
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R.China
| | - N J Roberts
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R.China
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Roberts NJ. Further Discussion of a Likely Explanation for Decreased Peripheral Blood Anti-influenza CD8+ T-Cell Activity During Severe Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1756-1757. [PMID: 32459831 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Ochoa EE, Huda R, Scheibel SF, Nichols JE, Mock DJ, El-Daher N, Domurat FM, Roberts NJ. HLA-associated protection of lymphocytes during influenza virus infection. Virol J 2020; 17:128. [PMID: 32831108 PMCID: PMC7444183 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygosity at HLA class I loci is generally considered beneficial for host defense. We report here an element of HLA class I homozygosity that may or may not help preserve its existence in populations but which could indicate a new avenue for antiviral research. Methods Lymphocytes from serologically HLA-homozygous or -heterozygous donors were examined for synthesis of influenza virus proteins and RNA after exposure to virus as peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The virus-exposed lymphocytes were also examined for internalization of the virus after exposure, and for susceptibility to virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in comparison with virus-exposed monocytes/macrophages and unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results were compared using two-tailed Fisher’s exact test. Results Serologically-defined HLA-A2-homozygous lymphocytes, in contrast to heterozygous lymphocytes, did not synthesize detectable influenza virus RNA or protein after exposure to the virus. HLA-A2-homozygous lymphocytes, including both homozygous and heterozygous donors by genetic sequence subtyping, did internalize infectious virus but were not susceptible to lysis by autologous virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (“fratricide”). Similar intrinsic resistance to influenza virus infection was observed with HLA-A1- and HLA-A11-homozygous lymphocytes and with HLA-B-homozygous lymphocytes. Conclusions A significant proportion of individuals within a population that is characterized by common expression of HLA class I alleles may possess lymphocytes that are not susceptible to influenza virus infection and thus to mutual virus-specific lysis. Further study may identify new approaches to limit influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana E Ochoa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ruksana Huda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Steven F Scheibel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David J Mock
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nayef El-Daher
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Frank M Domurat
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 462 First Ave, Room A619, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Licata M, Aspinall MD, Bandala M, Cave FD, Conway S, Gerta D, Parker HMO, Roberts NJ, Taylor GC, Joyce MJ. Depicting corrosion-born defects in pipelines with combined neutron/γ ray backscatter: a biomimetic approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1486. [PMID: 32001726 PMCID: PMC6992708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of corrosion, cracks and defects in pipelines used for transporting oil and gas can reduce the possibility of leaks, and consequently, it can limit the extent of an environmental disaster, public hazard and the associated financial impact of such events. Typically, corrosion in oil pipelines is measured with non-destructive ultrasonic or electromagnetic techniques, on the basis that corrosion and defects are often manifest as a change of thickness in the steel from which pipelines are made. However, such approaches are not practical for underground pipelines and their deployment can be complicated for the case of pipelines covered by insulation. In this paper, we present an innovative, non-destructive testing technique, which exploits the backscatter of a combination of fast-neutron and γ radiation from steel samples of a variety of thicknesses consistent with changes that might arise due to corrosion of a pipe wall. Our research demonstrates the potential to measure and characterise different steel thicknesses by detecting both the elastic, fast-neutron backscatter and the Compton-scattered γ radiations, simultaneously. Further, we demonstrate that the presence of insulation yields a consistent and separable influence on the experimental, wall-thickness measurements. The data from experimental measurements are supported by a comprehensive Monte Carlo computer simulation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Licata
- Lancaster University, Engineering Department, Lancaster, UK
| | - M D Aspinall
- Lancaster University, Engineering Department, Lancaster, UK
| | - M Bandala
- Lancaster University, Engineering Department, Lancaster, UK
| | - F D Cave
- Hybrid Instruments Ltd, Lancaster, UK
| | - S Conway
- Hybrid Instruments Ltd, Lancaster, UK
| | - D Gerta
- Hybrid Instruments Ltd, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - N J Roberts
- The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - G C Taylor
- The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - M J Joyce
- Lancaster University, Engineering Department, Lancaster, UK.
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9
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Roberts NJ. Respiratory syncytial virus suppression of the antiviral immune response: Implications for evaluation of candidate vaccines. Vaccine 2019; 37:7451-7454. [PMID: 31607601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infections recur throughout life despite induction of immunity by the first natural infection. Results of an extensive series of studies indicate that the virus adversely affects the human antiviral recall response to challenge, although subsequent infections are less severe than the initial illness. The observations suggest that candidate vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus should not be expected to prevent clinical illness upon subsequent exposure. Candidate vaccines may be considered effective if they render a subsequent natural infection less severe. This is what would be expected from an initial and commonly more severe natural infection and sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Nichols JE, Niles JA, Fleming EH, Roberts NJ. The role of cell surface expression of influenza virus neuraminidase in induction of human lymphocyte apoptosis. Virology 2019; 534:80-86. [PMID: 31220651 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The immunopathological mechanisms as well as the role played by influenza A virus infection of human leukocytes and induction of apoptosis have not been fully elucidated. We confirm here that the percentage of cells that are infected is less than the percent of apoptotic cells. Depletion of monocytes/macrophages and depletion of cells expressing influenza neuraminidase from the cultures after exposure to virus decreased lymphocyte apoptosis. Treatment of virus-exposed leukocyte cultures with anti-neuraminidase antibodies but not with anti-hemagglutinin antibodies, reduced lymphocyte production of active caspase-3 and induction of apoptosis. Different strains of virus induced different levels of apoptosis. Variations in induction of apoptosis correlated with production and expression of viral neuraminidase by infected leukocytes. The data suggest that cell surface expression of neuraminidase plays an important role in the induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes. The benefit, or cost, to the host of lymphocyte apoptosis warrants continued investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan E Nichols
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean A Niles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Elisa H Fleming
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Adise S, Geier CF, Roberts NJ, White CN, Keller KL. Food or money? Children's brains respond differently to rewards regardless of weight status. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12469. [PMID: 30239165 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain responses to both food and monetary rewards have been linked to weight gain and obesity in adults, suggesting that general sensitivity to reward contributes to overeating. However, the relationship between brain reward response and body weight in children is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the brain's response to multiple rewards and the relationship to body weight in children. METHODS We tested this by performing functional magnetic resonance imaging while children (7- to 11-years-old; healthy weight [n = 31], overweight/obese [n = 30]) played a modified card-guessing task to assess blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response to anticipating and winning food and money rewards. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analysed using a region of interest and exploratory whole-brain approach. RESULTS Region of interest results demonstrated increased BOLD response in the striatum to anticipating food vs. neutral (control) and winning money vs. neutral. Whole-brain data showed that winning money vs. food was associated with increased activation in the striatum, as well as regions associated with cognitive control and emotion. Notably, for both approaches, these effects were independent of child weight status. Additionally, children's reported food responsiveness and emotional overeating were negatively correlated with the BOLD response in the left cingulate gyrus for winning food vs. money. CONCLUSION Overall, findings from this study show that regions associated with reward, cognitive control and emotion may play a role in the brain's response to food and money rewards, independently of how much the child weighs. These findings provide insight into reward sensitivity in children, which may have implications for understanding overeating and the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Adise
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - C F Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - N J Roberts
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - C N White
- Department of Psychology, Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph, MO, USA
| | - K L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Roberts NJ, Kidd L, Kirkwood K, Cross J, Partridge MR. A systematic review of the content and delivery of education in pulmonary rehabilitation programmes. Respir Med 2018; 145:161-181. [PMID: 30509706 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a core component of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) management with well recognized benefits. While suggestions for educational content within pulmonary rehabilitation have been detailed in clinical guidance, it is unclear what educational content is delivered as part of pulmonary rehabilitation, who delivers it, and how it is delivered. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify what educational content is delivered as part of pulmonary rehabilitation, how is this delivered and who delivers it. Databases were searched from 1981 to 2017 using multiple search terms related to "pulmonary rehabilitation" and "education". RESULTS Fourteen studies were identified. This included 6 survey studies, 5 quasi-experimental studies and 3 RCTs. Five key topics that were consistently included within PR programmes were identified as: 1) Anxiety/depression and stress management. 2) Early recognition of signs of infection. 3) Dyspnea and symptom management. 4) Nutrition. 5) Techniques using inhalers and nebulizers. Broader topics such as welfare/benefits, sexuality, and advance care directives did not frequently feature. Only four studies used tools to measure knowledge or learning pre and post rehabilitation in an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the education delivered as part of PR. CONCLUSIONS The delivery of education in PR programmes is variable and does not follow suggested educational topics. Education needs to take a patient centered motivational approach to ensure effective delivery. Further research into appropriate educational outcome measures are needed, in order to evaluate the changes in behaviour associated with education.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, United kingdom.
| | - L Kidd
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, United kingdom
| | - K Kirkwood
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, United kingdom
| | - J Cross
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, United kingdom
| | - M R Partridge
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United kingdom
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Mock DJ, Frampton MW, Nichols JE, Domurat FM, Signs DJ, Roberts NJ. Influenza Virus Infection of Human Lymphocytes Occurs in the Immune Cell Cluster of the Developing Antiviral Response. Viruses 2018; 10:E420. [PMID: 30103427 PMCID: PMC6115886 DOI: 10.3390/v10080420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes-macrophages and lymphocytes are recruited to the respiratory tract in response to influenza virus challenge and are exposed to the virus during the establishment of immune defenses. The susceptibility of human lymphocytes to infection was assessed. The presence of monocytes-macrophages was required to attain infection of both resting and proliferating lymphocytes. Lymphocyte infection occurred in the context of immune cell clusters and was blocked by the addition of anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibody to prevent cell clustering. Both peripheral blood-derived and bronchoalveolar lymphocytes were susceptible to infection. Both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes were susceptible to influenza virus infection, and the infected CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes served as infectious foci for other nonpermissive or even virus-permissive cells. These data show that monocytes-macrophages and both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes can become infected during the course of an immune response to influenza virus challenge. The described leukocyte interactions during infection may play an important role in the development of effective anti-influenza responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mock
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Mark W Frampton
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Frank M Domurat
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Denise J Signs
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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14
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Currie K, King C, McAloney-Kocaman K, Roberts NJ, MacDonald J, Dickson A, Cairns S, Khanna N, Flowers P, Reilly J, Price L. Barriers and enablers to meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus admission screening in hospitals: a mixed-methods study. J Hosp Infect 2018; 101:100-108. [PMID: 30098382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reduce the risk of transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), international guidelines recommend admission screening to identify hospital patients at risk of colonization. However, routine monitoring indicates that optimum screening compliance levels are not always achieved. In order to enhance compliance, we must better understand those factors which influence staff screening behaviours. AIM To identify factors which influence staff compliance with hospital MRSA screening policies. METHODS A sequential two-stage mixed-methods design applied constructs from normalization process theory and the theoretical domains framework to guide data collection and analysis. Initial qualitative findings informed subsequent development of a national cross-sectional survey of nursing staff (N = 450). Multiple regression modelling identified which barriers and enablers best predict staff compliance. FINDINGS Three factors were significant in predicting optimum (>90%) compliance with MRSA screening: having MRSA screening routinized within the admission process; category of clinical area; feedback of MRSA screening compliance within the clinical area. Integration of data-sets indicated that organizational systems which 'make doing the right thing easy' influence compliance, as does local ward culture. Embedded values and beliefs regarding the relative (de)prioritization of MRSA screening are important. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide original evidence of barriers and enablers to MRSA screening, applying both sociological and psychological theory. As antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern, these findings have international relevance for screening programmes. Future policy recommendations or behaviour change interventions, based on the insights presented here, could have significant impact upon improving screening compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Currie
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.
| | - C King
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - K McAloney-Kocaman
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - N J Roberts
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - J MacDonald
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Dickson
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - S Cairns
- NHS Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - N Khanna
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - P Flowers
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Reilly
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK; NHS Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Price
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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Hawkes NP, Kolkowski P, Roberts NJ, Salvador-Castiñeira P, Taylor GC, Thomas DJ. ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE THERMAL NEUTRON PILE AT THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY, UK. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2018; 180:25-28. [PMID: 29040724 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of its wide-ranging neutron metrology capabilities, the National Physical Laboratory in the UK has a thermal neutron facility in which accelerator-produced neutrons are moderated within a large assembly or pile of graphite bricks. The neutron field has previously been well characterised in terms of the fluence rate and energy spectrum at various irradiation positions. However, recent changes to the structure (e.g. enlarging the central irradiation cavity) have prompted a renewal and extension of this work. We have also used Monte Carlo modelling to improve our understanding of the pile's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Hawkes
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - P Kolkowski
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - N J Roberts
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | | | - G C Taylor
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - D J Thomas
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
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Roberts NJ. PHOTON SPECTRA IN NPL STANDARD RADIONUCLIDE NEUTRON FIELDS. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2018; 180:62-65. [PMID: 29036524 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A HPGe detector has been used to measure the photon spectra from the majority of radionuclide neutron sources in use at NPL (252Cf, 241Am-Be, 241Am-Li, 241Am-B). The HPGe was characterised then modelled to produce a response matrix. The measured pulse height spectra were then unfolded to produce photon fluence spectra. Changes in the photon spectrum with time from a 252Cf source are evident. Spectra from a 2-year-old and 42-year-old 252Cf source are presented showing the change from a continuum to peaks from long-lived isotopes of Cf. Other radionuclide neutron source spectra are also presented and discussed. The new spectra were used to improve the photon to neutron dose equivalent ratios from some earlier work at NPL with GM tubes and EPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
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Fleming EH, Ochoa EE, Nichols JE, O'Banion MK, Salkind AR, Roberts NJ. Reduced activation and proliferation of human lymphocytes exposed to respiratory syncytial virus compared to cells exposed to influenza virus. J Med Virol 2017; 90:26-33. [PMID: 28856681 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Both respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) may infect human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMC) during the immune response to viral challenge as the cells are recruited to the respiratory tract. The current studies demonstrated differences in PBMC responses to the two viruses very early after exposure, including reduced fos protein and CD69 expression and IL-2 production by RSV-exposed T lymphocytes. Exposure to RSV resulted in reduced lymphocyte proliferation despite evidence of a virus-specific T lymphocyte frequency equivalent to that for influenza virus. Reduced RSV-induced proliferation was not due to apoptosis, which was itself reduced relative to that of influenza virus-exposed T lymphocytes. The data indicate that differential immune responses to RSV and influenza virus are determined early after exposure of human PBMC and support the concept that the anamnestic immune response that might prevent clinically evident reinfection is attenuated very soon after exposure to RSV. Thus, candidate RSV vaccines should be expected to reduce but not prevent clinical illness upon subsequent infection by RSV. Furthermore, effective therapeutic agents for RSV are likely to be needed, especially for high-risk populations, even after vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa H Fleming
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Eliana E Ochoa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - Alan R Salkind
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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18
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Ettensohn DB, Frampton MW, Nichols JE, Roberts NJ. Human Alveolar Macrophages May Not Be Susceptible to Direct Infection by a Human Influenza Virus. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1658-1665. [PMID: 27601618 PMCID: PMC5144727 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current studies were undertaken to determine the susceptibility of human alveolar macrophages (AMs) to influenza A virus (IAV) infection in comparison with autologous peripheral blood-derived monocytes-macrophages (PBMs). AMs and PBMs were exposed to IAV in vitro and examined for their ability to bind and internalize IAV, and synthesize viral proteins and RNA. PBMs but not AMs demonstrated binding and internalization of the virus, synthesizing viral proteins and RNA. Exposure of AMs in the presence of a sialidase inhibitor or anti-IAV antibody resulted in viral protein synthesis by the cells. Exposure of AMs to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled IAV in the presence of anti-fluorescein isothiocyanate antibody also resulted in viral protein synthesis. Thus, human AMs are apparently not susceptible to direct infection by a human IAV but are likely to be infected indirectly in the setting of exposure in the presence of antibody that binds the challenging strain of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Ettensohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine
| | - Mark W Frampton
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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19
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Roberts NJ, Kidd L, Dougall N, Patel IS, McNarry S, Nixon C. Measuring patient activation: The utility of the Patient Activation Measure within a UK context-Results from four exemplar studies and potential future applications. Patient Educ Couns 2016; 99:1739-1746. [PMID: 27217050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patient activation can be measured using the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) developed by Hibbard et al., however, little is known about the uses of the PAM in research and in practice. This study aims to explore its differing utility in four UK exemplar sites. METHODS Data from four exemplars in a range of health settings with people living with long-term conditions (i.e. stroke or COPD) were evaluated. PAM scores were described and explored in relation to clinical and sociodemographic variables and outcome measures. RESULTS PAM scores illustrated that most with COPD or stroke reported PAM levels of 3 or 4, indicating that they are engaging, but may need help to sustain their scores. The exemplars illustrate the utility of, and potential issues involved in, using PAM as a process/outcome measure to predict activation and the effectiveness of interventions, and as a tool to inform tailoring of targeted interventions. CONCLUSIONS The PAM tool has been shown to be useful as an outcome measure, a screening tool to tailor education, or a quality indicator for delivery of care. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS However good demographic and patient history are needed to substantiate PAM scores. Further work is needed to monitor PAM prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
| | - L Kidd
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7QG, UK
| | - N Dougall
- Nursing Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Unit 13 Scion House, Stirling FK9 4NF, UK
| | - I S Patel
- King's Health Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre, London, UK
| | - S McNarry
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Edinburgh Community Health Partnership, NHS Lothian, UK
| | - C Nixon
- Co-creating Health Project Team, Ayrshire Central General Hospital, Irvine KA12 8SS, UK
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20
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Abstract
A waveguide exposure system operated between 2 and 4 GHz was assembled in a laboratory incubator in order to study potential temperature-dependent and temperature-independent actions of microwaves. Two vials containing cell cultures were exposed simultaneously in a single waveguide in order to reduce the space required, and to allow concurrent study of autologous cell cultures in two different functional states (resting and stimulated) during exposure. Dosimetry was performed using three techniques with different underlying assumptions, as well as the technique of differential power measurement. Each of the four techniques yielded different results, although differences between the two vials using any single technique were negligible. A significant 'hot spot' occurred at the center of each vial. The ratio between maximum and minimum absorption rate within a single vial was 33-fold using a vial of 1.2-cm diameter and 1.6-cm height. With agitation and exposure at specific absorption rate (SAR) equal to 21 mW/ml, the thermal gradient was less than 0.1 degrees C between these two points. The averaged SAR can be determined by steady-state heating analysis. The exposure system can be calibrated readily by calculation for the measured powers, but not by differential power measurement.
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21
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Roberts NJ, Patel IS, Partridge MR. The diagnosis of COPD in primary care; gender differences and the role of spirometry. Respir Med 2015; 111:60-3. [PMID: 26733228 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Females with exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease now account for one half of all hospital admissions for that condition and rates have been increasing over the last few decades. Differences in presentations of disease between genders have been shown in several conditions and this study explores whether there are inter gender biases in probable diagnoses in those suspected to have COPD. METHODS 445 individuals with a provisional diagnosis by their General Practitioner of "suspected COPD" or "definite COPD" were referred to a community Respiratory Assessment unit (CRAU) for tests including spirometry. Gender, demographics, respiratory symptoms and respiratory medical history were recorded. The provisional diagnoses were compared with the final diagnosis made after spirometry and respiratory specialist nurse review and the provisional diagnosis was either confirmed as correct or refuted as unlikely. RESULTS Significantly more men (87.5%) had their diagnosis of "definite COPD" confirmed compared to 73.9% of women (p = 0.021). When the GP suggested a provisional diagnosis of "suspected COPD" (n = 265) at referral, this was confirmed in 60.9% of men and only 43.2% of women (p = 0.004). There was a different symptom pattern between genders with women being more likely to report allergies, symptoms starting earlier in life, and being less likely than men to report breathlessness as the main symptom. CONCLUSIONS These results may suggest a difference between genders in some of the clinical features of COPD and a difference in likelihood of a GPs provisional diagnosis of COPD being correct. The study reiterates the absolute importance of spirometry in the diagnosis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Department of Nursing and Community Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - I S Patel
- Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M R Partridge
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Roberts NJ, Jones LN, Liu ZZ, Tagziria H, Thomas DJ. Bonner sphere measurements of 241Am-B and 241Am-F neutron energy spectra unfolded using high-resolution a priori data. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2014; 161:225-228. [PMID: 24126487 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution neutron energy spectra, covering the entire energy range of interest, for two standard radionuclide neutron sources ((241)Am-B and (241)Am-F) have been derived from Bonner sphere measurements by using high-resolution a priori data in the unfolding process. In each case, two a priori spectra were used, one from a two-stage calculation and also one from a combination of the calculated spectrum with a high-resolution measured spectrum. The unfolded spectra are compared with those published elsewhere and show significant differences from the ISO- and IAEA-recommended spectra for (241)Am-B and (241)Am-F, respectively. Values for the fluence-average energy and fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficients are presented for the new spectra, and the implications of the new spectra for the emission rates of the sources when measured by the manganese bath technique are also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx TW11 0LW, UK
| | - L N Jones
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Z Z Liu
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx TW11 0LW, UK
| | - H Tagziria
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx TW11 0LW, UK
| | - D J Thomas
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx TW11 0LW, UK
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23
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Atanackovic J, Thomas DJ, Roberts NJ, Witharana S, Dubeau J, Yonkeu A. Correction and verification of AECL Bonner Sphere response matrix based on mono-energetic neutron calibration performed at NPL. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2014; 161:216-220. [PMID: 24319105 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The AECL Bonner Sphere Spectrometer (BSS) was taken to National Physical Laboratory (NPL) for calibration in mono-energetic neutron fields and bare (252)Cf neutron fields. The mono-energetic radiations were performed using ISO-8529 prescribed neutron energies: 0.071, 0.144, 0.565, 1.2, 5 and 17 MeV. A central SP9 proportional counter was also evaluated at the NPL thermal neutron calibration facility in order to assess an effective pressure of (3)He inside the counter, i.e. number density of (3)He atoms. Based on these measurements and methods outlined by Thomas and Soochak, a new BSS response matrix was generated. The response matrix is then verified by unfolding spectra corresponding to various neutron fields. Those are NPL bare (252)Cf source, National Institute of Standards and Technology bare and heavy water moderated (252)Cf source and (241)AmBe calibration source located at National Research Council. A good agreement was observed with expected neutron fluence rates, as well as derived dosimetric quantities, such as International Commission on Radiological Protection-74 ambient dose equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Atanackovic
- Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, ONT, Canada K0J 1J0
| | - D J Thomas
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
| | - N J Roberts
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
| | | | - J Dubeau
- DETEC, Gatineau, QC, Canada J8 T 4J1
| | - A Yonkeu
- Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, ONT, Canada K0J 1J0
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24
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Abstract
Standard neutron fields are invariably accompanied by a photon component due to the neutron-generating reactions and secondary neutron interactions in the surrounding environment. A set of energy-compensated Geiger-Müller (GM) tubes and electronic personal dosemeters (EPDs) have been used to measure the photon dose rates in a number of standard radionuclide and accelerator-based neutron fields. The GM tubes were first characterised in standard radioisotope and X-ray photon fields and then modelled using MCNP to determine their photon dose response as a function of energy. Values for the photon-to-neutron dose equivalent ratios are presented and compared with other published values.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
| | - N A Horwood
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
| | - C J McKay
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
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25
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Hawkes NP, Roberts NJ. Digital dual-parameter data acquisition for SP2 hydrogen-filled proportional counters. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2014; 161:253-256. [PMID: 24191120 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-filled proportional counters perform well as neutron spectrometers in the energy region from a few tens of keV up to ∼1.5 MeV. Unfortunately, gamma rays also generate signals in these detectors. It is possible in principle to distinguish the two types of event via the rise time of their respective signal pulses, but the data acquisition system needed for this is complex to assemble and adjust if one uses conventional modular analogue electronics. In this work a digital sampling system, in conjunction with custom software, was used to measure and acquire amplitude and rise time data from type SP2 counters. The interpretation of the data was supported by a Monte Carlo calculation. The performance of the system is compared with that of a conventional 1-parameter analogue system, and the potential of the digital technique to supplant conventional methods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Hawkes
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx TW11 0LW, UK
| | - N J Roberts
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx TW11 0LW, UK
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26
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Roberts NJ, Patel IS, Kidd L, Lawrence M, Booth J. P32 Does Disease Severity Affect Patient Activation Scores in COPD?: Abstract P32 Table 1. Thorax 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202678.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Roberts NJ, Patel IS, Partridge MR. P219 Gender Differences in GP Suggested Diagnosis For COPD in Primary Care. Thorax 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202678.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Patients referred to secondary care for specialist respiratory review frequently undergo multiple hospital attendances for investigations and consultations. This study evaluated the potential of a preclinic telephone consultation and subsequent coordination of tests and face-to-face consultations to reduce hospital visits. Total hospital attendances were recorded for three cohorts (participants, non-participants and comparators) for 6 months from first specialist contact. Patients completed the medical interview satisfaction scale-21 (MISS-21). The study showed that a preclinic telephone consultation can significantly reduce hospital visits over a fixed period without reducing patient satisfaction. In total, 20.8% of the participant group had three or more hospital attendances compared with 42.9% of the non-participant group (p = 0.001) and 44.7% of the comparator group (p = 0.002). Participants had fewer follow up visits and lower rates of non-attendance/late rearrangement of appointments. This service reduces unnecessary hospital visits, seems to improve patient compliance and may save costs associated with non-attendance and follow up consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Byrne
- Imperial College London NHLI, Charing Cross Hospital, London
| | - NJ Roberts
- Institute of Applied Health Research/School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University
| | - MR Partridge
- Imperial College London NHLI, Charing Cross Hospital, London
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29
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Roberts NJ, Younis I, Kidd L, Partridge MR. Barriers to the implementation of self management support in long term lung conditions. London J Prim Care (Abingdon) 2012; 5:35-47. [PMID: 25949665 PMCID: PMC4413720 DOI: 10.1080/17571472.2013.11493370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Self-management improves outcomes in asthma and COPD and is strongly recommended in national and international guidelines; however implementation of the guidelines such as use of written action plans in practice is often poor. Setting A questionnaire survey was undertaken to identify the healthcare professional barriers to implementation of self-management for asthma and COPD in West London. Question Why is self-management education not being undertaken in respiratory conditions? Methods A questionnaire was designed to elicit healthcare professionals' views about barriers to implementation of self-management in asthma and COPD. Results Response rates were 33% (58/175). Results showed strong support for guideline recommendations, however implementation was patchy. Seventy six percent of respondents discussed asthma self-management with patients; however only 47.8% of patients received a written action plan. For COPD patients, 55.1% discussed self-management, with 41% receiving a written action plan. In COPD, there was greater GP involvement and less delegation of self-management. Barriers to implementation included patient factors (compliance, literacy and patient understanding), time constraints and insufficient resources. Those who believed they had witnessed improved health outcomes with self-management (53%, 31/58) were more likely to give written action plans (78%, 24/31, 'nearly always/sometimes' gave written action plans), Nearly a third of healthcare professionals reported lacking confidence in constructing written action plans (33% 19/58; GPs 43%, nurses 43%). Conclusion Despite overwhelming evidence self-management support is still not being implemented into routine clinical practice, identified barriers included time constraints, lack of training, lack of belief in patients ability to self-manage and lack of confidence completing self-management plans. Practice implications These issues need to be addressed if self-management support is to be delivered in a meaningful and effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Research Fellow in Complex Interventions, Glasgow Caledonian University, Institute for Applied Health Research/School of Health and Life Sciences, UK
| | - I Younis
- Former MPH Student, Imperial College London, NHLI Division at Charing Cross Hospital, UK
| | - L Kidd
- Research Fellow in Public Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Institute for Applied Health Research/School of Health and Life Sciences, UK
| | - M R Partridge
- Professor of Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College London, NHLI Division at Charing Cross Hospital, UK and Senior Vice Dean, The Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, A Joint School by Imperial College and the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Abstract
Personalised written action plans are increasingly regarded as an important component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) self-management support and yet they may not be understood by those with limited literacy skills. This study was designed to produce a comprehensible pictorial COPD action plan for use by patients and health care professionals. With advice from a group of doctors and nurses a 'standard' written COPD action plan was translated by a medical artist into a series of pictorial images. These were assessed using the techniques of guessability and translucency in 21 adults attending a COPD clinic in a London hospital. Guessability and translucency scores show that pictograms were reasonably well understood, with only 3 pictograms showing low score in both guessability and translucency questionnaires. These included images depicting increased sputum production, swollen ankles, and use of extra doses of reliever medication. However, after brief spoken reinforcement about self-management, most patients could use the pictorial plan to suggest appropriate self-management behaviour such as when to access medical care. We have developed a pictorial COPD action plan. Pictorial methods represent an effective method of reinforcing the spoken word for all ranges of literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- NJ Roberts
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NHLI at Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, St Dunstans Road, Hammersmith, London, UK
| | - MR Partridge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NHLI at Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, St Dunstans Road, Hammersmith, London, UK,
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31
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Patel JA, Nair S, Ochoa EE, Huda R, Roberts NJ, Chonmaitree T. Interleukin-6⁻¹⁷⁴ and tumor necrosis factor α⁻³⁰⁸ polymorphisms enhance cytokine production by human macrophages exposed to respiratory viruses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:917-21. [PMID: 20973681 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6⁻¹⁷⁴ (IL-6⁻¹⁷⁴) and tumor necrosis factor α⁻³⁰⁸ (TNFα⁻³⁰⁸) are high-cytokine-producing genotypes that are known to increase the susceptibility to infectious diseases, but their influence on cytokine production induced by respiratory viruses is unknown. We exposed human monocyte-derived macrophages from IL-6⁻¹⁷⁴, TNFα⁻³⁰⁸, and normal genotype donors to different respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) stimulation was associated with higher IL-6 concentrations in IL-6⁻¹⁷⁴ donors than in normal donors (P = 0.015); 2 of 7 (29%) polymorphic donors were poor responders compared with 6 of 7 (86%) normal donors (P = 0.002). Adenovirus, influenza virus, and RSV stimulations were associated with higher TNFα concentrations in TNFα⁻³⁰⁸ donors than in normal donors (P = 0.03, <0.01, <0.01). A similar trend was seen with rhinovirus stimulation, but this was not significant. These results show that IL-6⁻¹⁷⁴ and TNFα⁻³⁰⁸ gene polymorphisms lead to enhanced production of the respective cytokines when exposed to specific respiratory viruses. This, in turn, may influence the susceptibility to, severity of, and recovery from respiratory virus infections, or influence the immune response to and reactogenicity of viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak A Patel
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0371, USA.
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32
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Roberts NJ, Glasser M, Partridge MR. Are evaluated respiratory service developments implemented into clinical practice? Qual Saf Health Care 2010; 19:383-6. [PMID: 20852308 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2008.028969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evaluation of the way in which respiratory care is delivered is increasingly recognised to be an important area for research. When service developments are reported, it is not always clear whether they are subsequently implemented within the reporting institution, and if not why not. METHODS 3281 abstracts from three specialist journals and one general journal were reviewed, and 36 reported evaluated service developments identified. The authors of each of these were approached to determine whether the reported service developments were in use in their institution. RESULTS 30 of the 36 authors responded (83%). 10 reports were of sharing care with nurses and five with other health professionals, and the remainder involved new technologies, education, patient information or guideline implementation. 15/30 had implemented the reported development into practice, 11 of which were implemented immediately. Delays were due to staffing, funding and organisational issues. 10/15 studies were not put into practice, the main reason being that the key person had left. Four respondents embarked upon further study to confirm their preliminary published findings. CONCLUSIONS Reports of apparently positive service developments are only implemented in approximately one-half of institutions reporting the development. In a third of cases, non-implementation reflects the original authors believing that further study is necessary to confirm effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- NHLI Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RP, UK
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Abstract
This paper outlines the key features of the new manganese bath facility of the National Physical Laboratory and describes the measurements performed to characterise and validate the facility. Other developments have focused on the use of MCNP to calculate the fraction of neutrons captured by nuclei other than manganese and the fraction escaping from the bath. This has highlighted the large difference in the oxygen(n,alpha) capture fraction when different cross-section evaluations are applied. This can change the value obtained for the neutron emission rate of a source by up to 0.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Neutron Metrology Group, DQL, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK.
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Sridhar M, Taylor R, Dawson S, Roberts NJ, Partridge MR. A nurse led intermediate care package in patients who have been hospitalised with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2007; 63:194-200. [PMID: 17901162 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2007.077578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of a nurse led intermediate care programme in patients who have been hospitalised with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. SETTING Community and hospital care in west London. PARTICIPANTS 122 patients with COPD. INTERVENTION A care package incorporating initial pulmonary rehabilitation and self-management education, provision of a written, personalised COPD action plan, monthly telephone calls and 3 monthly home visits by a specialist nurse for a period of 2 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hospital readmission rate. SECONDARY OUTCOMES Unscheduled primary care consultations and quality of life. RESULTS There were no differences in hospital admission rates or in exacerbation rates between the two groups. Self-management of exacerbations was significantly different and the intervention group were more likely to be treated with oral steroids alone or oral steroids and antibiotics, and the initiators of treatment for exacerbations were statistically more likely to be the patients themselves. 12 patients in the control group died during the 2 year period, eight as a result of COPD, compared with six patients in the intervention group, of whom one died from COPD. This is a significant difference. When the numbers were adjusted to reflect the numbers still alive at 2 years, in the intervention group patients reported a total of 171 unscheduled contacts with their general practitioner (GP) and in the control group, 280 contacts. The number needed to treat was 0.558--ie, for every one COPD patient receiving the intervention and self-management advice, there were 1.79 fewer unscheduled contacts with the GP. CONCLUSIONS An intermediate care package incorporating pulmonary rehabilitation, self-management education and the receipt of a written COPD action plan, together with regular nurse contact, is associated with a reduced need for unscheduled primary care consultations and a reduction in deaths due to COPD but did not affect the hospital readmission rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sridhar
- NHLI Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, London W6 8RP, UK
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35
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Kolokoltsov AA, Deniger D, Fleming EH, Roberts NJ, Karpilow JM, Davey RA. Small interfering RNA profiling reveals key role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and early endosome formation for infection by respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol 2007; 81:7786-800. [PMID: 17494077 PMCID: PMC1933373 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02780-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly. Like many other pH-independent enveloped viruses, RSV is thought to enter at the cell surface, independently of common endocytic pathways. We have used a targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) library to identify key cellular genes involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and endosome trafficking that are important for RSV infection. Surprisingly, RSV infection was potently inhibited by siRNAs targeting genes associated with clathrin-mediated endocytosis, including clathrin light chain. The important role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis was confirmed by the expression of well-characterized dominant-negative mutants of genes in this pathway and by using the clathrin endocytosis inhibitor chlorpromazine. We conclude that, while RSV may be competent to enter at the cell surface, clathrin function and endocytosis are a necessary and important part of a productive RSV infection, even though infection is strictly independent of pH. These findings raise the possibility that other pH-independent viruses may share a similar dependence on endocytosis for infection and provide a new potential avenue for treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kolokoltsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
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36
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Thomas DJ, Hawkes NP, Jones LN, Kolkowski P, Roberts NJ. Characterization and utilization of a Bonner sphere set based on gold activation foils. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2007; 126:229-33. [PMID: 17496291 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncm047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bonner sphere (BS) sets which use activation foils as the central thermal neutron sensor have advantages over active BS systems in certain environments, for example, pulsed fields, or fields with high photon components. In such environments, they may be the only type of neutron spectrometer which can be used. This paper describes work, using both measurements and calculations, to validate the response functions for a BS set based on gold activation foils. As an illustration of the use of such a system, a measurement is described of the contaminant neutron spectrum in the treatment room of a 21 MV hospital linear accelerator providing photon beams for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Thomas
- Neutron Metrology Group, DQL, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK.
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37
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Abstract
An investigation of the simultaneous unfolding of data from neutron spectrometers using the UMG codes MAXED and GRAVEL has been performed. This approach involves combining the data from the spectrometers before unfolding, thereby performing a single combined unfolding of all the data to yield a final combined spectrum. The study used measured data from three proton recoil counters and also Bonner sphere and proton recoil counter responses calculated from their response functions. In each case, the spectrum derived from combined unfolding is compared with either the spectrum obtained from merging the independently unfolded spectra or the spectrum used to calculate the responses. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Neutron Metrology Group, DQL, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
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Roberts NJ, Jones LN. The content of 250Cf and 248Cm in 252Cf neutron sources and the effect on the neutron emission rate. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2007; 126:83-8. [PMID: 17502315 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncm017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common radionuclide neutron sources used for the calibration of detectors is (252)Cf. However, these sources also contain (250)Cf, which is present in the material from which the sources are made, and (248)Cm, which is formed as the daughter of (252)Cf via alpha-decay. Both decay by spontaneous fission with longer half-lives than (252)Cf. Consequently, as the source becomes older, the emission rate does not follow the decay curve of (252)Cf. Fits have been made to emission rate measurements of (252)Cf sources at NPL spanning over 30 y to deduce their (250)Cf and (248)Cm content. The emission rate of a source can be significantly underestimated if the presence of (250)Cf and (248)Cm is not taken into account, and this has been investigated for a typical (252)Cf source. The importance of this problem to other calibration laboratories and users of (252)Cf sources is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Neutron Metrology Group, DQL, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
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Fleming EH, Kolokoltsov AA, Davey RA, Nichols JE, Roberts NJ. Respiratory syncytial virus F envelope protein associates with lipid rafts without a requirement for other virus proteins. J Virol 2006; 80:12160-70. [PMID: 17005642 PMCID: PMC1676292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00643-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Like many enveloped viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) assembles at and buds from lipid rafts. Translocation of the envelope proteins to these membrane subdomains is essential for production of infectious virus, but the targeting mechanism is poorly understood and it is not known if other virus proteins are required. Here we demonstrate that F protein of RSV intrinsically targets to lipid rafts without a requirement for any other virus protein, including the SH and G envelope proteins. Recombinant virus deficient in SH and G but retaining F protein expression was used to demonstrate that F protein still localized in rafts in both A549 and HEp-2 cells. Expression of a recombinant F gene by use of plasmid vectors demonstrated that F contains its own targeting domain and localized to rafts in the absence of other virus proteins. The domain responsible for translocation was then mapped. Unlike most other virus envelope proteins, F is unusual since the target signal is not contained within the cytoplasmic domain nor did it involve fatty acid modified residues. Furthermore, exchange of the transmembrane domain with that of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein, a nonraft protein, did not alter F protein raft localization. Taken together, these data suggest that domains present in the extracellular portion of the protein are responsible for lipid raft targeting of the RSV F protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa H Fleming
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
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40
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Abstract
Most patients with asthma can be easily treated. Some have difficult asthma; in some because the diagnosis is erroneous, in others because of comorbidity or noncompliance. A European Respiratory Society Task Force has called for an integrated approach for these patients, and positive results have been reported using protocols. In the UK, there is no overall understanding of the size of this problem, or how these patients are managed. A postal survey of 683 consultant members of the British Thoracic Society designed to elicit respondents' views on how they would manage four clinical scenarios was conducted. There was a 50.4% response rate. Few reported a uniform approach to the investigation of such patients. The availability of allied healthcare professionals was variable. The 21 consultant respiratory physicans, reporting a special interest in difficult asthma, were significantly more likely to objectively assess compliance, perform skin-prick tests and to utilise a liaison psychiatrist than those without an expressed special interest in asthma. Many reported difficulty in accessing psychologists, liaison psychiatrists and social workers. Approaches to the diagnosis and management of "vocal cord dysfunction" were variable. The results of this postal survey of specialist thoracic physicians in the UK suggest that a protocol for difficult asthma is not in widespread use and that access to necessary allied healthcare professionals is not uniform. Pulmonologists with a declared special interest in difficult asthma may have configured their services and approaches more in line with that proposed by the European Respiratory Society Task Force.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Respiratory Health Services Research Group, NHLI Division, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, St Dunstans Road, London, W6 8RP, UK
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41
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Tanner RJ, Bartlett DT, Hager LG, Jones LN, Molinos C, Roberts NJ, Taylor GC, Thomas DJ. Modelling of neutron survey instrument performance and experimental validation of those calculated response data. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2005; 116:406-10. [PMID: 16604669 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Three moderator-type neutron survey instruments have been modelled for energy and angle dependence of the response, in greater detail than before. These response data have been verified by comparison with published experimental measurements and measurements made specifically for this project. Influences on the instrument response have also been investigated. These have included its mode-of-use and perturbations caused by variations in the instrument manufacture. The implications of these new response data have been assessed by an extensive programme of folding the responses with workplace energy distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Tanner
- National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Eastbourne District General Hospital, Eastbourne, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Eastbourne District General Hospital, King's Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
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44
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Roberts NJ, Bowskill RJ, Rafferty PG. Self-Induced Hyperemesis in Pregnancy. Med Chir Trans 2004; 97:128-9. [PMID: 14996962 PMCID: PMC1079325 DOI: 10.1177/014107680409700310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Eastbourne District General Hospital, King's Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
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45
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Gressier V, Lacoste V, Lebreton L, Muller H, Pelcot G, Bakali M, Fernández F, Tómas M, Roberts NJ, Thomas DJ, Reginatto M, Wiegel B, Wittstock J. Characterisation of the IRSN CANEL/T400 facility producing realistic neutron fields for calibration and test purposes. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2004; 110:523-527. [PMID: 15353702 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nch227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The new CANEL/T400 facility has been set-up at the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) to produce a realistic neutron field. The accurate characterisation of this neutron field is mandatory since this facility will be used as a reference neutron source. For this reason an international measuring campaign, involving four laboratories with extensive expertise in neutron metrology and spectrometry, was organised through a concerted EUROMET project. Measurements were performed with Bonner sphere (BS) systems to determine the energy distribution of the emitted neutrons over the whole energy range (from thermal energy up to a few MeV). Additional measurements were performed with proton recoil detectors to provide detailed information in the energy region above 90 keV. The results obtained by the four laboratories are in agreement with each other and are compared with a calculation performed with the MCNP4C Monte-Carlo code. As a conclusion of this exercise, a reliable characterisation of the CANEL/T400 neutron field is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gressier
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, BP 3, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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46
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Roberts NJ, Bartlett DT, Hager LG, Jones LN, Molinos C, Tanner RJ, Taylor GC, Thomas DJ. Angle dependence of response characteristics of neutron survey instruments. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2004; 110:187-193. [PMID: 15353643 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nch130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neutron area survey instruments are designed to have an approximately isotropic response. In practice, the response cannot be perfectly isotropic for instruments that do not have spherical symmetry, and for all instruments it is modified by the inclusion of batteries, electronics, handles, etc. This affects the ability of the survey instrument to measure accurately an isotropic dose equivalent quantity. Measurements of the angle dependence of response for four of the most commonly used designs of survey instrument (Harwell 0949, Mark 7 NRM, NM2 and Studsvik 2202D) have been performed in a low-scatter room using radionuclide and monoenergetic neutron sources. The Monte Carlo code MCNP has been used to model the responses and to investigate their sensitivity to the polyethylene density, counting gas pressure and other manufacturing tolerances. Preliminary modelling results are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roberts
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
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47
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Tanner RJ, Bartlett DT, Hager LG, Jones LN, Molinos C, Roberts NJ, Taylor GC, Thomas DJ. Practical implications of neutron survey instrument performance. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2004; 110:763-767. [PMID: 15353745 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nch207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Improvements have been made to the Monte Carlo modelling used to calculate the response of the neutron survey instruments most commonly used in the UK, for neutron energies up to 20 MeV. The improved modelling of the devices includes the electronics and battery pack, allowing better calculations of both the energy and angle dependence of response. These data are used to calculate the response of the instruments in rotationally and fully isotropic, as well as unidirectional fields. Experimental measurements with radionuclide sources and monoenergetic neutron fields have been, and continue to be made, to test the calculated response characteristics. The enhancements to the calculations have involved simulation of the sensitivity of the response to variations in instrument manufacture, and will include the influence of the user and floor during measurements. The practical implications of the energy and angle dependence of response, variations in manufacture, and the influence of the user are assessed by folding the response characteristics with workplace energy and direction distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Tanner
- National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK.
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Lederman HM, Williams PL, Wu JW, Evans TG, Cohn SE, McCutchan JA, Koletar SL, Hafner R, Connick E, Valentine FT, McElrath MJ, Roberts NJ, Currier JS. Incomplete Immune Reconstitution after Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients with Severe CD4+Cell Depletion. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:1794-803. [PMID: 14673757 DOI: 10.1086/379900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Accepted: 07/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune function was observed for 144 weeks in 643 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects who (1) had nadir CD4+ cell counts of <50 cells/mm3, followed by a sustained increase to > or =100 cells/mm3 after the initiation of HAART, and (2) were enrolled in a randomized trial of continued azithromycin prophylaxis versus withdrawal for prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex disease. The median CD4+ cell count was 226 cells/mm3 at entry and 358 cells/mm3 at week 144. Anergy (80.2% of patients) and lack of lymphoproliferative response to tetanus toxoid (TT; 73%) after immunization and impaired antibody responses after receipt of hepatitis A (54%) and TT (86%) vaccines were considered to be evidence of impaired immune reconstitution. Receipt of azithromycin did not have an effect on CD4+ cell count but was associated with higher rates of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to TT (25% of subjects who received azithromycin vs. 15% of those who did not; P=.009) and mumps skin test antigen (29% vs. 17%; P=.001). Although the subjects had only partial responses to immune function testing, the rate of opportunistic infections was very low, and none of the tests was predictive of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Lederman
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
This study examined inflammatory responses from primary cultured human bronchial epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the clinical factors modulating them. Epithelial cells from bronchoscopic biopsies from 14 patients with COPD ((mean +/- SD) age 74.6 +/- 5.7 yrs, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 1.21 +/- 0.36 L, FEV1 %, predicted 51.1 +/- 15.8%, 51.5 +/- 24.0 pack-yrs of smoking, inhaled steroid dosage 1237.5 +/- 671.0 microg x day(-1), Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea score 3.18 +/- 1.33) and eight current/exsmokers with normal pulmonary function (age 60.4 +/- 13.5 yrs, FEV1 2.66 +/- 1.27 L, FEV1 % pred 89.6 +/- 17.7%, 49 +/- 44 pack-yrs of smoking, MRC dyspnoea score 1 +/- 0) were grown in primary culture and exposed to 50 ng x mL(-1) tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Stimulated COPD cells produced significantly more interleukin (IL)-6 at 24 and 48 h, and IL-8 at 6 and 24 h than unstimulated COPD cells. This response was not seen in cells from current/exsmokers. IL-6 and IL-8 production was lower in COPD patients taking inhaled steroids. Following an inflammatory stimulus, bronchial epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease show a significant cytokine response not seen in smokers with normal pulmonary function and this may be modified by inhaled steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Patel
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London Hospital School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Frampton MW, Boscia J, Roberts NJ, Azadniv M, Torres A, Cox C, Morrow PE, Nichols J, Chalupa D, Frasier LM, Gibb FR, Speers DM, Tsai Y, Utell MJ. Nitrogen dioxide exposure: effects on airway and blood cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L155-65. [PMID: 11741827 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2002.282.1.l155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) exposure on airway inflammation, blood cells, and antiviral respiratory defense. Twenty-one healthy volunteers were exposed on separate occasions to air and 0.6 and 1.5 ppm NO(2) for 3 h with intermittent moderate exercise. Phlebotomy and bronchoscopy were performed 3.5 h after each exposure, and recovered cells were challenged with respiratory viruses in vitro. Blood studies revealed a 4.1% NO(2) dose-related decrease in hematocrit (P = 0.003). Circulating total lymphocytes (P = 0.024) and T lymphocytes (P = 0.049) decreased with NO(2) exposure. Exposure to NO(2) increased the blood lymphocyte CD4(+)-to-CD8(+) ratio from 1.74 +/- 0.11 to 1.85 +/- 0.12 in males but decreased it from 1.88 +/- 0.19 to 1.78 +/- 0.19 in females (P < 0.001 for gender difference). Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bronchial lavage increased with NO(2) exposure (P = 0.003). Bronchial epithelial cells obtained after exposure to 1.5 ppm NO(2) released 40% more lactate dehydrogenase after challenge with respiratory syncytial virus than with air exposure (P = 0.024). In healthy subjects, exposures to NO(2) at levels found indoors cause mild airway inflammation, effects on blood cells, and increased susceptibility of airway epithelial cells to injury from respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Frampton
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642-8692, USA.
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