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Cui A, Xia B, Jiang H, Li Q, Sun L, Xu J, Hu K, Xie Z, Wang Y, Zhu R, Huang C, Li Z, Xu J, Wang W, Zhang H, Gao Z, Zhang F, Xie H, Zhang Y. Prevalence and genetic diversity of human rhinovirus among patients with acute respiratory infections in China, 2012-2021. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29582. [PMID: 38590253 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
To understand the prevalence of rhinovirus (RV) among acute respiratory infection (ARI) patients, 10-year ARI surveillance in multiple provinces of China were conducted during 2012-2021. Of 15 645 ARI patients, 1180 (7.54%) were confirmed to have RV infection and 820 (69.49%) were children under 5 years of age. RV typing was performed on the 527 VP1 gene sequences, and species A, B, and C accounted for 73.24%, 4.93%, and 21.82%, respectively. Although no significant difference in the proportions of age groups or disease severity was found between RV species, RV-C was more frequently detected in children under 5 years of age, RV-A was more frequently detected in elderly individuals (≥60), and the proportions of pneumonia in RV-A and RV-C patients were higher than those in RV-B patients. The epidemic peak of RV-A was earlier than that of RV-C. A total of 57 types of RV-A, 13 types of RV-B, and 35 types of RV-C were identified in RV-infected patients, and two uncertain RV types were also detected. The findings showed a few differences in epidemiological and clinical features between RV species in ARI patients, and RV-A and RV-C were more prevalent than RV-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Baicheng Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Hebei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Children's Hospital of Changchun, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kongxin Hu
- Institute of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yage Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Runan Zhu
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Viral Diseases, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Viral Disease Department, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenyang Wang
- Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Virus Laboratory, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Gao
- Institute for Infectious Disease Prevention and Treatment, Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wulumuqi, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Qingdao Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao Institute of Prevention Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Institute for Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Academy for Preventive Medicine, Beijing Institute of Tuberculosis Control Research and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Stobbelaar K, Mangodt TC, Van der Gucht W, Delhaise L, Andries J, Gille V, Barbezange C, Smet A, De Winter BY, De Dooy JJ, Schepens T, Duval ELIM, Cos P, Jorens PG, Verhulst S, Delputte PL. Risk Factors Associated with Severe RSV Infection in Infants: What Is the Role of Viral Co-Infections? Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0436822. [PMID: 37212711 PMCID: PMC10269756 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04368-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents the leading cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. The clinical picture of an RSV infection differs substantially between patients, and the role of viral co-infections is poorly investigated. During two consecutive winter seasons from October 2018 until February 2020, we prospectively included children up to 2 years old presenting with an acute LRTI, both ambulatory and hospitalized. We collected clinical data and tested nasopharyngeal secretions for a panel of 16 different respiratory viruses with multiplex RT-qPCR. Disease severity was assessed with traditional clinical parameters and scoring systems. A total of 120 patients were included, of which 91.7% were RSV positive; 42.5% of RSV-positive patients had a co-infection with at least one other respiratory virus. We found that patients suffering from a single RSV infection had higher pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission rates (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 1.53 to 22.74), longer duration of hospitalization (IRR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.52), and a higher Bronchiolitis Risk of Admission Score (BRAS) (IRR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.70) compared to patients with RSV co-infections. No significant difference was found in saturation on admission, O2 need, or ReSViNET-score. In our cohort, patients with a single RSV infection had increased disease severity compared to patients with RSV co-infections. This suggests that the presence of viral co-infections might influence the course of RSV bronchiolitis, but heterogeneity and small sample size in our study prevents us from drawing strong conclusions. IMPORTANCE RSV is worldwide the leading cause of serious airway infections. Up to 90% of children will be infected by the age of 2. RSV symptoms are mostly mild and typically mimic a common cold in older children and adolescents, but younger children can develop severe lower respiratory tract disease, and currently it is unclear why certain children develop severe disease while others do not. In this study, we found that children with a single RSV infection had a higher disease severity compared to patients with viral co-infections, suggesting that the presence of a viral co-infection could influence the course of an RSV bronchiolitis. As preventive and therapeutic options for RSV-associated disease are currently limited, this finding could potentially guide physicians to decide which patients might benefit from current or future treatment options early in the course of disease, and therefore, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stobbelaar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Thomas C. Mangodt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Winke Van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lise Delhaise
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Andries
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Valérie Gille
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Annemieke Smet
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y. De Winter
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jozef J. De Dooy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tom Schepens
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els L. I. M. Duval
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe G. Jorens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Stijn Verhulst
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter L. Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Soluble Receptor of Advanced Glycation End-Products (sRAGE) in Pediatric Asthma: A Prospective Study in 68 Children Aged 7 Years. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways common in children. Soluble advanced glycation end-product receptor (sRAGE) is a blood biomarker of lung damage and inflammation. We sought to determine whether it could also be a biomarker in childhood asthma. Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational, analytical study at Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital. We measured plasma sRAGE levels in asthmatic and healthy children aged 7 years. Results: Of the 68 children assessed, 15 (22.05%) presented asthma. All presented normal respiratory function. The mean plasma sRAGE level was 1875 pg/mL in the children with asthma and 1794 pg/mL in the healthy children (p = 0.525). The mean plasma sRAGE level was significantly decreased with tobacco exposure during pregnancy: 1478 pg/mL versus 1870 pg/mL without (p = 0.007). Lower levels were observed in children living in apartments (1557 pg/mL) than in those living in houses (1863 pg/mL) (p = 0.031). Conclusions: No difference was observed in plasma sRAGE levels in children with asthma in our well-treated and controlled population. Environmental exposure may affect these levels. Further studies are required to better characterize the role of sRAGE.
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Sallard E, Schult F, Baehren C, Buedding E, Mboma O, Ahmad-Nejad P, Ghebremedhin B, Ehrhardt A, Wirth S, Aydin M. Viral Infection and Respiratory Exacerbation in Children: Results from a Local German Pediatric Exacerbation Cohort. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030491. [PMID: 35336898 PMCID: PMC8955305 DOI: 10.3390/v14030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses play an important role in asthma exacerbation, and early exposure can be involved in recurrent bronchitis and the development of asthma. The exact mechanism is not fully clarified, and pathogen-to-host interaction studies are warranted to identify biomarkers of exacerbation in the early phase. Only a limited number of international exacerbation cohorts were studied. Here, we have established a local pediatric exacerbation study in Germany consisting of children with asthma or chronic, recurrent bronchitis and analyzed the viriome within the nasopharyngeal swab specimens derived from the entire cohort (n = 141). Interestingly, 41% of exacerbated children had a positive test result for human rhinovirus (HRV)/human enterovirus (HEV), and 14% were positive for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). HRV was particularly prevalent in asthmatics (56%), wheezers (50%), and atopic (66%) patients. Lymphocytes were decreased in asthmatics and in HRV-infected subjects, and patients allergic to house dust mites were more susceptible to HRV infection. Our study thus confirms HRV infection as a strong ‘biomarker’ of exacerbated asthma. Further longitudinal studies will show the clinical progress of those children with a history of an RSV or HRV infection. Vaccination strategies and novel treatment guidelines against HRV are urgently needed to protect those high-risk children from a serious course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Sallard
- Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Frank Schult
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany; (F.S.); (O.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Carolin Baehren
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Faculty of Health, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (C.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Eleni Buedding
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Faculty of Health, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (C.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Olivier Mboma
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany; (F.S.); (O.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Parviz Ahmad-Nejad
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Beniam Ghebremedhin
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Stefan Wirth
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany; (F.S.); (O.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Malik Aydin
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany; (F.S.); (O.M.); (S.W.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Faculty of Health, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (C.B.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-202-896-2384; Fax: +49-(0)-202-896-3834
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Understanding Rhinovirus Circulation and Impact on Illness. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010141. [PMID: 35062345 PMCID: PMC8778310 DOI: 10.3390/v14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) have been reported as one of the main viral causes for severe respiratory illnesses that may require hospitalization, competing with the burden of other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV in terms of severity, economic cost, and resource utilization. With three species and 169 subtypes, RV presents the greatest diversity within the Enterovirus genus, and despite the efforts of the research community to identify clinically relevant subtypes to target therapeutic strategies, the role of species and subtype in the clinical outcomes of RV infection remains unclear. This review aims to collect and organize data relevant to RV illness in order to find patterns and links with species and/or subtype, with a specific focus on species and subtype diversity in clinical studies typing of respiratory samples.
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Teijeiro A, Gómez RM. Wheezing-Related Relevant Factors and the Role of Viral Bronchiolitis. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:726972. [PMID: 35387057 PMCID: PMC8974738 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.726972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is a virus-associated infection of the lower respiratory tract exhibiting signs and symptoms of airway obstruction. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is responsible in most cases; however, different rhinoviruses have also been implicated. Specific viruses and time until the first infection, severity of the respiratory condition, and atopic status have a determinant role in the recurrence of wheezing and asthma development. Genetics, lung function, atopic condition, the role of microbiota and environment, pollution, and obesity are considered in the present review. Emergency room visits and hospitalizations because of severe wheezing and smoking during pregnancy among others were identified as risk factors for significant morbidity in our population. Approaching determinant conditions like genetics, allergy, antiviral immunity, and environmental exposures such as farm vs. urban and viral virulence provides an opportunity to minimize morbidity of viral illness and asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Teijeiro
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R. Maximiliano Gómez
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Salta, Salta, Argentina
- *Correspondence: R. Maximiliano Gómez ; orcid.org/0000-0001-6898-186X
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Rhinovirus Infection and Familial Atopy Predict Persistent Asthma and Sensitisation 7 Years after a First Episode of Acute Bronchiolitis in Infancy. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100850. [PMID: 34682115 PMCID: PMC8534717 DOI: 10.3390/children8100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: We set out to assess the risk factors for asthma outcome in a cohort of infants who experienced their first episode of acute bronchiolitis. Methods: A cohort of 222 infants who were included during a first episode of acute bronchiolitis was prospectively followed. Herein, we present the results of their assessments (symptom history, skin prick tests, specific IgE assay, respiratory function tests) at age seven. Results: Of the 68/222 (30.6%) children assessed at age seven, 15 (22.05%) presented with asthma and were mainly males (p = 0.033), 14 (20%) had respiratory allergies, 17 (25%) presented atopic dermatitis and none had a food allergy. Family history of atopy was associated with asthma and sensitisation to aeroallergens at age seven (p = 0.003, p = 0.007). Rhinovirus (hRV) infection and rhinovirus/respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) co-infection were significantly associated with asthma at age seven (p = 0.035, p = 0.04), but not with the initial severity of bronchiolitis. Eosinophil counts at ages three and seven were significantly higher in the asthmatics (p = 0.01, p = 0.046). Conclusion: Any infant, especially male, presenting a first episode of acute bronchiolitis due to hRV with a family history of atopy should be closely monitored via follow-up due to a higher risk for asthma at school age.
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Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Andrade CA, Kalergis AM. Bacterial and Viral Coinfections with the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061293. [PMID: 34199284 PMCID: PMC8231868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the leading causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under five years old. Notably, hRSV infections can give way to pneumonia and predispose to other respiratory complications later in life, such as asthma. Even though the social and economic burden associated with hRSV infections is tremendous, there are no approved vaccines to date to prevent the disease caused by this pathogen. Recently, coinfections and superinfections have turned into an active field of study, and interactions between many viral and bacterial pathogens have been studied. hRSV is not an exception since polymicrobial infections involving this virus are common, especially when illness has evolved into pneumonia. Here, we review the epidemiology and recent findings regarding the main polymicrobial infections involving hRSV and several prevalent bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, human rhinoviruses, influenza A virus, human metapneumovirus, and human parainfluenza viruses. As reports of most polymicrobial infections involving hRSV lack a molecular basis explaining the interaction between hRSV and these pathogens, we believe this review article can serve as a starting point to interesting and very much needed research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-686-2842; Fax: +56-2-222-5515
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Suleiman-Martos N, Caballero-Vázquez A, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Albendín-García L, Romero-Béjar JL, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children under 5 Years of Age in the WHO European Region: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:416. [PMID: 34063453 PMCID: PMC8155861 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of respiratory tract infection in children under 5 years. However, RSV infection in the European Region of the World Health Organization has not been systematically reviewed. The aim was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with RSV in children under 5 years of age in European regions. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. CINAHL, Medline, LILACS, ProQuest, SciELO, and Scopus databases were consulted for studies published in the last 5 years, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. The search equation was "respiratory syncytial virus AND (newborn OR infant OR child) AND (prevalence OR risk factors)". Studies reporting the prevalence of RSV were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. A total of 20 articles were included. The meta-analytic prevalence estimation of RSV, with a sample of n = 16,115 children, was 46% (95% CI 34-59%). The main risk factors were age, male gender, winter season, and environmental factors such as cold temperatures, higher relative humidity, high concentrations of benzene, exposure to tobacco, and living in urban areas. Robust age-specific estimates of RSV infection in healthy children should be promoted in order to determine the optimal age for immunization. In addition, it is necessary to analyse in greater depth the potentially predictive factors of RSV infection, to be included in prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Suleiman-Martos
- Faculty of Health Sciencies, University of Granada, Cortadura del Valle S/N, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - Alberto Caballero-Vázquez
- Diagnostic Lung Cancer Unit, Broncopleural Techniques and Interventional Pulmonology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jose Luis Gómez-Urquiza
- Faculty of Health Sciencies, University of Granada, Avenida Ilustración, 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.L.G.-U.); (G.A.C.-D.l.F.)
| | - Luis Albendín-García
- Granada-Metropolitan District, Andalusian Health Service, Avenida del Sur, 11, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jose Luis Romero-Béjar
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Granada. Av. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Kenmoe S, Bowo-Ngandji A, Kengne-Nde C, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Mbaga DS, Mahamat G, Demeni Emoh CP, Njouom R. Association between early viral LRTI and subsequent wheezing development, a meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses for studies comparable for confounding factors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249831. [PMID: 33857215 PMCID: PMC8049235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Consideration of confounding factors about the association between Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) in childhood and the development of subsequent wheezing has been incompletely described. We determined the association between viral LRTI at ≤ 5 years of age and the development of wheezing in adolescence or adulthood by a meta-analysis and a sensitivity analysis including comparable studies for major confounding factors. METHODS We performed searches through Pubmed and Global Index Medicus databases. We selected cohort studies comparing the frequency of subsequent wheezing in children with and without LRTI in childhood regardless of the associated virus. We extracted the publication data, clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of the children, and confounding factors. We analyzed data using random effect model. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 18 publications (22 studies) that met the inclusion criteria. These studies showed that viral LRTI in children ≤ 3 years was associated with an increased risk of subsequent development of wheezing (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 2.4-3.9). The risk of developing subsequent wheezing was conserved when considering studies with comparable groups for socio-demographic and clinical confounders. CONCLUSIONS When considering studies with comparable groups for most confounding factors, our results provided strong evidence for the association between neonatal viral LRTI and the subsequent wheezing development. Further studies, particularly from lower-middle income countries, are needed to investigate the role of non-bronchiolitis and non-HRSV LRTI in the association between viral LRTI in childhood and the wheezing development later. In addition, more studies are needed to investigate the causal effect between childhood viral LRTI and the wheezing development later. TRIAL REGISTRATION Review registration: PROSPERO, CRD42018116955; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018116955.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Nde
- National AIDS Control Committee, Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institut of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Donatien Serge Mbaga
- Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gadji Mahamat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Biagi C, Rocca A, Poletti G, Fabi M, Lanari M. Rhinovirus Infection in Children with Acute Bronchiolitis and Its Impact on Recurrent Wheezing and Asthma Development. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101620. [PMID: 33096703 PMCID: PMC7589781 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute bronchiolitis represents the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Together with a respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus (RV) is one of the most common pathogens associated with bronchiolitis, and its genetic diversity (>150 types) makes the recurrence of RV infections each year quite typical. The frequency of RV infection and co-infection with other viruses and its impact on the clinical course of bronchiolitis have been studied by several authors with controversial results. Some studies demonstrate that multiple virus infections result in more severe clinical presentation and a higher risk of complications, whereas other studies suggest no influence on clinical course. Moreover, RV bronchiolitis has been reported to potentially contribute to the development of long-term sequelae, such as recurrent wheezing and asthma, in the pediatric population. In the present review, we summarize the most recent findings of the role of RV infection in children with acute bronchiolitis, its impact on subsequent asthma development, and the implication in clinical practice.
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Priante E, Cavicchiolo ME, Baraldi E. RSV infection and respiratory sequelae. Minerva Pediatr 2018; 70:623-633. [PMID: 30379052 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4946.18.05327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and long-term respiratory sequelae has long been recognized. It is estimated that individuals with a history of RSV bronchiolitis have 2- to 12-fold higher risk of developing asthma. Although this risk tends to decrease with age, persistent airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness are observed even 30 years after RSV infection. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Our data search strategy was designed to address the following questions: What is the epidemiological evidence available on the association between RSV infection and long-term respiratory morbidity? What are the potential pathogenic pathways linking RSV infection to long-term respiratory morbidity? Are there any host genetic backgrounds that can predispose to both severe RSV lower respiratory tract infection and asthma? Are antiviral therapies and RSV prevention measures effective in reducing respiratory morbidities? EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS This article reviews the recent scientific literature on the epidemiological association and pathogenic links between early RSV infection and long-term respiratory morbidities. CONCLUSIONS Nowadays, asthma is increasingly considered a heterogeneous disease, caused by interactions between several host and environmental factors. Understanding the specific causative role of respiratory viruses, and the pathogenic mechanisms through which bronchiolitis predisposes to asthma, is a challenging, but essential starting point for the development of prevention and treatment strategies potentially capable of preserving lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Priante
- Unit of Neonatal Intensive Care, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria E Cavicchiolo
- Unit of Neonatal Intensive Care, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy -
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Unit of Neonatal Intensive Care, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Amat F, Plantard C, Mulliez A, Petit I, Rochette E, Verdan M, Henquell C, Labbé G, Heraud MC, Evrard B, Labbé A. RSV-hRV co-infection is a risk factor for recurrent bronchial obstruction and early sensitization 3 years after bronchiolitis. J Med Virol 2018; 90:867-872. [PMID: 29380391 PMCID: PMC7167020 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To assess risk factors of recurrent bronchial obstruction and allergic sensitization 3 years after an episode of acute bronchiolitis, whether after ambulatory care treatment or hospitalization. A monocentric prospective longitudinal study including infants aged under 1 year with acute bronchiolitis was performed, with clinical (severity score), biological (serum Krebs von den Lungen 6 antigen), and viral (14 virus by naso-pharyngeal suction detection) assessments. Follow-up included a quaterly telephone interview, and a final clinical examination at 3 years. Biological markers of atopy were also measured in peripheral blood, including specific IgEs towards aero- and food allergens. Complete data were available for 154 children. 46.8% of them had recurrent wheezing (RW). No difference was found according to initial severity, care at home or in the hospital, respiratory virus involved, or existence of co-infection. A familial history of atopy was identified as a risk factor for recurrent bronchial obstruction (60% for RW infants versus 39%, P = 0.02), as living in an apartment (35% versus 15%, P = 0.002). 18.6% of the infants were sensitized, with 48.1% of them sensitized to aeroallergens and 81.5% to food allergens. Multivariate analysis confirmed that a familial history of atopy (P = 0.02) and initial co-infection RSV-hRV (P = 0.02) were correlated with the risk of sensitization to aeroallergens at 3 years. Familial history of atopy and RSV-hRV co-infection are risk factors for recurrent bronchial obstruction and sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Amat
- Department of AllergologyCentre de l'Asthme et des AllergiesHôpital d'Enfants Armand TrousseauAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisUPMC Univ Paris 06Sorbonne Universités; Equipe EPARInstitut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé PubliqueINSERMFaculté de Médecine Saint‐Antoine ParisParisFrance
- Pediatric Emergency DepartmentCHU‐ Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
| | - Chloé Plantard
- Department of ImmunologyCHU‐Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
| | - Aurélien Mulliez
- Department of BiostatisticsCHU‐Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
| | - Isabelle Petit
- Investigation Clinical CenterCHU‐Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
| | | | - Matthieu Verdan
- Pediatric Emergency DepartmentCHU‐ Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
| | - Cécile Henquell
- Laboratory of VirologyCHU‐Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
| | - Guillaume Labbé
- Pediatric Emergency DepartmentCHU‐ Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
| | | | - Bertrand Evrard
- Department of BiostatisticsCHU‐Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
| | - André Labbé
- Pediatric Emergency DepartmentCHU‐ Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
- Laboratory of VirologyCHU‐Clermont‐FerrandClermont FerrandFrance
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