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Wang S, Li W, Wang Z, Yang W, Li E, Xia X, Yan F, Chiu S. Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: global trends and new strategies for their prevention and control. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:223. [PMID: 39256346 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To adequately prepare for potential hazards caused by emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, the WHO has issued a list of high-priority pathogens that are likely to cause future outbreaks and for which research and development (R&D) efforts are dedicated, known as paramount R&D blueprints. Within R&D efforts, the goal is to obtain effective prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, which depends on a comprehensive knowledge of the etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of these diseases. In this process, the accessibility of animal models is a priority bottleneck because it plays a key role in bridging the gap between in-depth understanding and control efforts for infectious diseases. Here, we reviewed preclinical animal models for high priority disease in terms of their ability to simulate human infections, including both natural susceptibility models, artificially engineered models, and surrogate models. In addition, we have thoroughly reviewed the current landscape of vaccines, antibodies, and small molecule drugs, particularly hopeful candidates in the advanced stages of these infectious diseases. More importantly, focusing on global trends and novel technologies, several aspects of the prevention and control of infectious disease were discussed in detail, including but not limited to gaps in currently available animal models and medical responses, better immune correlates of protection established in animal models and humans, further understanding of disease mechanisms, and the role of artificial intelligence in guiding or supplementing the development of animal models, vaccines, and drugs. Overall, this review described pioneering approaches and sophisticated techniques involved in the study of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and clinical theatment of WHO high-priority pathogens and proposed potential directions. Technological advances in these aspects would consolidate the line of defense, thus ensuring a timely response to WHO high priority pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Wujian Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Entao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Sandra Chiu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Khachab Y, Saab A, El Morr C, El-Lahib Y, Sokhn ES. Identifying the panorama of potential pandemic pathogens and their key characteristics: a systematic scoping review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38900695 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2360407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The globe has recently seen several terrifying pandemics and outbreaks, underlining the ongoing danger presented by infectious microorganisms. This literature review aims to explore the wide range of infections that have the potential to lead to pandemics in the present and the future and pave the way to the conception of epidemic early warning systems. A systematic review was carried out to identify and compile data on infectious agents known to cause pandemics and those that pose future concerns. One hundred and fifteen articles were included in the review. They provided insights on 25 pathogens that could start or contribute to creating pandemic situations. Diagnostic procedures, clinical symptoms, and infection transmission routes were analyzed for each of these pathogens. Each infectious agent's potential is discussed, shedding light on the crucial aspects that render them potential threats to the future. This literature review provides insights for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and researchers in their quest to identify potential pandemic pathogens, and in their efforts to enhance pandemic preparedness through building early warning systems for continuous epidemiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Khachab
- Laboratory Department, Lebanese Hospital Geitaoui-University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine Saab
- Quality and Safety Department, Lebanese Hospital Geitaoui-UMC, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christo El Morr
- School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yahya El-Lahib
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Elie Salem Sokhn
- Laboratory Department, Lebanese Hospital Geitaoui-University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Molecular Testing Laboratory, Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Sulis G, Peebles A, Basta NE. Lassa fever vaccine candidates: A scoping review of vaccine clinical trials. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:420-431. [PMID: 37095630 PMCID: PMC10247453 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lassa fever (LF) is caused by a viral pathogen with pandemic potential. LF vaccines have the potential to prevent significant disease in individuals at risk of infection, but no such vaccine has been licensed or authorised for use thus far. We conducted a scoping review to identify and compare registered phase 1, 2 or 3 clinical trials of LF vaccine candidates, and appraise the current trajectory of LF vaccine development. METHOD We systematically searched 24 trial registries, PubMed, relevant conference abstracts and additional grey literature sources up to 27 October 2022. After extracting key details about each vaccine candidate and each eligible trial, we qualitatively synthesised the evidence. RESULTS We found that four LF vaccine candidates (INO-4500, MV-LASV, rVSV∆G-LASV-GPC, and EBS-LASV) have entered the clinical stage of assessment. Five phase 1 trials (all focused on healthy adults) and one phase 2 trial (involving a broader age group from 18 months to 70 years) evaluating one of these vaccines have been registered to date. Here, we describe the characteristics of each vaccine candidate and trial and compare them to WHO's target product profile for Lassa vaccines. CONCLUSION Though LF vaccine development is still in early stages, current progress towards a safe and effective vaccine is encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sulis
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexandra Peebles
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicole E. Basta
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Penfold S, Adegnika AA, Asogun D, Ayodeji O, Azuogu BN, Fischer WA, Garry RF, Grant DS, Happi C, N’Faly M, Olayinka A, Samuels R, Sibley J, Wohl DA, Accrombessi M, Adetifa I, Annibaldis G, Camacho A, Dan-Nwafor C, Deha ARE, DeMarco J, Duraffour S, Goba A, Grais R, Günther S, Honvou ÉJJP, Ihekweazu C, Jacobsen C, Kanneh L, Momoh M, Ndiaye A, Nsaibirni R, Okogbenin S, Ochu C, Ogbaini E, Logbo ÉPMA, Sandi JD, Schieffelin JS, Verstraeten T, Vielle NJ, Yadouleton A, Yovo EK. A prospective, multi-site, cohort study to estimate incidence of infection and disease due to Lassa fever virus in West African countries (the Enable Lassa research programme)-Study protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283643. [PMID: 36996258 PMCID: PMC10062557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lassa fever (LF), a haemorrhagic illness caused by the Lassa fever virus (LASV), is endemic in West Africa and causes 5000 fatalities every year. The true prevalence and incidence rates of LF are unknown as infections are often asymptomatic, clinical presentations are varied, and surveillance systems are not robust. The aim of the Enable Lassa research programme is to estimate the incidences of LASV infection and LF disease in five West African countries. The core protocol described here harmonises key study components, such as eligibility criteria, case definitions, outcome measures, and laboratory tests, which will maximise the comparability of data for between-country analyses. METHOD We are conducting a prospective cohort study in Benin, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria (three sites), and Sierra Leone from 2020 to 2023, with 24 months of follow-up. Each site will assess the incidence of LASV infection, LF disease, or both. When both incidences are assessed the LASV cohort (nmin = 1000 per site) will be drawn from the LF cohort (nmin = 5000 per site). During recruitment participants will complete questionnaires on household composition, socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, and LF history, and blood samples will be collected to determine IgG LASV serostatus. LF disease cohort participants will be contacted biweekly to identify acute febrile cases, from whom blood samples will be drawn to test for active LASV infection using RT-PCR. Symptom and treatment data will be abstracted from medical records of LF cases. LF survivors will be followed up after four months to assess sequelae, specifically sensorineural hearing loss. LASV infection cohort participants will be asked for a blood sample every six months to assess LASV serostatus (IgG and IgM). DISCUSSION Data on LASV infection and LF disease incidence in West Africa from this research programme will determine the feasibility of future Phase IIb or III clinical trials for LF vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Bénin
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Danny Asogun
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Benedict N. Azuogu
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - William A. Fischer
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A. Wohl
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | | | | | - Giuditta Annibaldis
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jean DeMarco
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Sophie Duraffour
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Christine Jacobsen
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Mambu Momoh
- Kenema Government Hospital (KGH), Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Sylvanus Okogbenin
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Chinwe Ochu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ephraim Ogbaini
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - John S. Schieffelin
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Nathalie J. Vielle
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Reuben RC, Abunike SA. Marburg virus disease: the paradox of Nigeria's preparedness and priority effects in co-epidemics. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2023; 47:10. [PMID: 36721499 PMCID: PMC9880916 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-023-00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent outbreaks of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in Guinea and Ghana have become a major public health concern not only to the West African sub-region but a threat to global health. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT Given the poorly elucidated ecological and epidemiological dynamics of the Marburg virus, it would be imprudent to preclude the possibility of another pandemic if urgent efforts are not put in place. However, the prior emergence and impact of COVID-19 and other co-occurring epidemics may add 'noise' to the epidemiological dynamics and public health interventions that may be required in the advent of a MVD outbreak in Nigeria. SHORT CONCLUSION Paying attention to the lessons learned from previous (and current) multiple epidemics including Avian Influenza, Yellow fever, Ebola virus disease, Monkeypox, Lassa fever, and COVID-19 could help avoid a potentially devastating public health catastrophe in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rine Christopher Reuben
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Biological Science, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sarah Adamma Abunike
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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Uwishema O, Eneh SC, El Jurdi E, Olanrewaju OF, Abbass Z, Jolayemi MM, Mina N, Kseiry L, Adanur I, Onyeaka H, Wellington Fgms J. Poliovirus returns to the UK after nearly 40 years: current efforts and future recommendations. Postgrad Med J 2022; 98:816-819. [PMID: 36126982 PMCID: PMC9613858 DOI: 10.1136/pmj-2022-142103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
On 22 June 2022, the UK Health Security Agency declared a 'rare national incidence' after finding poliovirus in sewage in London for the first time in nearly 40 years. Although no cases of the disease or accompanying paralysis have been documented, the general public's risk is considered minimal. However, public health experts recommend that families are up to date on their polio vaccines to decrease the chance of harm. This article discusses the epidemiology of poliovirus by examining the aetiology of the disease and current mitigation policies implemented to prevent the spread of type 2 vaccine-deceived poliovirus in the UK. Finally, by examining the clinical features of polio, which range from mild gastroenteritis episodes, respiratory sickness, malaise and severe paralysis type, this article offers an advice on particular therapies and tactics to avoid poliovirus outbreaks and other future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Stanley Chinedu Eneh
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Elissa El Jurdi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University Alumnus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omotayo Faith Olanrewaju
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Zahraa Abbass
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mubarak Mustapha Jolayemi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Nour Mina
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lea Kseiry
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Irem Adanur
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jack Wellington Fgms
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Uwishema O, Abbass M, Rai A, Arab S, El Saleh R, Uweis L, Wellington J, Musabirema F, Adanur I, Onyeaka H. Hepatitis A virus outbreak in Lebanon: Is it a matter of concern? Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104585. [PMID: 36148083 PMCID: PMC9486044 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lebanon has been grappling with hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks for 3 decades, to an extent that it has been now termed an endemic zone for HAV. However, the rise in cases above the annual average concerns a potential outbreak in the North, and the Bekaa governorates of Lebanon must be highlighted. Although the Lebanese health authorities have ordered a probe into the possible causes of the outbreak, it has been speculated that the immigration of Syrian refugees has overburdened public health services. Reduced seroprevalence of HAV immunoglobulin G has also led to an epidemiological shift from child to adult populations. The current economic crisis affecting Lebanese society is another significant problem that could have contributed to the rise in incidents. This article examines Lebanon's current HAV outbreak and epidemiological status, offering suggestions for the future. In the event of an outbreak, the infrastructure for water sanitation and sewage is known to allow HAV to spread via the faecal-oral pathway. Maintaining personal hygiene, early detection, and vaccination have all been recommended as significant regional and individual control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mortada Abbass
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anushree Rai
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sara Arab
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rayyan El Saleh
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lama Uweis
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jack Wellington
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Felix Musabirema
- Clinical Research Physician at Rwanda Zambia Health Research Group (RZHRG), Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Irem Adanur
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
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Berjaoui C, Tabassum S, Sabuncu Ö, Al Tarawneh YJ, Naeem A, El Khoury C, Bacha IT, Wellington J, Uwishema O. Measles outbreak in Zimbabwe: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104613. [PMID: 36124222 PMCID: PMC9482105 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Measles, one of the most common infections in the world, accounts for more than over 100.000 deaths every year. Measles outbreaks are still ravaging the African continent, and the 2010 Measles outbreak in Zimbabwe is one to be noted, where more than 7754 infections and 517 deaths were reported, ultimately leading to the UN initiation of the vaccination program. COVID-19 could have been delaying the vaccination process in Africa. This article aims to shed the light on the current Measles outbreak in Zimbabwe and how global health organizations are taking measures to fight off this outbreak. Methodology Data was collected from online databases PubMed, Science Direct, and the Lancet, as well as news and conferences and press releases on the current measles outbreak. All articles and news related to the measles outbreak in Zimbabwe were taken into consideration. Results A measles outbreak was reported earlier in August of 2022, with more than 2000 confirmed cases out of which 157 were reported dead. Since the outbreak this year, cases of measles in Zimbabwe have been rapidly growing. The government in Zimbabwe started a massive vaccination campaign for children in and near the areas where the outbreak is present. Traditional and faith leaders are involved in the campaigns to encourage the public to volunteer to be vaccinated. Conclusion Efforts to control the measles outbreak in Zimbabwe are being mitigated by the government as well as the WHO and other global health organizations. With many people refusing the vaccination, this outbreak might not see an end, and more cases, as well as deaths, will increase by the end of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Berjaoui
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shehroze Tabassum
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Özge Sabuncu
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Jaafer Al Tarawneh
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, RAK Medical & Health Science University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aroma Naeem
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Carlo El Khoury
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Joseph of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Israel Tadesse Bacha
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jack Wellington
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Uwishema O, Eneh SC, Chiburoma AG, Fadl Elhassan WA, Abdur-Rahman Adekunle A, Rogose MS, Zaki E, Akilimali A, Onyeaka H. Yellow fever outbreak in Kenya: A review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104537. [PMID: 36268440 PMCID: PMC9577449 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is a viral acute hemorrhagic illness caused by infected mosquitoes of the flavivirus family. The first yellow fever outbreak in Kenya was in 1992. Similar outbreaks were recorded in the western part of the country in 1993, 1995, and 2011, particularly in the Rift Valley province of Kenya. In early 2022, the viral acute illness resurfaced and hit Kenya. On January 12, 2022, the first case was discovered, with over 14 patients suffering from fever, jaundice, and joint and muscle pains. On March 4, 2022, a yellow fever outbreak re-emerged in Kenya, affecting 11 wards in Isiolo County. The fatality rate recorded was 11.3% (six deaths), with Chari accounting for 39.6% of the total 21 cases, Cherab 14 (26.4%), and 5 Garba Tulla (9.4%). This has the potential to further endanger the nation's economic growth while also negatively impacting people's daily lives in a part of the world that is already dealing with the catastrophic impacts of the coronavirus pandemic. However, there is no curative therapy for yellow fever. The only options for curbing its spread are through vaccination and preventive measures. Hence, Kenya's government must take responsibility for requiring vaccination of its citizens, implement an active national disease surveillance protocol, and set up anti-yellow fever campaigns in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Stanley Chinedu Eneh
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Anyike Goodness Chiburoma
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Affiliation: Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Wael Atif Fadl Elhassan
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine – University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Martin Sagide Rogose
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Affiliation: Jewish Path Laboratory, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - ElShimaa Zaki
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Affiliation: Omdurman Islamic University – Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Aymar Akilimali
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, D.R. Congo
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
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10
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Uwishema O, Wellington J, Berjaoui C, Muoka KO, Onyeaka CVP, Onyeaka H. A short communication of Nipah virus outbreak in India: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104599. [PMID: 36268453 PMCID: PMC9577510 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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11
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Rai A, Uwishema O, Uweis L, El Saleh R, Arab S, Abbass M, Wellington J, Musabirema F, Adanur I, Patrick Onyeaka CV. Polio returns to the USA: An epidemiological alert. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104563. [PMID: 36268372 PMCID: PMC9577438 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
On July 21, 2022, the USA witnessed the first case of poliomyelitis after 3 decades of its eradication. Poliomyelitis is a crippling disease that results from infection with any one of the three related poliovirus types (referred to as types P1, P2, and P3), members of the enterovirus (picornavirus) family. The New York State Department of Health confirmed that a case of paralytic poliomyelitis was reported from a 20-year-old Hungarian traveller residing in Rockland County. The detected viral sequence has been found to have vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) suggesting an origin from the live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). Since immunisation remains the only preventable measure, this article explores suggestions from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on reliable Inactivated (killed) polio vaccination in high-risk patients along with early case detection and treatment. In light of the above-mentioned findings, this research further details future recommendations like cessation of the OPV, encouragement of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in vaccination schedules, sensitive epidemiological surveillance system and appropriate training for healthcare providers. The affected countries have been further advised to have effective outbreak response strategy plans in place so that they can respond and stay prepared for such outbreaks in the future.
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12
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Marburg virus outbreak in Ghana: An impending crisis. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 81:104377. [PMID: 36051815 PMCID: PMC9424924 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Uwishema O, Mahmoud A, Wellington J, Mohammed SM, Yadav T, Derbieh M, Arab S, Kolawole B. A review on acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children: A call for concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 81:104457. [PMID: 36147181 PMCID: PMC9486726 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is defined as the inflammatory reaction of the liver parenchyma. It is either acute, which resolves within six months or may be chronic. An outbreak of severe, acute hepatitis of unknown origin in children was reported in nearly all World Health Organisation (WHO) regions except in the Africa. As per the recent update on the 26th of May, approximately 650 cases have met the WHO's probable criteria. While some are yet to be confirmed, the WHO warns that the figure may be underestimating the real situation. The observed clinical presentation includes outstanding immoderate levels of transaminases, vomiting from the previous presentation, pale/mild stools, and jaundice. So far, the viruses which can cause viral hepatitides, like Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, have not been detected in any of the identified cases. Some literature reported human enteric adenovirus type 41F in the majority of cases aged sixteen or younger, with few cases of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2. Currently, only several hypotheses have discussed the causality of the outbreak. However, no consensus has been reached. During this outbreak, it is important to adhere to both hand and body hygiene, general infection and control prevention strategies, and lastly, case presentation matching the criteria of case definition set by the WHO. Said identified cases should be reported to concerned health authorities on an urgent basis and must be kept under proper surveillance. Hepatitis is defined as the inflammatory reaction of the liver parenchyma. It is either acute, which resolves within six months or may be chronic. An outbreak of severe, acute hepatitis of unknown origin in children was reported in nearly all World Health Organisation (WHO) regions except in the Africa. Although extensive research has not been conducted on the rapidly-progressing AHUO in children, current literature has reported human enteric adenovirus type-41F in most cases aged sixteen or younger. Potential confounding coronavirus infection is one of several theories currently being considered in acute non-hepatitis A–E viral hepatitis origin. During this outbreak, it is important to adhere to both hand and body hygiene, general infection and control prevention strategies, and lastly, case presentation matching the criteria of case definition set by the WHO.
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14
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Masunga DS, Rai A, Abbass M, Uwishema O, Wellington J, Uweis L, El Saleh R, Arab S, Onyeaka CVP, Onyeaka H. Leptospirosis outbreak in Tanzania: An alarming situation. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 80:104347. [PMID: 35992205 PMCID: PMC9382409 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
On July 5, 2022, the Tanzanian Ministry of Health (MoH) announced the re-emergence of leptospirosis after reporting 20 confirmed symptomatic cases and 3 mortalities. Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochete bacterium that lives in an animal's renal tubule and spreads to individuals through contact with contaminated animal urine. Unsupervised agricultural practices, urban development, wildlife infiltration, and a lack of sanitation have all been proposed as potential environmental causes of the present outbreak. The MoH is taking the necessary steps to halt the spread of said outbreak with assistance from the World Health Organization (WHO). This article examines the risk factors, etiology, number of confirmed cases, and subsequent case index to analyse the epidemiology of the current leptospirosis outbreak in Tanzania's southern Linda region. In light of these findings, this research further details recent recommendations made by the WHO, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and MoH to mitigate such an alarming situation. These recommendations include early detection and isolation, contact tracing, and chemoprophylaxis using doxycycline. The article concludes by outlining suggestions for individuals and governments, including the launch of public awareness campaigns, immunisation, increased surveillance, rapid detection testing, and the installation of suitable purification systems, to help contain future leptospirosis outbreaks.
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15
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Uwishema O, Sapkota S, Wellington J, Onyeaka CVP, Onyeaka H. Leishmaniasis control in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 80:104263. [PMID: 35936565 PMCID: PMC9339101 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease, endemic to Africa, Asia, and South America due to inadequate access to medication and underreporting of leishmaniasis cases. Leishmaniasis has two forms: cutaneous and visceral. The fight against leishmaniasis has been greatly affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that impacted resource distribution and access to medication. Continuous effort in vaccine development and affordable therapeutics are necessary to eliminate leishmaniasis in low-income countries. Further research is necessary to determine molecular drug resistance markers in leishmaniasis patients. In this analysis, we focus on the effect of COVID-19 on leishmaniasis in Africa.
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16
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Chaaya C, Devi Thambi V, Sabuncu Ö, Abedi R, Osman Ahmed Osman A, Uwishema O, Onyeaka H. Ukraine - Russia crisis and its impacts on the mental health of Ukrainian young people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 79:104033. [PMID: 35765517 PMCID: PMC9221679 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Russia-Ukraine crisis has been at the center of international talks since early 2022. This conflict, bursting after the sanitary crisis of the covid 19 pandemic, creates an atmosphere of uncertainty and instability, which negatively impacts many aspects, including mental health. Young Ukrainians have been suffering from socio-political instability for decades, and the current war, together with the Covid 19 pandemic, shatters hopes of brighter days. This commentary covers the challenges facing the younger generation in Ukraine and the impact of this situation on their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Chaaya
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Vimala Devi Thambi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Özge Sabuncu
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reem Abedi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- NRC, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Awab Osman Ahmed Osman
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
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17
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Sun J, Uwishema O, Kassem H, Abbass M, Uweis L, Rai A, El Saleh R, Adanur I, Onyeaka H. Ebola virus outbreak returns to the Democratic Republic of Congo: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 79:103958. [PMID: 35757313 PMCID: PMC9218350 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
On April 23, 2022, the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo announced an EVD outbreak after discovering 2 confirmed cases and identifying 267 contacts. With collaboration from the WHO, the MoH are taking many interventions to prevent further expansion of this outbreak. Forty-six years ago, the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the DRC. Since then, 13 outbreaks of EVD have occurred in the DRC and, in 2020, it witnessed the second largest EVD outbreak in the world, resulting in 3481 cases and 2299 mortalities. This article discusses the epidemiology of the current DRC outbreak by examining the etiology of EVD, the number of affected cases, and the subsequent case index. Considering these data, this paper discusses measures taken by the MoH, WHO, CDC, and UNICEF to mitigate the Ebola outbreak, such as supporting local teams to provide essential care, training medical staff, and raising awareness for vaccination. Finally, by comparing the gravity of the situation to current measures, this article provides recommendations for individuals and governments to protect themselves and mitigate future outbreaks.
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18
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Prospect of acute hepatitis E virus outbreak in the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: A contingency plan. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 79:104084. [PMID: 35784950 PMCID: PMC9233345 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the primary cause of acute viral hepatitis in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is transmitted by oral-faecal route via contaminated water or animal products, which is more pronounced in SSA, where inadequate hygiene measures, low socioeconomic situation, and frail healthcare system increase HEV susceptibility. During the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), numerous initiatives concerning viral hepatitis relief in SSA are implemented. However, national programs do not support most services and are neglected when national and local attention rests on the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, hepatitis E prevention and control programs were affected in low-income countries due to economic losses. Therefore, an interdisciplinary approach should be adopted to mitigate HEV infections during COVID-19.
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19
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Uwishema O, Badri R, Onyeaka H, Okereke M, Akhtar S, Mhanna M, Zafar B, Zahabioun A, Said KA, Tovani-Palone MR. Fighting Tuberculosis in Africa: The Current Situation Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 16:1-3. [PMID: 35673793 PMCID: PMC9300973 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading infectious causes of mortality, with around 4000 deaths daily. Since the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Africa, the region has experienced a lapse in responses directed at TB control, because the priority has shifted to interventions aimed at managing COVID-19. In addition to an unprecedented burden on the region's already overburdened health systems, another major public health concern is the clinical similarities between COVID-19 and TB, making TB diagnosis increasingly challenging, which may lead to poor prognosis, especially in people with TB and COVID-19 co-infection. A likely implication is that TB patients may stop attending health-care facilities due to fear of contracting or being diagnosed with COVID-19 or to avoid being stigmatized, invariably resulting in a disruption in their access to health-care services. Therefore, massive global support should be provided for TB endemic countries to respond synergistically and strongly to the thousands of TB cases as well as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Rawa Badri
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Mycetoma Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
| | - Melody Okereke
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | | | - Melissa Mhanna
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Joseph of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bilal Zafar
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amirsaman Zahabioun
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Khanafi A. Said
- University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), Tanzania
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20
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Uwishema O, Sujanamulk B, Abbass M, Fawaz R, Javed A, Aboudib K, Mahmoud A, Oluyemisi A, Onyeaka H. Russia-Ukraine conflict and COVID-19: a double burden for Ukraine's healthcare system and a concern for global citizens. Postgrad Med J 2022; 98:569-571. [PMID: 35654572 PMCID: PMC9340026 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2022-141895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The conflict between Ukraine and Russia significantly influences the healthcare sector. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the armed conflict have badly devastated the established healthcare system. Only 36.08% of the Ukrainian population has received the COVID-19 vaccination, with the majority receiving two doses, and currently, Ukraine records the highest mortality rate in the world. In addition to the conflict injuries, increased susceptible deaths to COVID-19 can be found due to inadequate vaccination rates for the disease. To save their lives and for their well-being, many individuals have been relocating to the underground metro stations, other cities, nearby towns and countries. In these settings, social distancing, hand sanitation and wearing masks are not prioritised. In the current circumstances, the broken healthcare system needs to be rebuilt, and the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), doctors and all the front-line workers should extend their humanitarian support to the Ukrainian population. Conclusion: It is an arduous task for healthcare organisations to supply vaccines and medicines in this ‘armed conflict’ between Russia and Ukraine. This can only happen when both parties extend their support to rebuild the shattered healthcare infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda .,Department of General Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Bhavana Sujanamulk
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, DRS Sudha and Nageswararao Sidhhartha institute of Dental Sciences, Chinnoutpalli,Gannavaram, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - Mortada Abbass
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Fawaz
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amaan Javed
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Khaled Aboudib
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ashraf Mahmoud
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of General Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Adekunbi Oluyemisi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Public and Allied Health, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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21
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Uwishema O, Elebesunu EE, Bouaddi O, Kapoor A, Akhtar S, Fortune E, Chaudhary A, Onyeaka H. Poliomyelitis amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: Efforts, challenges and recommendations. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022; 16:101073. [PMID: 35664665 PMCID: PMC9148425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliomyelitis is the leading infectious cause of acute flaccid paralysis among children under five years of age, caused by the Wild Poliovirus, with no medical cure other than prevention through vaccination. The advent of mass vaccination campaigns against polio disease worldwide has greatly decreased the number of global cases and limited the rate of transmission. However, the emergence of Vaccine-derived Poliovirus due to genetic reversions in the live attenuated oral polio vaccine has posed a significant impediment to global polio eradication efforts. Therefore, There is a need to modify the vaccination regimen by utilizing more doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine or adopting the bivalent oral polio vaccine in order to eliminate the transmission of Vaccine-derived Poliovirus. In addition, collective efforts from governments, health policymakers, vaccination groups and health-related bodies are required to improve vaccine coverage and suppress the circulation of Vaccine-derived Poliovirus.
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22
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Uwishema O, Chalhoub E, Torbati T, David SC, Khoury C, Ribeiro LLPA, Nasrallah Y, Bekele BK, Onyeaka H. Rift Valley fever during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: A double burden for Africa's healthcare system. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e468. [PMID: 35024458 PMCID: PMC8733828 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A new rising incidence of Rift Valley fever (RVF) among livestock and humans in the African continent during the COVID‐19 pandemic has become of increasing concern. We analyzed the different ways COVID‐19 has contributed to the increase in RVF cases and how it has impacted the interventions allocated to the disease by comparing it with the status of the disease before the pandemic. There is enough evidence to conclude that the COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted the efforts being taken to prevent outbreaks of RVF. Therefore, with no definitive treatment in place and inadequate preventive measures and disease control, RVF may potentially lead to a future epidemic unless addressed urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University Research and Education New York New York USA.,Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey
| | - Elie Chalhoub
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine University of Saint Joseph of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | - Tania Torbati
- Department of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences Pomona California USA
| | - Success Chekwube David
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria Enugu Nigeria
| | - Carlo Khoury
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine University of Saint Joseph of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | | | - Yves Nasrallah
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,School of Medicine & Medical Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik Beirut Lebanon
| | - Bezawit Kassahun Bekele
- Oli Health Magazine Organization Research and Education Kigali Rwanda.,Addis Ababa University College of Health Science, School of Medicine Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
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23
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Nnaji ND, Onyeaka H, Reuben RC, Uwishema O, Olovo CV, Anyogu A. The deuce-ace of Lassa Fever, Ebola virus disease and COVID-19 simultaneous infections and epidemics in West Africa: clinical and public health implications. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:102. [PMID: 34965891 PMCID: PMC8716304 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented clinical and public health concerns with increasing morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the burden of COVID-19 in Africa has been further exacerbated by the simultaneous epidemics of Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Lassa Fever (LF) which has created a huge burden on African healthcare systems. As Africa struggles to contain the spread of the second (and third) waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of reported cases of LF is also increasing, and recently, new outbreaks of EVD. Before the pandemic, many of Africa's frail healthcare systems were already overburdened due to resource limitations in staffing and infrastructure, and also, multiple endemic tropical diseases. However, the shared epidemiological and pathophysiological features of COVID-19, EVD and LF as well their simultaneous occurrence in Africa may result in misdiagnosis at the onset of infection, an increased possibility of co-infection, and rapid and silent community spread of the virus(es). Other challenges include high population mobility across porous borders, risk of human-to-animal transmission and reverse zoonotic spread, and other public health concerns. This review highlights some major clinical and public health challenges toward responses to the COVID-19 pandemic amidst the deuce-ace of recurrent LF and EVD epidemics in Africa. Applying the One Health approach in infectious disease surveillance and preparedness is essential in mitigating emerging and re-emerging (co-)epidemics in Africa and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Rine Christopher Reuben
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Chinasa Valerie Olovo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Amarachukwu Anyogu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, W5 5RF UK
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24
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Uwishema O, Okereke M, Onyeaka H, Hasan MM, Donatus D, Martin Z, Oluwatomisin LA, Mhanna M, Olumide AO, Sun J, Adanur I. Threats and outbreaks of cholera in Africa amidst COVID-19 pandemic: a double burden on Africa's health systems. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:93. [PMID: 34819175 PMCID: PMC8611385 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, about 4 million cases and 143,000 deaths due to cholera are recorded globally, of which 54% were from Africa, reported in 2016. The outbreak and spread of cholera have risen exponentially particularly in Africa. Coupled with the recent emergence of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) in Africa, the local health systems are facing a double burden of these infectious diseases due to their cumulative impact. In this paper, we evaluate the dual impact of cholera and COVID-19 in Africa and suggest plausible interventions that can be put in place to cushion its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda. .,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA. .,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Melody Okereke
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Deocles Donatus
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,University of Dar es salaam Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Zebadiah Martin
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Mbeya Zonal Consultant Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Lawal Abdulwahab Oluwatomisin
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Melissa Mhanna
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Joseph Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adesipe Olaoluwa Olumide
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria
| | - Jeffrey Sun
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA.,Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Irem Adanur
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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25
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Uwishema O, Chalhoub E, Zahabioun A, David SC, Khoury C, Al-Saraireh TH, Bekele BK, Mwazighe RM, Onyeaka H. The rising incidence of African swine fever during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: Efforts, challenges and recommendations. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 37:561-567. [PMID: 34636084 PMCID: PMC8652873 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Elie Chalhoub
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Joseph of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amirsaman Zahabioun
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapell Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Success Chekwube David
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Carlo Khoury
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Joseph of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Taif Haitham Al-Saraireh
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Surgery and Medicine, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
| | - Bezawit Kassahun Bekele
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,School of Medicine, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rehema Mkamburi Mwazighe
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Medical Laboratory Technologist, The Mombasa Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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